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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Endocrine Glands
1. Develop from which germ layers? 2. Glands - duct or ductless? 3. Secrete hormones how? 4. What does this help maintain? 5. Endocrinology define |
1. Develops from all 3 embryonic germ layers
2. Ductless glands 3. Secrete hormones directly into the blood stream that bind to receptors on cells 4. Help maintain homeostasis 5. Endocrinology is the study of endocrine glands and hormones |
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Endocrine vs. Nervous System
1. Endocrine response speed 2. General effects 3. what cells can it affect? 4. acts using what? |
1. Has a slower response but lasts longer
2. Has widespread general effects 3. Can affect any cell in the body 4. Acts using hormones |
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HORMONES
1. Define 2. Name 3 types of Hormones 3. What type is most common? made up of? 4. What type a lipid derived from cholestorol? 5. what type comes from altering a specific amino acid? |
1. Messenger molecules released into the blood by endocrine glands that regulate specific body functions
2. Peptide, Steroids, and Biogenic Amines 3. Peptide - Chains of amino acids, most common type (ie - GH) 4. Steroids - Lipid derived from cholesterol (ie - testosterone) 5. Biogenic Amines - produced by altering a specific amino acid (ie - thyroid hormone) |
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HYPOTHALAMUS
1. Name of the two hormones produced by hypothalamus? 2. where are they stored and released? |
1. antiduretic and oxytocin
2. Stored and released from the posterior pituitary |
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PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) "MASTER GLAND"
composed of: Anterior Pituitary 1. technical name? 2. composed of what? Posterior Pituitary 3. Technical name? 4. part of what? Hypophyseal portal system 5. description and function |
1. Adenohypophysis (GLANDS)
2. composed of glandular tissue 3. Neurohypophysis (NEURONS) 4. Part of the brain 5. Portal veins that shunts blood carrying regulatory hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary before blood returns to the heart |
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POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
1. Where hormones made? 2. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) functions? 3. Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin) a. initiates what? water? b. Increases BP through what? c. Hypersecretion causes what? d. Hyposecretion causes what? 4. Oxytocin a. includes what type of muscle contraction? where? b. Aids in what? c. What is patossin? |
1. Hormones are made in hypothalamus
2. Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) functions to store hormones 3a. initiates water reabsorption during dehydration (fasting) 3b. Increases BP through vasoconstriction 3c. Hypersecretion causes edema 3d. Hyposecretion causes Diabetes insipidus 4a. Includes smooth muscle contraction in reproductive organs 4b. Uterine contractions and milk ejection 4c. Synthetic oxytocin used in childbirth to induce labor. |
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
1. Name the 7 Anterior Pituitary Hormones (FLAT PGM) |
1. FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
2. LH - Luteinizing Hormone 3. ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 4. TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone 5. PRL - Prolactin 6. GH - Growth Hormone 7. MSH - Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone |
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NAME FUNCTIONS OF 7 ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
1. FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone 2. LH - Luteinizing Hormone 3. ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 4. TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone 5. PRL - Prolactin 6. GH - Growth Hormone 7. MSH - Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone |
1. FSH - Gonadotropic cells secrete these. involved in repo/sperm - acts on gonads
2. LH - same as above 3. ACTH -secreted by corticotropic cells. - acts on the adrenal cortex 4. TSH - secreted thyrotropic cells - acts on the thyroid gland 5. PRL - secreted by mammotropic cells, acts on the mammary glands and testes 6. GH - Somatotropic cells secrete - acts on all body tissues, esspecially bone, muscle, and adipose connective tissue 7. MSH - Pars intermedia cells secrete - acts on melanocytes in the epidermis |
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GROWTH HORMONE DISORDERS
1. Pituitary Dwarfism - caused by what in children? 2. Pituitary Gigantism - caused by what in children? 3. Acromegaly - caused by what, when? |
1. Hyposecretion of GH in children
2. Hypersecretion of GH in children 3. Hypersecretion of GH in adults (after the epiphyseal plates have closed). |
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PINEAL GLAND
1. Define - description and placement 2. What does it produce? 3. What does this help regulate? |
1. Small, pine-cone shaped structure at end of short stalk on roof of diencephalon
