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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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what are two main constituents of the CNS?
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brain and spinal cord
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what is the name for nerves that connect to the brain? That connect to the spinal cord?
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cranial nerves, spinal nerves
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how many pairs of cranial nerves exist? Spinal nerves?
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12 pairs; 31 pairs
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how are spinal nerves named?
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by location on spinal cord where they are (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal)
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how many cervical nerves are there? Thoracic nerves? Lumber nerves? Sacral nerves? Coccygeal nerves?
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8; 12; 5;5;1
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from which embryonic cells does the spinal cord arise?
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from neuroepithelial cells lining the neural tube
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which 3 layers develop from the neuroepithelium of the neural tube?
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ventricular layer, mantle layer, marginal layer
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which layer of neuroepithelium eventually becomes the ventral and dorsal horns of gray matter?
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mantle layer
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which 4 columns are the precursors of the ventral and dorsal horns?
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2 basal plates ventrally and 2 alar plates dorsally
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which layer of neuroepithelium eventually becomes the white matter?
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marginal layer
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which layer of neuroepithelium eventually becomes the lining of the central spinal canal (ependymal layer)?
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ventricular layer
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in the spinal cord, is the white matter located on the outside or inside?
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outside
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which part of the spinal cord, white or gray matter, is shaped like a butterfly?
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gray matter
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None
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which vertebrae mark the inferior end of the spinal cord?
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L1-L2
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None
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what is the name for the terminal part of the spinal cord?
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conus medullaris
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where are the cervical and lumbar enlargements found?
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C5-T1 and L1-S3, respectively
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from the outermost to innermost layers, what are the three meninges which surround the spinal cord?
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dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
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what is contained in the epidural space? Where does the dural space end?
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fat and internal vertebral venous plexus; at the sactal haitus
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where does the dural sac begin and end?
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begins at the foramen magnum, ends at S2 level.
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what does the dural sac become after S2?
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external filum terminale
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the external filum terminale is anchored where?
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coccyx
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what is the name for the potential space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?
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subdural space
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None
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where in the meninges is the CSF contained?
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in the subarachnoid space
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how far does subarachnoid space extend? Where can a spinal tap be performed?
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to S2; between S2 and L2
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what is the name for the pia mater than continues beyond the conus medullaris?
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internal filum terminale
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the denticulate ligaments extend from the pia mater to which layer?
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dura mater
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each spinal cord segment has how many spinal nerves attached?
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2
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how are spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord?
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via ventral and dorsal root
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which, the dorsal or ventral root, is the sensory root? The motor root?
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dorsal; ventral
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what are the names of the two branches of the spinal nerve?
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dorsal primary ramus and ventral primary ramus
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do the ventral and dorsal roots have ganglia?
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no, only the dorsal root has a ganglion
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None
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where does the dorsal primary ramus go? The ventral primary ramus?
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back; around the body wall, neck, trunk, limbs
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other than the dorsal and ventral primary rami, what 2 branches come from the spinal nerve?
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white ramus communicans and gray ramus communicans
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which spinal nerves are "typical spinal nerves"? Why are atypical spina nerves atypical?
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T2-T12; they do not just travel around the body wall - they form nerve plexuses and travel out into extremities.
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which rami form nerve plexuses?
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primary vertral rami
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Through which holes do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
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intervertebral foramina
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which cervical nerves pass superior to their corresponding vertebrae? How do the rest of the spinal nerves exit in relation to their corresponding vertebrae?
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C1-C7; inferiorly
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how does the distance between a vertebra and the corresponding spinal nerve change as you progress inferiorly along the spinal cord?
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it increases
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what is the name for the nerve roots which exist beyond the spinal cord as they travel down to their corresponding vertebrae inferior to the conus medullaris?
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cauda equina
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what are the 3 basic parts of the neuron?
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cell body, dendrite, axon
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what is a nucleus in terms of neuron terminology?
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a collection of cell bodies in the CNS
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what is a tract in terms of neuron terminology?
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collection of neuron processes (axons) in the CNS
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what is a ganglion in terms of neuron terminology?
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collection of cell bodies in the PNS that are enclosed by a connective tissue covering
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what is a nerve in terms of neuron terminology?
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collection of neuron processes (axons or dendrites) in the PNS that are enclosed by a connective tissue sheath
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are unipolar neurons abundant in adult humans?
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no, they are never found after birth
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in which part of the nervous system are pseudounipolar neurons abundant?
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PNS
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where are bipolar neurons found, for the most part?
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retina, hippocampus
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where are multipolar neurons abundant?
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both CNS and PNS
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do afferent neurons create impulses toward or away from the CNS? Efferent neurons?
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toward; away
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what shape do afferent neurons take on? Efferent neurons?
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pseudounipolar; multipolar
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which parts of the body do somatic neurons innervate?
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skeletal muscle, skin, bones, and joints
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which parts of the body do visceral neurons innervate?
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organs, glands, blood vessels
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what are the 4 functional types of neurons and their abbreviations?
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somatic afferent (GSA), somatic efferent (GSE), visceral afferent (GVA), visceral efferent (GVE)
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what is the name for nerves that contain only GSA and GVA nerves? GSE and GVE nerves? Mixed variety?
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sensory nerves; motor nerves; mixed nerves
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None
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what is the term used for the types of neurons a nerve contains?
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functional components
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which of the four functional neurons consists of a two-neuron system?
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GVE
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what is the term for the map of the human body which corresponds to spinal nerve skin innervation?
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dermatome
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what are cutaneous nerves?
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nerves that innervate the skin
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