Anatomy - Lecture - Ch 3

Front 1

Name Four Types of Tissue (and what they do)

Back 1

C- Connective tissue (connect)
M- Muscle tissue (contract)
E- Epithelial tissue (cover)
N- Nervous tissue (conduct)

Front 2

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- General Characteristics
- General Functions
- Primary Germ Layer Derivative
- Examples/Locations

Back 2

- Cellular, polar, attached, avascular, innervated, high regeneration capacity
- Covers surfaces, lines insides of organs and body cavities
- Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
- Simple Columnar epithelium: inner lining of digestive tract
Stratified squamous epithelium: Epidermis of skin
Transitional epithelium: inner lining of the urinary bladder

Front 3

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- General Characteristics
- General Functions
- Primary Germ Layer Derivative
- Examples/Locations

Back 3

- Divers types: all contain cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
- Protects, binds together, and supports organs
- Mesoderm
- Adipose connective tissue: Fat
Dense regular connective tissue: Ligaments and tendons
Dense irregular connective tissue: Dermis of skin
Hyaline Cartilage: Articular cartilage in some joints
Fluid connective tissue: Blood

Front 4

MUSCLE TISSUE
- General Characteristics
- General Functions
- Primary Germ Layer Derivative
- Examples/Locations

Back 4

- Contractile: receives stimulation from nervous system and/or endocrine system
- Facilitates movement of skeleton or organ walls
- Mesoderm
- Skeletal muscle: muscles attached to bones
Cardiac muscle: muscle layer in heart
Smooth Muscle: muscle layers in digestive tract

Front 5

NERVOUS TISSUE
- General Characteristics
- General Functions
- Primary Germ Layer Derivative
- Examples/Locations

Back 5

- Neurons: Excitable, high metabolic rate, extreme longevity, nonmitotic
Glial Cells: nonexcitable, mitotic
- Neurons: Control activities, process information
Glial cells: support and protect neurons
- Ectoderm
- Neurons: Brain and spinal cord
Glial cells: Brain and spinal cord

Front 6

Epithelial Tissue (Functions):
A Barrier between two compartments having different components
Name Some Functions (4):

Back 6

- Physical protection
- selective permeability
- secretion
- sensation

Front 7

Epithelial Tissue (Characteristics)
- Cellularity
- Polarity (top & bottom layer?)
- Attachment
- Avascular
- Innervated
- Regenerative

Back 7

- Minimal amounts of ECF
- Defined apical (top) and basal (bottom) layers
- Basal layer bound to basement of membrane
- Contains no blood vessels | receive nutrients from underlying connective tissues | Epithelia that are far from CT will die
- contain nerve endings
- calls replaced at a high rate via mitosis

Front 8

Intercellular Junctions (Epithelial):
1. Tight Junctions
2. Adhering Junctions
3. Desmosomes
4. Gap Junctions

Back 8

- continuous sealed plasma membranes near apical surface
- typically located deep to tight junctions
- provides resistance at a single stress point
- direct passageway for small molecules to travel between cells.

Front 9

Naming Epithelial Tissue
- First name refers to # of cells
- Second name refers to shape of cells

FIRST NAME
1. Simple
2. Stratified
3. Pseudostratified

SECOND NAME
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar

Back 9

FIRST NAME
1. 1 layer
2. more than 1 layer
3. 1 layer thick, but looks like two ("fake")

SECOND NAME
1. flat
2. cube
3. columns

Front 10

Simple Squamous Epithelium
- Function
- Location

Back 10

- Diffusion and filtration
- Air sacs (alveoli) and lining of blood vessels (capillaries)

Front 11

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Function
- Location

Back 11

- absorption and secretion
- Thyroid gland, kidney tubules, most glands, ovary

Front 12

Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Function
- Location
- Other

Back 12

- apsorption, secretion, movement
- lining of digestive tract, stomach, respiratory tract, and uterine tubes
- ciliated or non-ciliated (little hairs)

Front 13

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Function
- Location
- Other

Back 13

- Protection
- lining of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus, epidermis of skin
- keratinized and nonkeratinized

