Anatomy Lab 7,8 &9

Front 1

Name the two layers that make up skin.

Back 1

Epidermis (Outer) and Dermis (Deepest Layer)

Front 2

What is the epidermis composed of? What is the function?

Back 2

Keritanized Stratified Squamous Epithelium- Keratin isa hydrophobic protein that helps to waterproof the skin

Front 3

Name the layers of the Epidermis

Back 3

Can Lucy Go Swim Backwards

Corneum

Lucidum

Granulosum

Spinosum

Basale

Front 4

Stratum Corneum

Back 4

The most superficial layer of the epidermis composed of dead keratin cells that waterproof the skin

Front 5

Stratum granulosum

Back 5

The very thin layer of cells in which the cells have lost their nucleus, below the most superficial layer of the skin

Function:Exocytosis of lipids for waterproofing

Front 6

Stratum Spinosum

Back 6

The fourth deepest layer of the epidermis that have spiny like appearing cells, and keratinization occurs in this layer.

Front 7

Stratum Basale

Back 7

The deepest regenerative layer of the epidermis, consisting of a single layer of cells that are attached to the dermis by the basement membrane and alive and dividing.

Front 8

How often does the skin replenish itself?

Back 8

Every 6 to 8 weeks

Front 9

Which layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes? what are they?

Back 9

They are in the basal layer and are Specialized cells that produce a brown colored pigment known as melanin to protect from UV radiation

Front 10

Name the 2 layers of the dermis.

Back 10

Papillary layer and reticular layer

Front 11

Papillary Layer

Back 11

The most superficial layer of the dermis in which the dermal papillae which are upward projections of the dermis that fit with the downward projections of the epidermis

Front 12

What does the dermis contain?

Back 12

Blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, hair follicles, and glands.

Front 13

Stratum Lucidum

Back 13

ONLY PRESENT IN THICK SKIN

The light colored layer of the epidermis that is a layer of dead cells that contain a precursor protein to keratin.

Front 14

What are the two structures responsible for light touch? where are they located?

Back 14

Meissners corpsucle (Superficial Dermis) and Merkel Discs (Superficial and deep dermis as well as hair follicles)

Front 15

What is the structure responsible for deep touch? Where are they located?

Back 15

Pacinian Corpuscles, located Deep in the dermis

Front 16

Hypodermis

Back 16

Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it is found deep to the dermis and contains a vast vascular supply

Front 17

What is the hypodermis composed of?

Back 17

Dense irregular connective tissue

Front 18

Sudoriferous Glands

Back 18

Sweat Glands

Front 19

What are sweat glands composed of?

Back 19

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 20

Name the two types of Sudoriferous glands.

Back 20

Eccrine (Merocrine) glands and Apocrine Glands

Front 21

What do Apocrine glands do?

Back 21

Secrete water, lipids and proteins that are broken down by bacteria and cause body odor

Front 22

Eccrine Glands

Back 22

Temperature sensitive glands that produce sweat in order to cool the body using evaporative heat loss

Front 23

Sebaceous Gland

Back 23

Oil glands that are often associated with hair follicles and are much larger than sweat glands, they release sebum, which helps to lubricate the hair and provide a waterproofing function

Front 24

Name the parts of hair

Back 24

Shaft, root, hair bulb,

Front 25

What are hair follicles?

Back 25

projections of the epidermal layers into the dermis

Front 26

Hair Shaft

Back 26

The part that comes out of the skin surface

Front 27

Hair root

Back 27

The deep component of the hair that is enclosed by the follicle

Front 28

Hair bulb

Back 28

Actively growing part of the hair

Front 29

What is determinant hair?

Back 29

Hair that grows to a specific length then stops

Front 30

How does hair stand up?

Back 30

With the contraction of the piliorector muscles next to the hair follicle, which are smooth muscle and involuntary

Front 31

What are nails?

Back 31

An extension of the stratum corner of the epidermis that occur on the distal end of fingers and toes

Front 32

Nail Root

Back 32

The area of the nail that grows and is found underneath the cuticle

Front 33

Nail Bed

Back 33

Underneath the nail body

Front 34

Lunule

Back 34

Small white crescent looking structure that is found at the base of the nail

Front 35

Hyponychium

Back 35

Portion under the free edge of nail

Front 36

Name the two main divisions of the skeletal system.

Back 36

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

Front 37

What does the axial skeleton contain?

Back 37

Skull, hyoid, veterbral column, ribs, and the sternum ( notice these are found along the central axis of the body.

Front 38

What does the appendicular skeleton contain?

Back 38

The pectoral Girdle (Upper extremities) and the pelvic girdle (Lower Extremities)

Front 39

How many bones does a young adult have?

Back 39

Approximately 206

Front 40

Why are less bones found as humans age?

Back 40

Because some bones fuse

Front 41

what are chondyles and heads?

Back 41

Locations where bone articulates with another bone

Front 42

Name the projections in which muscle can attach to bone (3)

Back 42

Tubercles, spines, trochanters

Front 43

What are depressions in bones for?

Back 43

For blood vessels and nerves to pass through

Front 44

Name the parts of the skull

Back 44

Frontal Bone- Forehead

Maxilla- upper jaw

Mandible- lower jaw

Parental Bone- Top back of skull

Occipital Bone-very back of skull

Front 45

Name the parts of the pectoral girdle

Back 45

Clavicle- collar bone

Scapula- Shoulder blade

Front 46

Name the parts of the thoracic cage

Back 46

Sternum- center of chest

Ribs

Costal Cartilages- floating ribs

Front 47

What are the bones of the arm?

