Nervous System

Front 1

Sensory Input

Back 1

Receptors in body that detect environmental changes (external and internal).

Front 2

Integration

Back 2

The process of sensory information. The body decides if a response is required

Front 3

Motor Output

Back 3

If response is required, the nervous system sends motor messages to respond to the stimulus.

Front 4

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 4

Made up of the spinal cord and brain.

Front 5

Central Nervous System (CNS) Neurons

Back 5

Grouped into: Sensory, Motor, and/or Connector or Interneurons

Front 6

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 6

Part of the nervous system outside of the spinal cord and brain. Divided into Sensory (Afferent) and Motor (Efferent)

Front 7

Sensory (Sensory Somatic & Visceral)

Back 7

responsible for transmitting touch, pain, pressure (Sensory Somatic) and senses of organs (Visceral) to Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 8

Motor Somatic/Visceral

Back 8

Responsible for transmitting motor impulses from CNS to muscles or glands. Somatic is voluntary control of skeletal striated muscle. Visceral is involuntary contraction of smooth muscle. (Further divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic)

Front 9

Neuron

Back 9

Functional unit of the nervous system.

Front 10

Dendrites

Back 10

Extensions of cytoplasm that direct information into the cell body.

Front 11

Axon

Back 11

Extension of the cytoplasm that directs information away from the cell body.

Front 12

Astrocytes

Back 12

Act as a blood to brain barrier. Controls what comes in contact with the neutrons. Also gives structural support.

Front 13

Oligodendrocytes

Back 13

Responsible for the creation of myelin in the CNS only. Myelinated axons are considered "white matter".

Front 14

Microglial cells

Back 14

Destroy viruses within the CNS. Similar to Lymphatic system to the body.

Front 15

Ependymal Cells

Back 15

Line the ventricles of the brain and are responsible for the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 16

Schwann Cells

Back 16

Responsible for the formation of myelin but only in the Peripheral Nervous system.

Front 17

Satellite Cells

Back 17

Responsible for surrounding and separating cell bodies in the ganglia. Important in regulation of exchange of nutrients and wastes between the neutron and their surrounding environment.

Front 18

Division of the brain

Back 18

The Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

Front 19

Cerebrum

Back 19

Makes most of the forebrain.

Front 20

Cortex

Back 20

Outer covering the cerebrum. Made of non-myelinated cells of neurons. Considered "gray matter" because they are non-myelinated.

Front 21

Sulci

Back 21

The grooves of the cortex that divides it.

Front 22

Gyri

Back 22

Hills between the sulci.

Front 23

Longitudinal fissure

Back 23

Groove that separates brain between left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Front 24

Central sulcus

Back 24

Separates the frontal and parietal lobe of the brain.

Front 25

Lateral sulcus

Back 25

Serves as the border superior to the temporal lobe.

Front 26

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

Back 26

Separates parietal and occipital lobe.

Front 27

Insula lobe

Back 27

Lobe located deep to the temporal lobe.

Front 28

Pre-central gyrus

Back 28

The gyrus in front of the central sulcus. This gyrus is motor in function.

Front 29

Post-central gyrus

Back 29

The gyrus located behind the central sulcus. This gyrus is sensory in function.

Front 30

Commissural tracts

Back 30

Myelinated axons that join the right to the left hemispheres. Largest example being the Corpus Collusum.

Front 31

Projection tracts/fibres

Back 31

Myelinated axons responsible for transmitting sensory information to cortex or motor axons that transmit motor information through the cerebrum.

Front 32

Thalamus

Back 32

Major relay centre for almost all sensory information that goes through the cerebral cortex.

Front 33

Hypothalamus

Back 33

Controller of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.

Front 34

Basal ganglia

Back 34

grouping of cerebral nuclei that receive information from the cerebral cortex to regulate skeletal movement.

Front 35

Midbrain

Back 35

Motor tracts that run back to the cerebellum (Superior Cerebellar Peduncles) . Has visual and auditory reflex centres.

Front 36

Hindbrain

Back 36

The are of the brain made up of the pons and medulla oblongata.

Front 37

Pons

Back 37

Contains cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, and part of 8. Possesses fibres that travel back to the cerebellum (Middle Cerebellar Peduncles). Centres that regulate breathing and depth.

Front 38

Medulla Oblongata

Back 38

Has connection to the cerebellum via Inferior Cerebellar peduncles). Possesses nuclei for cranial nerves 8-12. Centres that regulate vital functions.

