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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Joint
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articulation between two or more bones
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Primary function of simple joints
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stability
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Primary function of complex joints
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mobility
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Fibrous Joint
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synarthrosis
bones linked by fibrous CT no joint cavity & little or no movement |
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Sutures
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extremely tight, immobile articulatoins that only occur in skull
(fibrous) |
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Syndesmosis
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bones are united by a sheet of fibrous tissue
ex: interosseous membrane between tibia & fibula or the ligamentum flavum between the laminae of vertebrae (fibrous) |
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Gomphosis
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joint between a tooth & its socket
(alveolus) (fibrous) |
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Cartilaginous Joint
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bones linked by cartilage
no joint cavity & limited movement |
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Primary cartilagenous
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synchondrosis
contain hyaline cartilage ex: growth plate between the shaft & end of a long bone that's replaced by bone when growth is complete |
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Secondary cartilagenous
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symphysis
contain fibrocartilage discs or plates & all lie in the midline ex: intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, manubriosternal joint (fibrous) |
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Synovial Joint
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Diarthrosis
adjacent bony surfaces are not directly connected by CT, allows free movement between the bones most common & functionally/clinically important kind of joint |
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Basic Features of Synovial Joints
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Articular cartilage: (usually hyaline) on articular ends of bones
Joint Cavity: space containing a thin layer of lubricating synovial fluid that separates the articular cartilage Joint Capsule: surrounds & protects the joint; consists of an outer fibrous capsule that reinforces the joint along with ligaments & an inner synovial membrane that lines the interior of the joint & secretes synovial fluid |
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Articular discs:
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specialization of synovial joints
slab of fibrocartilage in the joint space to absorb shock or improve the fit of the articular surfaces (medial meneiscus & lateral meniscus in knee joint) |
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Labrum
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specialization w/in or near knee joints
fibrocartilage ring that deepens the articular surface of one of the bones ex. acetabular labrum in hip joint |
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Bursa
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specialization w/in or near knee joints
closed CT sac filled w/ synovial fluid reduce friction in areas that are subject to friction ex. bursae in knee |
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Ligaments & Tendons
(specialization w/in or near synovial joints) |
reinforce the joint & restrict or guide its motion
ligaments & tendons may be intracapsular (ACL), capsular ligaments (MCL), or extracapsular (LCL) |
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Blood Vessels
(specialization w/in or near synovial joints) |
may form anastromoses that provide alternate pathways for blood flow as the joint assumes different positions
(ex: lateral circulation) |
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Classification of Synovial Joints
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Plane
Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle (sellar) Ball-and-socket |
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Plane
synovial joint |
joints w/ relatively flat surfaces that permit only gliding or sliding movements
(sacroiliac joint) |
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Hinge
synovial joint |
ginglymus
uniaxial uniaxial joints that permit only flexion & extension reinforced by collateral ligaments (ankle joint) |
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Pivot
synovial joint |
trochoid
uniaxial permits only rotation rounded process of one bone rotates w/in a ring or concave notch |
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Condyloid
synovial joint |
ellipsoid, "knuckle like"
biaxial -have motions around 2 axes that lie roughly @ right angles ellipsoid concave surface of one bone articulates w/ the convex surface of another bone (egg in spoon) permits flexion/extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction wrist joint |
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Saddle
synovial joint |
Sellar
Biaxial saddle-shaped articulating surfaces that permit the same movements as a condyloid joint (thumb joint) |
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Ball-and-socket
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spheroidal
highly mobile multiaxial joint (hip joint) |
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Sacroiliac Joint
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strong weight-bearing irregular plane synovial joint w/ very little mobility
motions are limited to slight gliding & anterior/posterior rotation of hte sacrum between the ilia |
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Sacroiliac Ligaments
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bind the ilium to the sacrum; strongest ligaments in the body
interosseous, posterior & anterior sacriliac ligaments become softer during late stages of pregnancy to permit expansion of birth canal can become partially ossified in old age |
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Additional Ligaments associated w/ SI joint
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Iliolumbar Ligament: L5 transverse process to iliac crest; stabilize L5 on the sacrum
Sacrotuberous Ligament: lateral sacrum to ischial tuberosity Sacrospinous ligament: lateral sacrum to ischial spine |
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Symphysis Pubis
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pelvic joint w/ fibrocartilage disk joining pubic bones
along w/ sacroiliac ligaments, becomes softer during late stages of pregnancy |
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Becomes softer during late stages of pregnancy
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Symphysis pubis
Sacroiliac ligaments |
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Joints of Lower Extremity
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Hip joint
