Anatomy Lab Practical

Front 1

central nervous system

Back 1

consists of the brain and spinal cord, integrating center that interprets incoming information, makes decisions, and initiates signals to create responses within the body.

Front 2

peripheral nervous system

Back 2

includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, serves to carry out signals to and from the integrating center, providing routes of communication between the body periphery and the CNS

Front 3

afferent

Back 3

input component of the PNS, consists of sensory receptors that respond to stimuli from the internal and external environments

Front 4

efferent

Back 4

output, consists of neurons that conduct motor signals from the CNS to various effector organs

Front 5

Somatic nervous system

Back 5

targets skeletal muscle cells

Front 6

autonomic nervous system

Back 6

portion which targets smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 7

neurons

Back 7

excitable cells of the nervous system specialized to conduct electrical signals known as action potentials

Front 8

cell body (soma)

Back 8

contains most of the organelles of the neuron including the nucleus

Front 9

dendrites

Back 9

extend from the soma and receive electrical impulses from other neurons

Front 10

axon

Back 10

extends from the soma and propogates the electrical signals away from the soma and towards the axon terminals

Front 11

neurotransmitters

Back 11

chemicals used to transfer electrical signals from one excitable cell to another

Front 12

unipolar

Back 12

pseudounipolar

Front 13

bipolar

Back 13

two processes coming off

Front 14

multipolar

Back 14

multiple processes coming off

Front 15

sensory neurons

Back 15

conduct action potentials toward the CNS

Front 16

motor neurons

Back 16

conduct motor impulses away from the CNS

Front 17

interneurons

Back 17

reside entirely within the CNS and link sensory and motor

Front 18

neuroglia- fxns

Back 18

nerve glue, provide support to neurons
produce CSF, produce myelin sheaths, form the blood-CSF and blood-brain barriers, act as phagocytes, repair damaged neurons

Front 19

CSF

Back 19

cerebrospinal fluid, cushions and supports the brain and spinal cord withink the dorsal body cavity

Front 20

myelin sheaths

Back 20

surround myelinated axons and increase the speed of condution of action potentials

Front 21

brain

Back 21

center of intelligence, memory, and emotion

Front 22

four principal parts of the brain

Back 22

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem

Front 23

diencephalon

Back 23

connects the cerebrum to the brain stem, thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 24

brain stem

Back 24

continuous with spinal cord, includes pons, medulla, and midbrain

Front 25

white matter

Back 25

composed of myelinated axons and many different neurons

Front 26

gray matter

Back 26

absence of myelin, the gray matter in the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex

Front 27

gyri

Back 27

convolutions caused by folding of the brain when gray matter grows faster than white matter

Front 28

fissures

Back 28

deep

Front 29

sulci

Back 29

shallow

Front 30

longitudinal fissure

Back 30

divides the cerebrum into the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 31

corpus callosum

Back 31

internal structure that links the right and left hemispheres

Front 32

central sulcus

Back 32

depression that divides the brain into the anterior and posterior components

Front 33

cerebellum white and gray matter

Back 33

called the arbor vitae (tree of life), gray matter is cerebellar cortex

Front 34

meninges

Back 34

connective tissue coverings that surround the brain and spinal cord, protect the underlying neural tissues and provide stability

Front 35

dura mater

Back 35

toughest outermost meningeal layer, outer layer fuses with periosteum of skull, inner layer folds into cranial cavity

Front 36

3 major dural folds

Back 36

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli

Front 37

falx cerebri

Back 37

extends into the longitudinal fissure

Front 38

falx cerebelli

Back 38

extends between the cerebellar hemispheres

Front 39

tentorium cerebelli

Back 39

extends between the cerebrum and cerebellum, forming a tent of dura mater over the cerebellum

Front 40

sinus

Back 40

at points where the inner dura folds into the cranial cavity, contains venous blood

Front 41

arachnoid meningeal layer

Back 41

deep to the dura mater, comprised of collagen and some elastic fibers, web-like fashion

