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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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review cranial nerves and functions
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page 90
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Olfactory (I)
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smell
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Optic (II)
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sight
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Oculomotor (III)
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Ciliary muscle, pupil constriction, extrinsic eye muscles (not superior oblique or lateral rectus)
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Trochlear (IV)
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Superior oblique
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Trigeminal (V)
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Face, teeth, tongue
Mastication |
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Abducens (VI)
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Lateral rectus
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Facial (VII)
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Taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
Facial muscles, saliva, tears |
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Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
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Hearing, balance
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Glossopharyngeal (IX)
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Taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue)
Swallowing and saliva |
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Vagus (X)
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70% of parasympathetic
70% of parasympathetic |
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Accessory (XI)
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Sternocleidomastiod, trapezius
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Hypoglossal (XII)
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Tongue muscles
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____ pairs of spinal nerves
3 characteristics |
31
Made of sensory afferent and motor efferent neurons Sensory afferent neurons enter the dorsal spinal cord Motor efferent neurons exit the ventral spinal cord |
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dermatome
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*A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
This segmentation pattern of spinal nerves is caused by embryonic somites *All spinal nerves except for C1 innervate a segment of skin, and each of these nerves is associated with a dermatome *Involved in referred visceral pain An inflamed appendix may cause pain in the T10 dermatome |
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Shingles
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*During initial infection the chickenpox virus sometimes leave the skin and invade the posterior root ganglia of the spinal cord
*Virus remains latent until adulthood *Rash of scaly, painful blisters Usually confined to one or a few adjacent dermatomes |
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Nerve Plexuses
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*A network of interweaving spinal nerves
*Split into multiple “named” nerves that innervate various body structures *Principal plexuses (left and right) Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral |
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Cervical Plexus
*Spinal nerves ____ *Innervate _____ and ____ *____ Innervates the diaphragm |
*C1-C4
*anterior neck, parts of head and shoulders *Phrenic nerve |
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Brachial Plexus
*spinal nerve _____ *innervates _____ *4 nerves (which one goes through carpel tunnel?) |
*Spinal nerves C5-T1
*Innervate pectoral girdle and upper limbs *Median nerve Carpal tunnel syndrome *Ulnar nerve *Radial nerve *Musculocutaneous nerve |
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Lumbar Plexus
*spinal nerves ___ *innervation of ____ *____ nerve innervates ____ |
*Spinal nerves L1-L4
*Innervation of lower limb *Femoral nerve Innervates anterior muscles of thigh |
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Sacral Plexus
*spinal nerves ___ *innervation of ____ *____ nerve + 3 characteristics |
*Spinal nerves L4-S4
*Innervation of lower limb *Sciatic nerve Longest and largest nerve in body Supplies all of lower limb except anterior and medial regions of the thigh Divides into the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerve |
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Reflexes
*what is it *3 similar properties of all reflexes |
*Rapid, automatic, involuntary reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus
*All reflexes have similar properties: A stimulus is required to initiate a response to sensory input A rapid response requires that few neurons be involved and synaptic delay be minimal An automatic response occurs the same way every time |
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Components of a Reflex Arc
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1.Stimulus activates receptor
2.Travels through sensory afferent neuron from the PNS to the CNS 3.Interneurons (only in complex reflexes) 4.Travels through motor efferent neuron from the CNS to PNS 5.Effector responds to nerve impulse |
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Types of Reflexes
Monosynaptic |
*The simplest of all reflexes
*No interneurons *The patellar (knee-jerk) reflex is an example |
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Types of Reflexes
Polysynaptic |
*More complex neural pathways that exhibit more than one synapses involving interneurons within the reflex arc
*Because this reflex arc has more components, there is a more prolonged delay between stimulus and response. |
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Know how chart breaks sown on page 95
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yeah booiii
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Somatic vs. Autonomic
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Voluntary vs. Involuntary
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1 somatic sensory neuron,___somatic motor neuron
1 visceral sensory neuron, ___autonomic motor neurons |
1
2 |
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Autonomic Nervous System Structure
*picture pg. 95 |
*Chain of two motor neurons:
-Preganglionic neuron Cell body in spinal cord or brain Axon synapses with postganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion -Postganglionic neuron Cell in body in autonomic ganglion Axon extends to visceral organs *Divided into the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions |
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Parasympathetic
-myelinated preganglion? -myelinated postganglion? -length of preganglion -length of postganglion -branches on preganglion? -branches on postganglion? |
-YES
-NO -LONG -SHORT -NO -NO |
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Sympathetic
-myelinated preganglion? -myelinated postganglion? -length of preganglion -length of postganglion -branches on preganglion? |
-YES
-NO -SHORT -LONG -YES -NO |
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Dual Innervation
*most organs innervated by both ___ *The two divisions usually ____ *opposing effects also acheived by ____ |
*Most organs are innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic axons
*The two divisions usually oppose each other They exert antagonistic effects on the same organ Sympathetic: “Fight or flight” division Parasympathetic: “Rest and digest” division *Opposing effects are also achieved by increasing or decreasing activity in one division |
