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230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Horse
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only cleidomastoideous part of brachiocephalicus
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Horse
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only sternomandibularis part of sternocephalicus
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Horse
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two parts of splenius= cervicus and capitus
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Horse
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no internal jugular vein
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Horse
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poorly supported mediastinum by subpleural connective tissue
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Horse
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no right middle lobe
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Horse
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dominant right coronary artery
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Horse
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only right azygous vein
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Horse
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esophagus striated up to the heart, then smooth muscle
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Horse
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caudal mediastinal lymph nodes are poorly developed or absent
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Horse
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femoral lamina only in horse (between medial thigh fascia and alterial crus of inguinal canal)
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Horse
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haustra and taeniae coli in colon
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Horse
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no gall bladder
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Horse
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no papillary process of caudate lobe in liver
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Horse
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right kidney is heart shaped (transverse diameter same as longitudinal diameter)
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Horse
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tortuous branches of the testicular artery on the surface of the testis
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Horse
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all accessory sex glands (no pars disseminata in prostate)
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Horse
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true vesicle (sac-like) vesicular gland
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Horse
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has preputial fold (inner fold) of prepuce (other animals don’t)
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Horse
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cranial and caudal preputial muscles
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Horse
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external pudendal artery supplements the artery of the penis by giving off the cranial artery of the penis
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Horse
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largest ovaries
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Horse
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two corpora luteum from 40days of pregnancy until 150 days (then both regress)
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Horse
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endometrial cups in uterine horns (also have hippomanes like other species)
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Horse
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longest uterine body
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Horse
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glans clitoridis largest in the horse
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Horse
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Ovarian artery divides into several branches ramifying on the ovarian surface
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Horse
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accessory ligament from the pubis tendon to the fovea capitus
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Horse
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no acromion on scapula
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Horse
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oral lip commissures are rather rostral to the length of the oral cavity, compared to the dog
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Horse
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has an occipitomandibularis muscle (opens jaw)
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Horse
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Spatulate shape at the apex of the tongue
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Horse
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dorsal lingual cartilage on tongue
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Horse
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all teeth (except canine and P1) are hypsodont
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Horse
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no monostomatic part of the sublingual gland
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Horse
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thyroid cartilage is incomplete ventrally (gap filled by cricothyroid membrane)
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Horse
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has a guttural pouch
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Bovine & Horse
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granula Iridica in eyes
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Pig
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no tapetum lucidum
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Ungulates
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thicker skin than dogs
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Bovine
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thicker skin than other domestic ungulates
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Sheeps
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Cutaneous sinuses/pouches (infraorbital, inguinal and interdigital sinuses)
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Goat/Sheep
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horn glands
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Carnivores
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Caudal (coccygeal) glands
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Goat
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subcaudal glands
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All species
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preputial glands and mammary glands
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Bovine
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ligamentum nuchae divded into cranial (paired) and caudal parts (unpaired)
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Porcine
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no ligamentum nuchae
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Bovine
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no M. rhomboideus capitus
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Zebu breeds
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large m. rhomboideus cervicis (forms hump)
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Sheep
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Sternocephalicus not divided into sternomastoideus and sternomandibularis like others
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Carnivors
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absent subclavius m
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Bovine
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vestigial subclavius m
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Goat
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well developed subclavius m
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Bovine
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large, lobulated thymus gland in young
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Small ruminants & pigs
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absent cranial and middle groups of deep cervical lymph nodes
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Dogs
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do not have caudal group of deep cervical lymph nodes
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Bovine/Pig/Dog
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thyroid gland isthmus is glandular
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Small ruminants/horse/cat
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thyroid gland isthmus is fibrous
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Bovine
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thyroid gland body is lobulated and flattened (oval in other animals)
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Ruminants
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carotid sheath has internal jug, vagosympathetic trunk, common carotid
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Bovine/goat
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jugular groove bordered by cleidomastoideus m.(dorsally), sternomandibularis m(ventrally) and sternomastoideus m. (medially)
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Sheep
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jug groove bordered by cleidomastoideus (dorsal), sternocephalicus (ventral), cranially no muscular border
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Pig
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three groups of superficial cervical lymph nodes (dorsal, middle, ventral)
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Ruminants
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esophagus is entirely striated muscle
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Bovine
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esophageal obstructions at sites 1,2, 4
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Dogs
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esophageal obstructions at sites 3 and 4
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Bovine
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diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection- 7th/8th costochondral jxn to mid portion of 11th rib to ange of the last rib
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Sheep
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DLPR from 9th costochondral jxn to middle of last rib to cranial border of transverse process of L1
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Goat
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DLPR from 6th costocondral jx to ventral border of the last rib
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Bovine/Goat
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mediastinal pleura is thick and intact (well supported by submesothelial CT)
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Sheep
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mediastinal pleura may have occasional opening
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Bovine
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accessory lobe of the right lung and mediastinal recess are caudal to region of the reticulum -> can lead to hardware disease
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Bovine
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6th or 7th intercoastal space for thoracocentesis (7th in horse, 7th/8th in dog)
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Ruminants and Pigs
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well lobated lungs
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Ruminants
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Right cranial lobe is divided into cranial and caudal parts (cranio-cranial and caudo-cranial)
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Ruminants and pigs
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have tracheal bronchus coming off of right cranial lobe
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Ruminant and Pig
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left lung has cranial and caudal lobes
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Ox and pig
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lobulation is clearly defined in lungs
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Sheep/goat
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lobules are small and lobulation is poorly defined
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Ox
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lung extends from 6th costochondral jx to ventral border of epaxial mm of 11th intercoastal space
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Sheep/pig
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basal edge of lung ascends gently from 6th costochondral jxn to angle of 11th rib