Knee Joint Proximal tibiofibular joint distal tibiofibular joint talocrural joint Subtalar joint Transverse tarsal joint Tarsometatarsal & Intermetatarsal joints Metatarsophalangeal & Interphalangeal Joints |
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Hip Joint
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ball & socket joint between head of femur & acetabulum
rim of acetabulum in incomplete inferiorly, forms acetabular notch thats bridged by the transverse acetabular ligament depth of acetabulum increased by the fibrocartilagenous acetabular labrum 3 thickenings of fibrous joint capsule--"iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament" strengthen hip joint In full extension of joint (standing) all 3 ligaments & joint capsule become taut, preventing hyperextension. |
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3 thickenings of hip joint
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iliofemoral ligament (strongest, 'Y ligament of Bigelow')
pubofemoral ligament ischiofemoral ligament |
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Ligament of Head of Femur
Hip Joint |
runs from acetabular notch to the fovea of the femur; primarily a conduit for a small artery to the head of the femur & does not strengthen hip joint
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Knee Joint
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hinge joint w/ 3 articulations (femur/patella; medial condyles of femur/tibia; lateral condyles of femur/tibia) enclosed by single joint capsule
At full extension, femur is rotated medially on the fixed tibia (screw-home mechanism) in extension knee stabilized by ligaments flexion: knee is stabilized by muscles & tendons |
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Patellar Ligament
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continuation of the quadriceps tendon inferior to the patella
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Medial (tibial) collateral ligament (MCL)
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strong flat thickening of knee fibrous joint capsule that extends from medial epicondyle of the femur to medial condyle of hte tibia
firmly attached to medial meniscus blow to the lateral side of knee can cause simultaneous damage to MCL, medial meniscus, & ACL "unhappy triad" |
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Lateral (fibular) Collateral Ligament (LCL)
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skinny round ligament extending from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula
not attached to the lateral meniscus popliteus tendon passes between lateral collateral ligament & lateral meniscus rarely injured |
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Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
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anterior part of intercondylar area of tibia to lateral femoral condyle
weaker of the 2 cruciate ligaments resists post. movement of femur on the fixed tibia & knee hyperextension anterior drawer sign: tibia can be pulled anteriorly, indicating a torn ACL taut during knee extension, slack during knee flexion |
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Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
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post. part of intercondylar area of tibia to medial femoral condyle
stronger of the 2 cruciate ligaments resists anterior movement of the femur on the fixed tibia (when walking downhill or upstairs) post drawer sign: tibia can be pushed posteriorly, indicating a torn PCL taut during knee flexion, slack during knee extension |
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Both PCL & ACL lie...
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within fibrous joint capsule, but outside of the synovial cavity
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Menisci
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C-shaped fibrocartilage articular disks on the tibia that absorb shock & improve fit of the femur & tibia during knee movements
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Medial meniscus
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attached to medial collateral ligament
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Lateral Meniscus
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smaller & nearly a complete circle
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Bursae
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many around knee
common sites of infection or abrasion or inflammation from repetitive motion (bursitis) |
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Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
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plant joint between head of fibular & lateral condyle of tibia
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Distal Tibiofibular Joint
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strong syndesmosis between the inferior ends of the fibula & tibia that stabilizes the ankle joint, reinforced by anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligaments
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Talocrural (ankle) Joint
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hinge joint between the tibia/fibular & talus that permits dorsi & plantar flexion
the pulley-shaped articular surface (trochlea) of talus fits into a deep box-like socket (mortise) formed by the medial malleolus & inferior articular surface of hte tibia & the lateral malleolus of the fibula articular surfaces more congruent/better fit than any other joint most injured joint |
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Medial Ligament (Deltoid)
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Resists eversion
4 parts: tibionavicular, anterior tibiotalar, post. tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal very strong & rarely torn, forced eversion can cause the deltoid ligament to avulse (tear off) the medial malleolus |
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Lateral Ligaments
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resists inversion
3 Ligaments: anterior talofibular, post. talofibular, calcaneofibular commonly injured anterior talofibular most frequently injured |
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Subtalar Joint
Talocalcaneal or Post. talocalcaneal |
articulation of the body of the talus w/ the post. articular surface of calcaneus, permitting inversion & eversion of the heal
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Transverse Tarsal Joint
Midtarsal |
compound joint (talocalcaneonavicular joint + calcaneocuboid joint) that permits inversion & eversion of the forefoot
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Talocalcaneonavicular Joint
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head of talus articulates w calcaneus & navicular (2 talocalcaneal articulations, 1 talonavicular articulation)
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Tarsometatarsal & Intermetatarsal Joints
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Plane synovial joints
metatarsal bones bound tightly together by ligaments at their bases & heads |
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Metatarsophalangeal & Interphalangeal Joins
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metatarsophalangeal joints are condyloid joint
interphalangeal joints are hinge joints articular surface of the proximal bone is convex, surface of distal bone is concave all reinforced by collateral ligaments |
