Anatomy Intro

Front 1

What are the 2 types of contrast agents for scans?

Back 1

1. GI: barium sulfate, its non-toxic, insoluble salt, called "barium enema", when air is added its a double contrast study 2. Urinary: iodine, naturally excreted, IV urography, high atomic mass

Front 2

What are the 2 types of ultrasound?

Back 2

1. regular: high freq. sound waves bounce back from organs, soft tissues 2. doppler: probes placed on scopes, enables determination of flow direction and velocity w/in a vessel

Front 3

How to view CT images?

Back 3

Images are in the axial plane, therefore slices of transverse sections viewed foot to head

Front 4

How does plain radiography work?

Back 4

Photons are released from a cathode to an anode, bone attenuates x-rays the most and appears white bc the film is not exposed. The part of the body closest to the tube is "anterior" closest to the film is "posterior" aka PA (posterioanteriorly)

Front 5

How does an MRI work? What are its uses? T1 vs T2 images?

Back 5

Photons of H+ in H2O are used as magnets (rate of time to return from excited state) can take images in any plane, contrast dyes are paramagnetic. Can look at most tissues and even circulation. T1 has dark fluids with white fat, T2 has white fluids and medium dark fat

Front 6

What are the functions of cartilage?

Back 6

support soft tissues; provide smooth surfaces for joints; and enable growth/development of long bones

Front 7

Name the 3 types of cartilage, what kind of fibers they contain, and an example

Back 7

1. Hyaline: moderate amt of collagen, common articular surfaces of bones 2. Elastic: collagen and elastic, ears 3. Fibrocartilage: less cells and lots of collagen, intervertebral discs

Front 8

Cartilage is nourished by ___ and has NO ___, ___, or ____.

Back 8

nourished by diffusion with no blood vessels, lymphatics, or nerves

Front 9

Why is the periosteum important?

Back 9

Capable of forming new bone, the blood supply it receives supply outer layers of compact bone, highly innervated with sensory nerves, without it bones will die

Front 10

Difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

Back 10

Yellow is dominated by fat cells and is found in the medulla of long and flat bones

Front 11

2 types of stem cells found in bone marrow?

Back 11

1. Hemopoietic which gives rise to blood cells 2. Mesenchymal which differentiate to bone, cartilage, and muscle

Front 12

Name the joint that occurs when two bones are separated by a cavity?

Back 12

Synovial

Front 13

Name the joint that occurs when bones are held together by connective tissue?

Back 13

solid

Front 14

Name possible components of a synovial joint?

Back 14

hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane, articular cavity, fibrous membrane, articular discs, fat pads, bursa, tendons

Front 15

Name the 7 types of synovial joints.

Back 15

1. Plane 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Bicondylar 5. Condylar 6. Saddle 7. Ball and Socket

Front 16

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints w/examples?

Back 16

1. Sutures: skull 2. Gomphoses: teeth 3. Syndesmoses: interosseous membrane for radius and ulna

Front 17

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints w/examples?

Back 17

1. Synchondrosis: growth plate of femur 2. Symphysis: intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Front 18

What do fascias do?

Back 18

Superficial facias allow movement of skin, conduit for vessels and nerves, fat reserve. Deep fascia compartmentalize muscles, hold tendons in place, and separate abdomen and thorax from muscles (extraperitoneal and endothoracic fascia).

Front 19

Cells that migrate to the anterior part of the dermatomyotome give rise to muscles where?

Back 19

limbs and trunk (hypaxial)

Front 20

Cells that migrate to the posterior part of the dermatomyotome give rise to muscles where?

Back 20

intrinsic back muscles (epaxial)

Front 21

Generally, sensory info passes into the ___ aspect of the spinal cord, while motor fibers leave ___ (anterior/posterior)?

Back 21

sensory post, motor anter

Front 22

The sympathetic system runs between which vertebral levels?

Back 22

T1 to L2

Front 23

The parasympathetic system runs between which vertebral levels?

Back 23

Cranial and S2 to S4

Front 24

The ___ muscles move the upper limb

Back 24

superficial

Front 25

The ___ muscles attach to the ribs

Back 25

intermediate

Front 26

The ___ muscles move the vertebral column and head

Back 26

deep

Front 27

Name the 5 superficial back muscles.

Back 27

Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor

Front 28

What muscles make up the intermediate back muscles?

Back 28

serratus posterior inferior and superior

Front 29

The ___ covers the deep muscles and is critical to organization and integrity

Back 29

thoracolumbar fascia

Front 30

Where does the spinal cord end?

Back 30

LI to LII

Front 31

The ___ ___ is contiuous from inside the brain to below the end of the spinal cord and contains CSF

Back 31

subarachnoid space

Front 32

Secondary curvatures serve what purpose?

Back 32

Bring the center of gravity to a vertical line, hence least amt of energy to maintain stance

Front 33

How many vertebrae are there in each category?

Back 33

7 C's, 12 T's, 5 L's, S (5 fused), Co (3-4 fused)

Front 34

What is the correct order of the meninges from innermost to outer?

Back 34

pia, subarachnoid, arachnoid, dura

Front 35

Is the H-shaped interior of the spinal cord white or gray matter? This means that it contains cell bodies or ganglia?

Back 35

gray, bodies

Front 36

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? Where does the nomenclature change occur?

Back 36

31, at C7

Front 37

What travels through the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae?

Back 37

vertebral arteries

Front 38

The ___ ___ attached to the skull and spinous processes changes names at C7 to ____ ___

Back 38

ligamentum nuchae, suprspinous ligament