Front 14

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- Function
- Location

Back 14

- Protection and secretion
- Exocrine glands and male urethra

Front 15

Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- Function
- Location

Back 15

- Protection and secretion
- Rare, found in some glands and the male urethra

Front 16

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
- Function
- Location

Back 16

- Protection and movement
- Respiratory tract, epididymis, male urethra

Front 17

Transitional Epithelium
- Function
- Location

Back 17

- Distention and relaxation of urinary structures
- ureters, bladder, urethra

Front 18

Glands
- Exocrine
- Endocrine

Back 18

EXO:
- ducts secrete material onto an epithelial surface
- can be both unicellular and multicellular

ENDO:
- ductless
- secrete products into interstitial fluid and bloodstream

Front 19

Secretion Methods (glands)
1. Merocrine glands (method & examples)
2. Holocrine glands (oil) (method & examples)
3. Apocrine glands (breast milk, smelly sweat - method & examples)

Back 19

M:
- package secretions into secretory vesicles
- lacrimal (sweat), salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and eccrine sweat glands

H:
- cells accumulate a product and the entire cell disintegrates
- Sebaceous glands

A:
- cells accumulate product and secrete by decapitation
- Mammary and apocrine sweat glands

Front 20

Common Origin of Connective Tissue?

Back 20

Mesenchyme

Front 21

4 Types of Connective Tissue

Back 21

- Blood
- Bone
- Connective Tissue Proper
- Cartilage

Front 22

Connective Tissues: Functions

Back 22

- Physical Protection (Bone Cartilage)
- Support and structural framework (bone)
- Binding of structures (CT Proper, cartilage)
- Storage (bone)
- Transport (blood)
- immune protection (blood)
-

Front 23

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

1. Cells
- types (where)
- orientation
- position in ECM

2. Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
- Protein Fibers (function and make-up)
- Ground Substance (make-up)

Back 23

C:
-Fibroblasts, adipocytes, osteocytes, erythrocytes, chondrocytes, etc.
- cells are not in direct contact with each other
- cells float in ECM (non-living tissue)

ECM:
-Protein Fibers offer strength and support
- Collagen, elastic, and reticular

- Ground Substance are molecules of protein, carbs, and water

Front 24

Connective Tissue Proper
(cells surrounded by a non-living matrix)
1. Loose Connective Tissue
- Areolar
- Adipose
- Reticular

2. Dense Connective Tissue
- Regular
- Irregular
- Elastic

Back 24

- surrounding vessels, nerves, etc (blood)
- subcutaneous layer, surrounding organs (fat)
- surrounding organs

- tendons, ligaments (really strong in one direction - ACL)
- dermis of skin (kind of strong in sideways and circular directions)
- walls of large arteries (packed in)

Front 25

SCURVY
- What's it caused by?
- what type of fibers can't be formed?
- What happens to mouth?
- How's healing affected?
- Who's it prevalent among?

Back 25

- caused by vitamin C deficiency
- Normal collagen fibers cannot be formed
- Weakening of gums, teeth, bones, and internal mucosa
- wounds and fractures don't heal well
- prevalent among sailors

Front 26

Marfan Syndrome

- Genetic abnormality
- What fibers does it affect?
- Overall Side effects
- Traits (Physical)

Back 26

- Abnormal gene on chromosome #15
- Abnormalities in fibrillin, collagen and elastin
- Causes skeletal, vision, cardio, and connective tissue abnormalities
- tall and thin with long legs, arms, finger, and toes. Typically die by age 50 because of heart weakness

Front 27

Gangrene

- Where does it most commonly effect?
- What can it be caused by? most common?
- Dry vs. Wet vs. Gas

Back 27

- Most commonly effects limbs, fingers and toes
- may be caused by lack of blood flow, mechanical injury, bacterial infection, or diabetes (most common).
- dry gangrene & wet gangrene: how much fluid is on the outside | gas gangrene: infection is deeper than skin, in bones. smells way bad