Back 47

Upper arm- humerus

Forearm- Ulna & Radius

Front 48

What are the spine bones called?

Back 48

Vertebral column

Front 49

Name the parts of the pelvis

Back 49

Hip Bones

Sacrum

Coccyx- tail bone

Front 50

Knee bone

Back 50

Patella

Front 51

Name the bones of the femoral and crural regions

Back 51

Femur- Thigh

Fibula(Calf) &Tibia(Shin)

Front 52

What is bone composed of?

Back 52

Organic and inorganic material

Organic- collagen fibers and cells

inorganic- Calcium phosphate salt

Front 53

Name the parts of long bones.

Back 53

Distal end- Epiphyses

Middle Shaft- diaphysis

Articular cartilage- End of bone to reduce friction

Front 54

What is an epiphyseal plate?

Back 54

A growth plate made of hyaline cartilage

Front 55

Medullary cavity

Back 55

Internal hollowed out structure in bones where bone marrow is housed

Front 56

Compact bone

Back 56

Bone found on the outside of bone

Front 57

Spongy Bone

Back 57

Found on the inner portion os bones with trabecular that are oriented in the direction of stress on the bone

Front 58

Nutrient Foramina

Back 58

Small holes in the Diaphysis (shaft) of long bones that allow the passage of blood vessels into and out of the bone

Front 59

Periosteum

Back 59

Dense connective tissue sheath on the outside surface of bone where blood vessels and nerves are found.

Function: Serves as attachment for tendons and ligaments

Front 60

What do tendons do? What do ligaments do?

Back 60

Tendons- attach muscles to bones

Ligaments-Serve to attach one bone to another bone

Front 61

Endosteum

Back 61

Liner of the inner surface of bone

Front 62

What are the five main shapes of bones?

Back 62

Long, short, flat, sesamoid(Kneecap), irregular

Front 63

Osteons

Back 63

Modular units that bones are organized into

Front 64

What are the parts of osteons?

Back 64

Central canal, lamellae, and lacunae.

Front 65

What are the three main bone cells?

Back 65

Osteo blasts:Cells from stem cells "Bone builders"

Osteocytes: Mature cells that send signals of stress to the bone

Osteoclasts: Fusion of stem cells and bone to for cells that breakdown bone (Multinucleated)

Front 66

Name the parts of the scapula

Back 66

Three borders- Superior border, medial border, and a lateral border

Superior border includes:Scapular notch (Indentation)

Sub scapular Fossa

Supraspinous fossa

Infraspinous fossa

Acromion process

Coracoid process

Inferior angle

Superior angle

Glenoid Fossa

Infraglenoid tubercle

Front 67

What does the scapular notch do?

Back 67

Allows for nerve innervation

Front 68

Name the different projections from the bone surface

Back 68

Process, Tubercle, tuberosity,spine,condyle,epicondyle,head, neck, crest, line , facet, trochanter, ramus

Front 69

Name the depressions or holes in the bone surface.

Back 69

Foramen, Sinus, Meatus of canal,Fossa, Notch, Groove or sulcus, Fissure

Front 70

Name the bones of the clavicle

Back 70

Conoid tubercle

Acromial End (Articulates with shoulder)

Sternal End (Articulates with sternum)

Front 71

Name the parts of the humerus

Back 71

Head

Epiphyseal line/plate

Greater and lesser tubercles

Intertubercular sulcus

Surgical Neck

Deltoid tuberosity

Coronoid foss

NUTRIENT FORAMEN

Capitulum

Trochlea

Lateral epicondyle

Front 72

Which bone of the forearm is medial?

Back 72

The ulna

Front 73

Name the parts of the radius

Back 73

Proximal head

Radial Tuberosity

Styloid Process

Ulnar Notch

Front 74

Where does the radius and ulna join?

Back 74

The ulnar notch

Front 75

Name the parts of the ulna

Back 75

Trochlear Notch

Olecranon Process(Elbow )

Coronoid Process

Styloid ProcessRadial Notch

Front 76

Name the three groups of bones in each hand

Back 76

Carpals, Metacarpals, and the phalanges

Front 77

Name the bones of the Carpal

Back 77

He Pulls His Tongue Left To Take Capsules Smoothly

Hamalus of hamate

Pisiform

Hamate

Triquetrum

Lunate

Trapezoid

Trapezium

Capitate

Scaphoid

Front 78

Name the bones of the pelvic girdle

Back 78

Iliac crest

Ilium

Anterior and Posterior iliac spine

Anterior inferior Iliac spine

Greater and lesser Sciatic Notch

Acetabulum

Spine of Ischium

Ischial Tuberosity

Obturator Foramen

Ramus of Ischium

Superior and inferior ramus of pubis

Front 79

Name the parts of the femur

Back 79

Head

Fovea capitis

Greater and lesser Trochanters

Intertrochanter crest

Anterior intertrochanteric line

Patellar surface

Linea aspera Gluteal tuberosity

Medial and Lateral Condyles

Adductor tubercle

Front 80

What is the name of the patella? Name the parts

Back 80

The sesamoid bone