Anatomy K300 Midterm

Front 1

Ligaments of the Acromioclavicular Joint

Back 1

*Gliding Joint*

1) Acromioclavicular Ligament (forms joint capsule)

2) Conoid Ligament
3) Trapezoid Ligament
--> 2&3 connect to Coracoid Process

Front 2

Shoulder Separation

Back 2

aka Acromioclavicular Dislocation

Result of a severe lateral blow to the shoulder complex

Front 3

Ligaments of the Shoulder Joint

Back 3

*Ball & Socket Joint*

1) Glenohumeral Ligament
--> Forms joint capsule, weakest portion is anterior, inferior capsule
2) Acromioclavicular Ligament
---> Forms "roof" above joint
3) Coracohumeral Ligament
---> Helps strengthen superior capsule

Front 4

Shoulder Dislocation

Back 4

Occurs from landing on a hyperextended, laterally rotated arm

--> Causes head of humerus to rip through anterior capsule

Front 5

What helps increase the joint stability of the scapula joint?

Back 5

Glenoid Labrum

(rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid fossa)

Front 6

Ligaments of Elbow Joint

Back 6

*True hinge - trochlea articulates w/ trochlear notch in ulna*

1) Humeroulnar
2) Humeroradial
---> 1&2 form joint capsule

3) Medial & Lateral Collateral Ligaments

Front 7

Elbow Capsule

Back 7

aka Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint

Pivot (head of radius w/ capitulum)

Annular Ligament
--> Wraps around head of radius (stabilizes joint)

Front 8

Middle Radio-Ulnar Joint

Back 8

Syndesmosis

-->Collagen fibers run from radius down to ulna
-->Go into tension w/ force from Radius

Front 9

Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint

Back 9

Pivot Joint
--> Formed by head of ulna against ulnar notch of radius

Front 10

Wrist Joint

Back 10

Condyloid Joint

Flexion/Extension
Ulnar Deviation/Radial Deviation

Front 11

Joints of the Hand

Back 11

1) Intercarpal = Gliding
2) 1st Carpometacarpal = Saddle
3) Carpometacarpal = Gliding
4) Metacarpophalangeal = Condyloid
5) Interphalangeal = Hinge

Front 12

Connective Tissues of Skeletal Muscle (superficial to deep)

Back 12

1) Epimysium (surrounds skeletal muscle)

2) Perimysium (surrounds fascicles)

3) Endomysium (surrounds muscle fibers)

Front 13

Main components of a Myofibril

Back 13

- Z-line
- M-line
- Actin Filament
- Myosin Filament
- Myosin Head
- Titin
- Sarcomere

Front 14

Energy Equation

Back 14

ATP <--(Myosin ATPase)--> ADP + P + energy

Front 15

Actin Filament

Back 15

1) G-Actin molecule
2) Tropomyosin Strand (spans 7 G-Actins)
3) Troponin molecule

Front 16

3 Subunits of Troponin

Back 16

1) Troponin-C (binds to Ca2+)

2) Troponin-T (binds to Tropomyosin)

3) Troponin-I (binds to Actin)

Front 17

Neuron vs. Nerve

Back 17

NEURON = Nerve cell

NERVE = collection of axons

Front 18

3 Types of Neurons

Back 18

1) Unipolar
2) Bipolar
3) Multipolar

Front 19

Steps to Control a Muscle

Back 19

1) Electrical signal arrives @ terminal ending, Ca2+ channels open
2) Ca2+ enters pre-synaptic membrane, helps bind vesicle to channels
3) ACh crosses synaptic cleft, binds to ACh receptors
4) ACh opens Na+ channels, Na+ flows into muscle cell
5) Action Potential passes through T-tubules
6) Signals releases Ca2+ from terminal cistern of sarcoplasmic reticulum
7) Ca2+ binds to Troponin-C, shifts tropomyosin strand
8) Myosin heads bind to G-Actin to produce force

Front 20

Muscle Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia

Back 20

Hypertrophy = increase in myofibril size

Hyperplasia = increase in cell size

Front 21

What is the stimulus needed for Overload?

Back 21

1) Lift greater than or equal to 60-65% 1-RM (~20-25 reps)

2) Power training (focus on speed of movement)

Front 22

What is the physiological action for muscle hypertrophy?

Back 22

With training, it adds actin and myosin underneath the sarcoplasmic reticulum of a myofibril

Front 23

What contraction creates the greatest stimulus for growth?

