Anatomy - Lecture - Ch 12

Front 1

NEURON PATHWAYS AND SPINAL NERVES

1. How many pairs of spinal nerves?
2. Made of what type of neurons?
3. Where do SA neurons enter?
4. Where do ME neurons exit?

Back 1

1. 31 pairs of spinal nerves
2. Made of sensory afferent and motor efferent neurons
3. Sensory afferent neurons enter the dorsal spinal cord
4. Motor efferent neurons exit the ventral spinal cord

Front 2

DERMATOMES

1. Define
2. Association with spinal nerves and innervations
3. involved in what type of pain?
3a. example?

Back 2

1. A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
2. all spinal nerves except C1 innervate a segment of skin, and each of these nerves is associated with a dermatome
3. involved in REFERRED VISCERAL pain
3a. An inflamed appendix may cause pain in the T10 dermatome

Front 3

SHINGLES

1. What virus is root?
2. Where does this virus invade?
3. Status of virus until adulthood?
4. Description of Rash

Back 3

1. Chickenpox virus
2. virus sometimes leave the skin and invade the posterior root ganglia of the spinal cord
3. Virus remains latent until childhood
4. Rash of scaly, painful, blisters (usually confined to one or a few adjacent dermatomes)

Front 4

NERVE PLEXUSES

1. Network of what?
2. Split into what? What do they innervate?
3. Principle Plexesus (left and right) name 4?

Back 4

1. A network of interweaving spinal nerves
2. Split into multiple “named” nerves that innervate various body structures
3. Cervical
- Brachial
- Lumbar
- Sacral

Front 5

CERVICAL PLEXUS

1. Spinal Nerve #s?
2. Innervate what?
3. Phrenic Nerve – What does it innervate?

Back 5

1. C1-C4
2. Innervate anterior neck and parts of head and shoulders
3. Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm (hiccup)

Front 6

BRACHIAL PLEXUS

1. Spinal Nerve #’s?
2. What do they innervate?
3. Median Nerve – what’s it associated with?
4. Ulnar Nerve
5. Radial Nerve
6. Musculocutaneous nerve – find it going through what?

Back 6

1. C5-T1
2. Innervated pectoral girdle and upper limbs
3. associated with carpal tunnel syndrome
6. found going through the coraco brachialis

Front 7

LUMBAR PLEXUS

1. Spinal Nerves?
2. innervates what?
3. Femoral Nerve – innervates what?

Back 7

1. L1-L4
2. Innervates lower limb
3. Innervates anterior muscles of thigh

Front 8

SACRAL PLEXUS

1. Spinal nerves?
2. Innervation of what?
3. Sciatic Nerve
a. size in body?
b. supplies blood to what? Exceptions?
c. division into what?

Back 8

1. L4-S4
2. innervations of lower limb
3a. longest and largest nerve in body
3b. supplies all of lower limb except anterior and medial regions of the thigh
3c. Divides into the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerve

Front 9

REFLEXES

1. Rapid, automatic, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus
2. All reflexes have similar properties
a. A stimulus is required to initiate a response to sensory input
b. A rapid response requires that few neurons be involved and synaptic delay be minimal
c. an automatic response occurs the same way everytime

Back 9

nothing

Front 10

COMPONENTS OF A REFLEX (in order)

1. Stimulus does what?
2. Sensory Afferent ----?
3. Interneurons (in complex reflexes)...?
4. Motor efferent......?
5. Effector...?

Back 10

1. Stimulus activates receptor
2. Travels through sensory afferent neuron from the PNS to the CNS
3. Interneurons (in complex reflexes)
4. Travels through motor efferent neuron from CNS to the PNS
5. Effector responds to nerve impulses

Front 11

TYPES OF REFLEXES (LOOK @ Slides)

1. Monosynaptic
a. simplicity?
b. interneurons?
c. example?

2. Polysynaptic
a. neural pathways specifics?
b. effect on delay?

Back 11

1a. the simplest of all reflexes
1b. No interneurons
1c. the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex is an example

2a. More complex neural pathways that exhibit a number of synapses involving interneurons within the reflex arc
2b. Because this reflex arc has more components, there is a more prolonged delay between stimulus and response.

Front 12

SOMATIC vs. AUTONOMIC (voluntary vs. involuntary) – Check slides

Difference between Somatic and Autonomic ?

Back 12

Somatic has 1 Motor Efferent (and 1 SA) and Autonomic has 2 separate Motor Efferent neurons

Front 13

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE

1. Chain of two motor neurons – Name them?
a. two facts about first
b. two facts about second

2. Two divisions?

Back 13

1. Preganglionic Neuron
a. Cell body in spinal cord or brain
- axon synapses with postganglion neuron

Postganglion neuron
b. Peripheral autonomic ganglion
- axon extends to visceral organs

2. Divided into the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

Front 14

PARASYMPATHEtIC DIVISION

1. Origin?
2. Functions?
3. Decreases what?
4. Increases what?
5. Effects on pupil?

Back 14

1. Preganglionic neurons located in brainstem nuclei and S2-S4 segments of spinal cord
2. “Rest and digest” response,
-Brings body to homeostasis
- urine, digesting food, sleep
3. decreases heart and lungs
4. increases digestion
5. causes pupil to constrict – see less light (fall asleep after eat)

Front 15

DUAL INNERVATION

1. innervated by which axons?
2. Each system’s actions on one another? Effects on the same organ?
3. Opposing effects also achieved by what?

Back 15

1. most organs innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic axons
2. Actions each system oppose each other (exert antagonistic effects on the same organ)
3. Opposing effects are also achieved by increasing or decreasing activity in one division

Front 16

DUAL INNERVATION (CONT)

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Effects

1. Pupils
2. Digestive System
3. Heart/Lungs

Back 16

1. constriction | dilation
2. Increases digestion | decreases blood flow to digestive tract
3. Decreases heart rate | increases heart rate