2. Melatonin 3. Helps regulate circadian rhythm. |
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THYROID GLAND
1. What shape is it? 2. Inferior to what? 3. Relative size in endocrine glands 4. What two hormones does it produce? 5. Functions of these hormones? |
1. Butterfly shaped
2. Inferior to Larynx 3. Largest pure endocrine gland 4. Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4) and Calcitonin 5. Thyroid Hormone - increases metabolic rate (appetite) Calcitonin - Lowers level of blood Ca^2+ | DECREASES osteoclast activity, INCREASES osteoblast activity |
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DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
1. Endemic Goiter - Describe 2. Hyperthyroidism - Describe 3. What disease falls under this category? Describe it. 4. Hypothyroidism - Describe |
1. Dietary iodine deficiency
2. Excessive TH production 3. Grave's Disease: loss of thyroid feedback control 4. Decreased production of TH (weight gain) |
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PARATHYROID GLANDS
1. Where is it? Posterior surface of what? 2. What does it produce? 3. This hormone affect on blood? 4. Affects on osteoclasts/blasts? 5. Opposite effect of what? |
1. Lie on posterior surface of thyroid gland
2. Produces Parathyroid Hormone 3. Increases blood concentration of Ca^2+ 4. INCREASES osteoclast activity, DECREASES osteoblast activity 5. Opposite effect of Calcitonin |
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THYMUS
1. Located where? 2. Produces what three substances? 3. What does Thymosins stimulate? 4. What happens to Thymus after puberty? |
1. Located in lower neck and anterior thorax
2. Produces Thymic hormones, Thymopoietin, and Thymosins 3. Stimulates the differentiation, growth, and maturation of T-LYMPHOCYTES. 4. Deteriorates after puberty |
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ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLANDS
1. Shape of organs? Where are they? Adrenal Cortex 2. Consists of what two hormones? 3. Aldosterone - two subpoints 4. Cortisol - two subpoints Adrenal Medulla 5. What two hormones produced/released here? 6. What do they do? What Nervous sytem? |
1. PYRAMIDAL organs on kidney surface
2. Aldosterone and Cortisol 3. Mineralcorticoid | water reabsorption 4. Gluccocorticoid | Helps body deal with stressful situations 5. Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepenephrine 6. They enhance the fight or flight response | Sympathetic nervous system |
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CORTICOSTEROIDS
1. How do they act on immune system? 2. Do what to white blood cells? 3. Side effects to this? 4. Used to treat 3 diseases? 5. Usage limitations? 6. Side-effects are like what disease? |
1. act on immune system by blocking inflammation
2. impedes the function of white blood cells 3. Side effect of increases susceptibility to infection 4. Rheumatoid arthritis | Lupus | Inflammatory Bowel Disease 5. Should not be used for long period of time 6. or it will cause CUSHING'S DISEASE like side-effects |
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CUSHINGS SYNDROME
1. Hypersecretion of what? 2. Signs/Symptoms |
1. Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol)
2. Re-distributed body obesity, "moon-face," Buffalo hump, kidney stones, skin becomes fragile and thin |
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ADDISONS DISEASE
1. Hyposecretion of what? 2. Sympoms? |
1. Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and sometimes meneralocorticoids (aldosterone)
2. Weight loss, general fatigue, hypotension, skin darkening |
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PANCREAS
1. Located where? 2. Name of the Pancreatic Inslets? PRODUCES 3. Glucagon - Type of cells? breakdowns what/where? and increases? 4. Insulin - type of cells? signals? decreases? 5. Somatostatin - type of cells? slows? 6. Pancreatic Polypepetide - type of cells? Supress? |
1. located in posterior wall of abdominal cavity
2. Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) 3. Alpha cells | Glycogen breakdown in liver cells | Increases blood glucose levels 4. Beta Cells | Signals body cells to tape up glucose | decrease blood glucose levels 5. Delta cells | slows release of insulin and glucagon 6. F cells | Supress somatostatin secretion |
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DIABETES MELLITUS
1. Caused by insufficient what? 2. Type 1 a. immune/autoimmune b. insulin production? by what? c. "insulin __________" d. rate of development? 3. Type 2 a. insulin production? b. "insulin ________" c. rate of development 4. Gestational Diabetes a. develops during what? b. percentage chance of development of Type 2 later in life? |
1. Insufficient secretion of insulin or resistance of body cells to effects of insulin
2a. autoimmune disease 2b. absent or diminished production and release of insulin by the pancreatic islet cells 2c. "insulin dependent" 2d. develops suddenly 3a. decreased insulin release or decreased insulin effectiveness 3b. "insulin independent" 3c. develops more slowly 4a. Diabetes that develops during pregnancy 4b. 20-50% chance of development of Type 2 later in life |