Front 42

subarachnoid space

Back 42

cerebrospinal fluid flows around the brain and spinal cord

Front 43

pia mater

Back 43

deepest and most delicate layer. adheres to the brain surface, penetrating every sulci and fissure

Front 44

meningitis

Back 44

inflammation of one or more of the meningeal layers

Front 45

cerebrospinal fluid

Back 45

CSF is a clear, colorless fluid comprised of water, glucose, ions, and proteins, circulates around the brain

Front 46

fxn of cerebrospinal fluid

Back 46

cushion and provide a shock absorbing medium for the brain within the cranial cavity, creates an optimal enrionment for the generation of action potentials, and provides a means for the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and the tissues of the CNS

Front 47

CSF formed where?

Back 47

in ventricles of the brain
flow into the 3rd ventricle by the interventricular foramen, through 4th ventricle through cerebral aqueduct, through apertures to subarachnoid space and central canal

Front 48

arachnoid villi

Back 48

extensions of the arachnoid layer, serve as sites of reabsorption of CSF into the dural sinuses

Front 49

three basic types of functional areas of the brain

Back 49

sensory, motor, association

Front 50

association areas

Back 50

involved in the development of memory of sensory stimuli or motor skills

Front 51

primary motor area

Back 51

location: pre-central gyrus, anterior to central sulcus
fxn: coordinate the voluntary activation of skeletal muscle

Front 52

premotor area

Back 52

loc: anterior to primary motor area
fxn: control output of primary motor area, develops patterns of nueronal signalling for complex motor skills such as walking, running, or riding bike

Front 53

motor speech area

Back 53

Broca's area
loc: inferior to premotor area
fxn: control activity of the muscles involved in production of speech, translation of conscious thought into speech

Front 54

primary somatosensory area

Back 54

loc: post-central gyrus
fxn: receive and interpret info from sensory neurons regarding stimuli such as touch, pain, temp, and pressure

Front 55

somatosensory association area

Back 55

loc: posterior to primary somatosensory area
fxn: stores the memory of past sensory stimuli

Front 56

primary auditory area

Back 56

loc: temporal lobe
fxn: receive sensory input from the vestibulocochlear nerve that innervates the hearing apparatus of ear, basic info on characteristics of sound interpretted

Front 57

auditory association area

Back 57

loc: posterior to primary auditory
fxn: act to interpret sound

Front 58

primary visual area

Back 58

loc: occipital lobe
fxn: receive sensory inputs from the optic nerve regarding visual stimuli, interprets incoming info on the color, shape, and movement of a visual stimulus

Front 59

visual association area

Back 59

loc: anterior to pirmary visual
fxn: memory of visual stimuli develops here for recognizing objects already seen

Front 60

thalamus

Back 60

serves as a relay station for incoming sensory stimuli, routed by the thalamus to the appropriate region for interpretation

Front 61

hypothalamus

Back 61

contribute to maintenence of homeostasis, regulation of the activities of the centers in the pons and medulla that control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, reg of hormonal secretions of pituitary gland, body temp regulation, reg of eating and drinking

Front 62

medulla oblongata

Back 62

centers for the regulation of breathing and cardiovascular function

Front 63

pons

Back 63

controls breathing, bridge between medulla and the rest of the brain

Front 64

midbrain

Back 64

contains the cerebral peduncles (bundles of axons within the CNS that relay motor and sensory impulses to and from the cortex) and the corpora quadrigemina (fxn in visual and auditory reflexes)

Front 65

cerebellum

Back 65

provides proprioceptive feedback from muscles and tendons during body movements, assists in posture and balance

Front 66

proprioceptors

Back 66

provide info on the location and position of various body segments

Front 67

name the twelve cranial nerves and their type

Back 67

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Front 68

fxns of the twelve types of nerves

Back 68

write down

Front 69

sclera

Back 69

white of eye, adds to shape of eye and provides protection

Front 70

cornea

Back 70

anteriormost portion of sclera, appears cloudy, first portion of eye to receive light