Front 39

Cerbellum

Back 39

Area to co-ordinate motor movement

Front 40

Vermis

Back 40

Narrow band of cortex that separates the cerebellum into two hemispheres.

Front 41

Arbor Vitae

Back 41

The tree of myelinated axons within the cerebellum.

Front 42

Meninges

Back 42

The three layers of tissues that cover the brain. Butter layer is the Dura Mater, middle layer is the arachnoid, and the inner layer is the Pia mater.

Front 43

Venous Sinuses

Back 43

The sinuses within the edges of the dural folds.

Front 44

Superior Sagittal Sinus

Back 44

Located at the top edge of the Falx Cerebri

Front 45

Inferior Sagittal Sinus

Back 45

Located in the bottom free edge of the Falx Cerebri. Continues posterior to meet the Superior Sinus via the Straight sinus.

Front 46

Occipital Sinus

Back 46

Located in the Falx Cerebri.

Front 47

Right and Left Transverse Sinuses

Back 47

located in the outer edge of the Tentorium Cerebella. Continues anteriorly as the Sigmoid Sinuses.

Front 48

Arachnoid

Back 48

Layer connected to the underlying Pia Mater via strands termed Trabeculae. The space between the arachnoid and Pia is termed the Subarachnoid Space.

Front 49

Pia Mater

Back 49

Delicate inner meningeal layer.

Front 50

Cerebrospinal Fluid Formation

Back 50

Fluid that softens impact for brain and allows transfers of molecules around the brain. Formed by the Choroid Plexi. Exits ventricle system via the apertures at the level of the 4th ventricle and circulates around subarachnoid space.

Front 51

Conus Medullaris

Back 51

Bottom of the spinal cord located at the 2nd lumbar vertebrae.

Front 52

Posterior (Dorsal) Horn of Spinal Cord

Back 52

Contains the axons of sensory neutrons bringing sensory information from the posterior of the spinal cord.

Front 53

Anterior (Ventral) Horn of Spinal Cord

Back 53

contains cell bodies of somatic efferent neutrons as they take motor information away from the anterior of the cord.

Front 54

Lateral Horn of Spinal Cord

Back 54

In the region of T1-L2 contains sympathetic neutron cell bodies. In the region of S2-S4 the lateral horn contains cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons.

Front 55

Gary Commisural

Back 55

Neurons that are unmyelinated that join the left and right halves of the cord.

Front 56

Interneurons

Back 56

Join the posterior and anterior horns together.

Front 57

Dorsal Root

Back 57

Afferent axons, bringing sensory information into the posterior of the spinal cord.

Front 58

Dorsal Root Ganglion

Back 58

Contain the cell bodies of the afferent nerves.

Front 59

Ventral Root

Back 59

Contains the Efferent axons taking information away from the cord.

Front 60

Posterior Ramus

Back 60

The distribution of both afferent and efferent nerves to the body.

Front 61

Anterior Ramus

Back 61

The larger of the distribution of both afferent and efferent functions of the nerve to the anterior/lateral parts of the trunk; they form the nerve plexi that supply the upper and lower extremities.

Front 62

Cervical Nerve Plexi

Back 62

The network of nerves that is formed by spinal nerves C1-C4. sensory and motor functions associated with the neck region.

Front 63

Phrenic Nerve

Back 63

Comes off the spinal cord to innervate the phrenic nerve.

Front 64

Brachial Nerve Plexi

Back 64

A network of nerves formed from C5-T11. Serve for sensory and motor functions for upper extremities. Three of the largest are the Medial, Ulnar, and Radial nerves.

Front 65

Lumbar Nerve Plexi

Back 65

A network of nerves formed from L1-L4. The largest ones being the Femoral nerve which innervate the quadriceps and the Obturator which innervates the adductor muscles.

Front 66

Sacral Nerve Plexi

Back 66

A network of nerves formed from L4-S4. The largest ones being the Sciatic nerve which is involved in hamstring movement.

Front 67

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 67

Responsible for picking up visceral sensory (afferent) information. Controls Glands, Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.

Front 68

Parasympathetic division of ANS

Back 68

Responsible for rest and digest activities of the body. Innervates sphincters for digestion. Does NOT innervate any smooth muscle.

Front 69

Sympathetic division of ANS

Back 69

Responsible for smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels or sweat glands.