Back 23

ECCENTRIC contractions

Front 24

Muscle Fiber Types

Back 24

1) Slow Twitch = Type I = SO
2) Fast Twitch:
- Type IIa = FOG
- Type IIb = FG

Front 25

Components of a Motor Unit

Back 25

1) Lower motor neuron + all muscle fibers it innervates

2) SO, FOG, FG motor units

Front 26

Plantarflexion of Ankle

Back 26

1) Gastronemius
2) Soleus
3) Plantaris
4) Flexor Digitorum Longus
5) Flexor Hallucis Longus
6) Tibialis Posterior
7) Peroneus Longus
8) Peroneus Brevis

Front 27

Dorsiflexion of Ankle

Back 27

1) Peroneus Tertius
2) Extensor Digitorum Longus
3) Extensor Hallucis Longus
4) Tibialis Anterior

Front 28

Supination of Subtalar (Inversion)

Back 28

1) Gastronemius
2) Soleus
3) Flexor Digitorum Longus
4) Flexor Hallucis Longus
5) Tibialis Posterior
6) Tibialis Anterior

Front 29

Pronation of Subtalar (Eversion)

Back 29

1) Peroneus Longus
2) Peroneus Brevis
3) Peroneus Tertius
4) Extensor Digitorum Longus

Front 30

Extension of Knee

Back 30

1) Vastus Medialis
2) Vastus Intermedius
3) Vastus Lateralis
4) Rectus Femoris

Front 31

What muscles flex and extend the big toe

Back 31

Flex = Flexor Hallucis Longus

Extend = Extensor Hallucis Longus

Front 32

What muscles flex and extend toes 2-5?

Back 32

Flex = Flexor Digitorum Longus

Extend = Extensor Digitorum Longus

Front 33

Actin

Back 33

Contractile protein that forms actin filament

Actin filament has 2 alpha-helical strands of G-actin molecules

G-actin has binding site for myosin heads to bind during contraction

Front 34

Myosin

Back 34

Contractile protein that forms myosin filament that hold myosin heads that help with muscle contraction

Front 35

Tropomyosin

Back 35

2 strands per actin filament

The strands cover the myosin-head binding sites on the actin filament during relaxation

Front 36

Troponin

Back 36

Protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium for muscle contraction

Front 37

Titin

Back 37

Stabilizes alignment of myosin filaments by connecting it to both Z-ilne and M-line

Helps sarcomere return to resting length after muscle contraction

Contributes to myofibril's elasticity/extensibility (recoil for stretch-shorten cycle)

Front 38

Nebulin

Back 38

Protein extending length of actin filament

-Anchors actin filament to Z-line
-Regulates length of actin filament

Front 39

Desmin

Back 39

-Lines up z-lines
-Stabilizes adjacent sarcomeres/myofibrils

Front 40

Myomesin

Back 40

Forms M-line
Helps anchor myosin filaments and titin strands

Front 41

Alpha-actinin

Back 41

Protein within Z-line
Attaches to both actin filaments and titin strands

Front 42

Dystrophin

Back 42

Protein that:
- Stabilizes cytoskeleton and sarcolemma of each muscle fiber
-Helps transmit force generated by sarcomeres to tendons

Front 43

Torque

Back 43

Rotary effect of a force, the tendency for rotation

*Type of torque matches type of contraction
*Type of torque matches muscle's actions

Front 44

Contraction

Back 44

State in which a muscle exerts a force

3 Types:
1) Concentric
2) Eccentric
3) Isometric

Front 45

Concentric (Shortening) Contraction

Back 45

Torque produced by the muscle > external torque, so muscle able to shorten while overcoming external load (weight) against gravity

Front 46

Isometric Contraction

Back 46

Torque produced by muscle = External torque

No limb movement

Front 47

Eccentric (Lengthening) Contraction

Back 47

Torque produced by muscle < External torque

Causes slower joint movement than external torque would make the limb move

*Greatest stimulus for growth
*Can handle larger load than concentric contractions

Front 48

Isokinetic

Back 48

Constant angular velocity about a joint

Front 49

Isotonic

Back 49

Constant tension

Front 50

Muscles for Squat

Back 50

Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Medialis
Rectus Femoris

Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Maximus

Front 51

Muscles for Leg Extension

Back 51

Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Imtermedius
Vastus Medialis
Rectus Femoris

Front 52

Muscles for Seated Leg Curl

Back 52

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps Femoris, Short Head
Biceps Femoris, Long Head
Gastrocnemius

Front 53

Muscles for Standing Calf Raises

Back 53

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

Front 54

Muscles for Lunge

Back 54

Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Gluteus Maximus