Front 71

conjunctiva

Back 71

mucous membrane that protects cornea from mechanical damage

Front 72

optic nerve

Back 72

carries info regarding visual stimuli to occipital lobe

Front 73

ciliary body

Back 73

black pigmented body that appears as a halo encircling lengs, mostly muscle, secretes aqueous humor

Front 74

lens

Back 74

biconvex structure that is hard, change in shape affects focusing of light on retina

Front 75

suspensory ligaments

Back 75

halo of delicate fibers attaching the lens to the ciliary body

Front 76

iris

Back 76

anterior continuation of ciliary body penetrated by the pupil, gives the eye its color

Front 77

choroid

Back 77

posterior continuation of the ciliary body, iridescent in nocturnal animals

Front 78

retina

Back 78

delicate yellowish-white membrane that easily separates from the choroid layer, contains the photoreceptors necessary for vision

Front 79

tapetum lucidum

Back 79

iridescent layer found in nocturnal animals for maximizing vision

Front 80

aqueous humor

Back 80

watery liquid circulates anterior cavity of eye

Front 81

vitreous humor

Back 81

thick, gelatinous substance located in the posterior cavity of the eye behind the lens, helps maintain position of the retina

Front 82

relex

Back 82

rapid, automatic responses to particular internal or external stimuli

Front 83

reflex arc

Back 83

wiring of a reflex

Front 84

path of reflex

Back 84

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector

Front 85

integrating center either...

Back 85

spinal cord or brain dependinig on where afferent information is processed

Front 86

monosynaptic

Back 86

one synapse formed

Front 87

polysynaptic

Back 87

multiple synapses formed

Front 88

muscle spindles

Back 88

reflex which activates stretch receptors

Front 89

babinski's sign

Back 89

abnormal reponse to plantar reflex test, toes separate and big toe extends, normal in newborns

Front 90

somatic (general) sensation

Back 90

pain, touch, temp, proprioception, less complex and distributed throughout the body namely the skin

Front 91

special sensation

Back 91

vision, hearing, smell, taste, equilibrium, found in more localized regions

Front 92

three types of somatic sensory receptors

Back 92

mechanoreceptors, thermorecpetors, nociceptors

Front 93

mechanoreceptors

Back 93

provide sensations of touch, pressure, and proprioception, those that respond to touch or pressure are tactile receptors

Front 94

nociceptors

Back 94

respond to pain

Front 95

thermoreceptros

Back 95

respond to temperature

Front 96

tactile receptors

Back 96

free nerve endings, root hair plexuses, merkel discs, meissner's corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, end organs of ruffini

Front 97

two proprioreceptive mechanoreceptors

Back 97

golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles, respond to muscle tension development and stretch respectively

Front 98

free nerve endings

Back 98

dendrites of sensory neurons located in the superficial layers of the skin. these receptors are sensitive to touch and pressure

Front 99

meisnner's corpuscles

Back 99

large structures found in abundance in dermis of eyelids, lips, and fingertips, respond to sensations of fine touch and pressure

Front 100

hair root plexuses

Back 100

dendrites arranged in networks around hair follicles that monitor the mechanical distortions of hair

Front 101

end organs of ruffini

Back 101

receptors in the deeper parts of the dermis that are sensitive to pressure and distortion of skin

Front 102

merkel discs

Back 102

fine touch and pressure receptors located in the epidermis of the skin

Front 103

pacinian corpuscles

Back 103

receptors in the dermis that respond to deep pressure

Front 104

negative afterimages

Back 104

when temperature stimulus changed rapidly and significantly in magnitude, two factors which enhance sensation of temp.

Front 105

receptive field

Back 105

term that describes the area within which a cutaneous receptor can respond to a particular stimulus, larger the field less ability to interpret exact location of stimulus

Front 106

referred pain

Back 106

sensation experienced when pain seems to be arising in one area of the body, although the actual site of the painful stimulus is elsewhere