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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Location of Unicellular Glands
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scattered within epithelial cells
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Mucin
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glycoprotein that dissolves in water to become slimy
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Multicellular vs. Unicellular Glands
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multicellular glands usually have ducts
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Components of multicellular gland
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secetory unit
epithelium-walled duct |
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what binds epithelial cells to one another?
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adhesion proteins in plasma membrane
wavy contours of membranes of adjacent cells special cell junctions all found on lateral surface of cells |
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tight junctional complex
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tight junctions and adherens junctions
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tight junction purpose
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closes off extracellular space
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adherins junction purpose
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anchoring junction below tight junction
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desmosomes
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main anchoring protein
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desmosome description
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two disc-like plaques connected across intrcellular space by cadherins
intermediate filaments insert into plaques from cytoplasmic side |
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purpose of intermediate filaments in desmosomes
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allow for distribution of tension forces
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gap junction function
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allow for easy, fast communication between adjacent cells
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unique charactersitics of epithelia
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cellularity
polarity special contacts supported by connective tissue avascular but enervated high regenerative capacity |
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simple squamous epithelium function
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passage of materials by passive diffusion
filtration secretes lubricating substances in serosae |
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endothelium
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simple squamous epithelium
slick lining of hollow organs |
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mesothelium
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simple squamous epithelium
lines peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities and covers their visceral organs |
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location of simple squamous eithelium
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alveoli of lungs
lining of heart blood and lymph vesels lining of ventral body cavity |
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shape of nuceli of various epithelia
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simple squamous- disc
simple cuboidal- spherical simple columnar- oval |
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function of simple cuboidal epithelium
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secretion, absorption
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location of simple cuboial
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kidney tubules
secretory portions of small glands ovary surface |
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function of simple columnar epithelium
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absorption
secretion of mucus ion transport |
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connective tissue functions
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protect
support bind together |
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classes of connective tissue
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connective tissue proper
cartilage bone tissue blood |
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shared characteristics of connective tissue
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originate from mesenchyme
highly vascularized composed of various cell types extracellular matrix |
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strong connective tissue vs. weak connective tissue
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strong- less cells, more matrix
weak- more cells, less matrix |
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ECM composed of two structural components
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ground substance
fibers |
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ground substance
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medium which nutrients and other dissolved substances can diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
hold interstitial fluid |
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fibers
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provide support
made from fibroblast |
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synovial cavity
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joint cavities
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parietal serosa
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part of membrane lining cavity walls
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visceral serosa
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part of membrane covering external surface of organs within cavity
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peritoneum
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serosa lining abdominal cavity and covering its organs
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Cell Theory
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all organisms composed of cells and cell products
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intergral membrane protein vs. peripheral membrane protein
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integral- transmembrane
peripheral- do not span entire membrane |
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hypotonic vs. hypertonic
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hypotonic- solution with less water than normal, more solutes
hypertonic- solution with more water than normal, less solutes |
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forms of endocytosis
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phagocytosis
pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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process of exocytosis
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vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
proteins from vesicles (v-SNAREs) bind with proteins from membrane layer (t-snares) lipid layers from both fuse vesicle releases contents |
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eukaryotic ribosomal subunits
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60S and 40S
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free vs. attached ribosomes
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free- float in cytosol, make soluble proteins (function in cytosol)
attached- attached to rough ER, make membrane/exported proteins |
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centrosome vs. centriole
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centrosome- spherical structure composed of centrosome matrix and centrioles
centrioles- paired cylindrical bodies of 9 triplets of microtubules, organize mitoic spindle during mitosis |
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genome
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complete set of organism's genes
located on chromosomes in cell's nucleus |
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chromatin
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combination of DNA and protein molecules
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sister chromatids
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before cell divides, duplicates all of its chromosomes, resulting in two copies called sister chromatids
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mitosis
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division of chromosomes
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in prophase, ________ condense into ______
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in prophase, chromatin condense into chromosomes
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metaphase plate
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arrangement of chromosomes alongp plane midway between poles
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characteristics of cancer
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uncontrolled growth
invasion (and destruction of adjacent tissues) metastasis (spread to other locations in body) |
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cancer treatments
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radiation therapy- disrupt cell division
chemotherapy- drugs that disrupt cell division |
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cells that connect body parts or cover organs
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fibroblast
erythrocytes epithelial cells |
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theories of aging
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free radical theory
mitochondrial theory genetic theory |
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free radical theory
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damage from byproducts of cellular metabolism
radicals build up and damage essential molecules of cells |
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mitochondrial theory
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decrease in product of energy by mitochondria weakens, ages our cells
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genetic theory
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proposes aging programmed by genes
telomeres- "end caps" on chromosomes that limit max number of times cell can divide telomerase- prevent telomeres from degrading |
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ground substance
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part of extracellular matrix that holds tissue fluid
consists of large sugar (glycoaminoglycogens) and sugar-protein molecules (proteoglycans) that soak up fluid like a spong |
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function of ground substance
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medium through which nutrients, wastes, and other dissolved substances can diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
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defense cells of areolar connective tissue
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macrophages
plasma cells mast cells neuphils, lymphocytes, eosinophils |
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location of adipose connective tissue
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hypodermis
mesenteries |
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examples of dense regular connective tissue
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tendons and ligaments
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characteristics of regular connective tissue
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collagen fibers run in same direction
fibroblasts in fibers poorly vascularized no fat or defense cells |
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cartilage
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firm connective tissue that resist compression and tension
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matrix of cartilage
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thin collagen, ground substances, lots of tissue fluid (cartilage is 80% water)
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characteristics of cartilage
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no blood vessels or nerve
chondrocyte inside a lacuna |
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types of cartilage
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hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage elastic cartliage |
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hyaline cartilage function
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supports and reinforces
cushioning properties resists stress |
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location of hyaline cartilage
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costal cartilage of ribs
caritlage of nose, trachea, larynx |
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fibrocartilage function
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tensile strength
can absorb shock |
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location of fibrocartilage
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invertebral disks
pubic symphisis discs of knee join |
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elastic cartilage function
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flexible, but maintain shape
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location of of elastic cartilage
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ear, epiglottis
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location of stratified squamous
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epidermis
esophagus mouth vagina |
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stratified cuboidal location
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ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands
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goblet cell function
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produce mucin, a protein that protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces
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connexons
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protein that connects cells in gap junctions
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function of basal lamina
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selective filter
scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial cells can migrate |
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basal lamina
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border between epithelia and underlying connective tissues
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why is blood an atypical connective tissue?
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does not bind or give mechanical support
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why is blood a connective tissue?
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develops from mesenchyme
consists of blood cells surrounded by nonliving matrix (plasma) |
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3 types of covering and lining membranes
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cutaneous membrane
mucous membrane serous membrane |
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mucous membrane location
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lines insides of hollow internal organs that opens outside body (i.e. respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary systems)
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composition of mucous membranae
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epithelial sheet above loose connective tissue, lamina propia
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cutaneous membrane description
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skin covering outer surface of body
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cutaneous membrane composition
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thick epidermis
connective tissue proper--dense dermis |
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serous membranes locations
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line closed pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cavities
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function of serous membrane
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produce slippery serous fluid
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composition of serous membrane
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simple squamous epithelium over thin layer of areolar connective tissue
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