Anatomy Joints

Front 1

What are the points of contact between joints?

Back 1

a. b/w 2 bones
b. b/w cartilage and bone
c. b/w teeth and bone

Front 2

How may joints be classified?

Back 2

a. Structurally
i. fibrous
ii. cartilaginous
iii. synovial
b. functionally
i. synarthrosis
ii. amphiarthrosis
iii. diarthrosis

Front 3

What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?

Back 3

- lack a synovial cavity
- bones held together closely by fibrous CT
-little or no movement

Front 4

What are the 3 structural types of fibrous joints?

Back 4

i. suture
ii. syndemosis
iii. gomphosis

Front 5

Describe and give an example of a suture joint.

Back 5

- descr: thin layer of fibrous CT unites bones
-synarthrosis

- eg. bones of skull

Front 6

Describe and give an example of a syndemosis joint.

Back 6

-descr: fibrous, amphiarthrosis joint united by ligament

-eg. inferior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane

Front 7

Describe and give and example of a gomphosis joint.

Back 7

-descr: ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket
-amphiarthrotic

-eg. teeth in alveolar process

Front 8

What are common features of synovial joints? (see Gray's Anatomy p. 38)

Back 8

- synovial cavity = defining feature
-articular cartilage
-synovial membrane
-accessory ligaments
-articular discs or menisci
-bursae

Front 9

How are joints innervated?

Back 9

-nn's to joints are branches of nn's to nearby mm's
-joint capsule and ligaments contain pain fibres and sensory receptors

Front 10

Describe the articular cartilage of synovial joints.

Back 10

- usually hyaline cartilage
-prevents bones from directly contacting ea. other
- reduces friction
- absorbs shock

Front 11

Describe the articular capsule of synovial joints.

Back 11

-consists of inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane

Front 12

Describe the inner synovial membrane of the articular capsule of synovial joints.
(Gray's p.38-39)

Back 12

- attaches to margins of joint surface at interface b/w cartilage and bone
- encloses articular cavity
- highly vascular
-produces synovial fluid (contains slippery hyaluronic acid) to lubricate joint
-brings nutrients to articular cartilage
- closed sacs of synovial membrane outside of joints form bursae or tendon sheaths

Front 13

Describe the outer fibrous membrane of the articular capsule of synovial joints. (Gray's p. 39)

Back 13

-formed by dense CT
-surrounds and stabilizes the joint
-parts in of fibrous membrane may thicken to form ligaments to further stabilize joints

Front 14

Describe the accessory ligaments of joints.

Back 14

- extracapsular ligaments are outside joint capsule and provide additional stabilization
- intracapsual ligaments are formed from the thickening of fibrous membrane within the joint capsule

Front 15

Describe the composition and function of the articular discs or menisci of synovial joints.

Back 15

-usually composed of fibro-cartilage
-absorb compression forces
-adjust to changes in contours of joint surfaces during movements
-increase range of motion that can occur at joints

Front 16

Describe the composition and function of bursae.

Back 16

-fluid-filled sac-like structures made of synovial membrane external to the joint (CT)
-reduce friction b/w moving structures: skin rubbing over bone, tendon rubbing over bone
-* bursitis = inflammation of bbursa

Front 17

Describe the composition and function of tendon sheaths.

Back 17

-also formed by synovial membrane (external to joint)
- surrounds tendon to reduce friction

Front 18

What are the types of synovial joints?

Back 18

1. Planar joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Pivot Joint
4. Condylar (Ellipsoid) Joint
5. Saddle Joint
6. Ball and Socket Joint

Front 19

How can you characterize the movement of synovial joints? (Gray's p.39)

Back 19

-uni-axial: mvmnt in one plane
-bi-axial: mvmnt in 2 planes
-multi-axial: mvmnt in 3 planes

Front 20

Describe a planar joint.

Back 20

- bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
-have side-to-side movement only
- rotation is prevented by ligaments
-non-axial joints

Front 21

What are some examples of planar joints?

Back 21

-intercarpal or intertarsal joints
-sternoclavicular joints
-vertebrocostal joints

Front 22

Describe a hinge joint.

Back 22

-convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of 2nd bone
-uni-axial
-mvmnts produced:
i. flexion
ii. extension
ii. hyperextension

Front 23

What are some examples of hinge joints?

Back 23

-elbow
-ankle
-interphalangeal joints

Front 24

How do you describe the movement of flexion?

Back 24

-decreasing the joint angle

Front 25

How do you describe the movement of extension?

Back 25

-increasing the joint angle

Front 26

How do you describe the movement of hyper-extension?

Back 26

-opening the joint beyond the anatomical position

Front 27

How do you describe a pivot joint?

Back 27

-rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone and ligament
-uni-axial: only rotation around longitudinal axis

Front 28

What are some examples of pivot joints?

Back 28

-proximal radioulnar joint:
i. supination
ii. pronation
- atlanto-axial joint:
i. turning head side-to-side to say no

Front 29

How do you describe a condylar (ellipsoid) joint?

Back 29

-oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression
-bi-axial:
i. flex-extend
ii. abduct-adduct
iii. flex-ext.rotation (knee)

Front 30

What are some examples of condylar (ellipsoid) joints?

Back 30

-wrist joint

Front 31

How do you describe a saddle joint?

Back 31

-one bone is saddle-shaped; other bone fits as a person would into a saddle
-bi-axial:
i. flexion-extension
ii. abduction-adduction

Front 32

What are some examples of saddle joints?

Back 32

-trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of thumb

Front 33

How do you describe a ball and socket joint?

Back 33

-ball fitting into a cup-like depression
-multi-axial:
i.flexion/extension
ii. abduction/adduction
iii. rotation
iv. circumduction = combination of all above mvmnts

Front 34

What are some examples of ball and socket joints?

Back 34

-only 2!
-shoulder
-hip