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Ruminants
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cardiac notch from 3rd to 5th intercoastal spaces (left) and 3rd to 4th in right
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Ruminants and pigs
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left azygous vein develops
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Sheep and goat
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right azygous vein develops occasionally
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Ox, +/- pig
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small right cranial portion of azygous vein may develop partially
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Ruminants
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heart is vertically placed
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Pig and Dog
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heart is oblique 45º
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Ruminants
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three grooves of the heart, paraconal. Subsinuosal, intermediate
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Ruminants & horse
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pericardium attaches to the sternum by two separate sternopericardiac ligaments
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Ruminants
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left coronary artery is dominant (like dog)
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Pig
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right coronary artery dominant
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Ox
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large cranial mediastinal LN and even larger/single caudal mediastinal LN
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Pig
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absent middle mediastinal LN
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Sheep
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absent right and middle tracheobronchial LN
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Ruminants/Pigs
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have cranial tracheobronchial LN
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Ruminant
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prominent paralumbar fossa
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Bovine/Ovine
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grazers…diet consists mainly of grass, larger fore-stomach
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Goats/Antelope
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browsers…diet consists mainly of leaves, larger livers and bulky intestines, ruminal papillae more numerous, cecum/ascending colon larger
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Pig
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stomach contacts ventral abdominal wall when full
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Pig
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has a diverticulum ventriculi and torus pyloricus
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Ruminants
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no bands nor haustra in large intestines
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Ruminant
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cecum is cylindrical, long, tubular, smooth blind sac
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Pig
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Cecum is sacculated
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Ruminants
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ascending colon displays three segments (s-shaped proximal loop, spiral loop, distal loop)
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Ruminants
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‘disc-like’ spiral loop (2 ½ turns in ox, 3 in sheep, 4 in goat)
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Bovine
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jejunal LN between coils of jejunum and last centrifugal coil
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Sheep/goat
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jejunal LN between last centrifugal coil and first centripetal coil
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Pig
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colon in conical spiral and centripetal coils are sacculated
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Ruminant
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liver in right of median plan, rotated 90º
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Ruminant
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liver has no external indication of lobation, esophageal impression deep
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Sheep
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shallow esophageal impression on liver
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Ox
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pear-shaped gall bladder
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Sheep
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elongated gall bladder
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Ox
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caudate process of the caudate lobe rectangular and projects beyond right border of liver
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Sheep
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^^ no projecting and triangular
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Pig
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liver well lobated/lobulations too, and no contact with the right kidney
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Ruminants
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pancreas has a small body, long right lobe, and broad left lobe
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Ox/Pig
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accessory pancreatic duct is the main duct (no major pancreatic duct), opens into minor duodenal papilla
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Sheep/goat
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major pancreatic duct (no accessory pancreatic duct), opens into major duodenal papilla
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Ox
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spleen is flattened, spatulate/tongue-shaped
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Sheep/goat
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spleen rectangular/triangular in shape
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Pig
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spleen is long and narrow
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Bull/Sheep
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red-brown spleen
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Cow
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Blue-grey sleep
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Small ruminants
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kidney’s bean-shaped and have renal crest
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Ox
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lobated (18-20), no renal crest, no renal pelvis, have pyramids/renal calices (18-22)
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Ox
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right kidney is flattened/oval, left is twisted
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Pig
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internal evidence of lobation, 10 minor calyces
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Pig
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only domestic animal with kidneys at the same level
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Ox
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pelvic slope is 45º
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Sheep
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iliac shafts are slender and long
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Cow
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cranial pelvic aperture/pelvic inlet is oval and narrow, pelvic outlet is small
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Sow
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birth canal almost straight, conjugate almost horizontal
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Bovine
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gluteal muscles are smaller
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Ruminats
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no internal obturator muscle, external obturator has two parts tho
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Bovine
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concave rump due to no vertebral heads on the hamstring muscles (except the gluteobiceps m)
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Bull/ram/buck/bore
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blind sac on dorsal wall of urethra = urethral recess
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Female ruminants and pigs
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suburethral diverticulum
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Bull/boar
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glaborous scrotum
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Small ruminants
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hairy scrotum (rumi’s long and pendulous)
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Bovine
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oval/bottle-shaped testis, epididymis lies medial to the testis, yellow parenchyma
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Sheep
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oral and spherical testis, parenchyma is white, epididymis caudomedial aspect of testis
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Dog
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no ampulla of the ductus deferens so no ejaculatory duct
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Ox
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vesicular gland lobulated, firm
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Sheep
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vesicular gland oval and lobulated
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Ox
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prostate gland transversely oriented body and large disseminate part
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Small ruminants
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only disseminate part of prostate gland
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Ruminants
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bulbourethral gland spherical
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Ruminants
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penis is fibroelastic type (cavernous spaces poorly developed)
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Bull
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s-shaped sigmoid flexure in thigh region
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Bull
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glans penis is slightly twisted anticlockwise to the left, narrow external urethral opening
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Ruminants
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apical ligament
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Sheep
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glans penis is globular and highly cavernous
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Sheep
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free urethral process and tuberculum spongiosum
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Bull
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long prepuce, can prolapse and be easily lacerated
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Pig
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no ampulla of ductus deferens
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Pig
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vesicular gland very large, pink, hard, pyramidal
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Pig
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prostate has both body and disseminate part but body not visible
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Pig
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bulborethral gland very large, cylindrical, cigar-shaped
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Pig
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no glans penis, but free end is spiral shaped
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Cow
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ovary is oval and small, follicles and CL (whitish/creamish) above the surface
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Cow
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bicornuate uterus, uterine horns spirally shaped, oviduct emerges graduatlly with uterine horn (so does sow)
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Sow
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uterine horn is long and flexuous
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Ruminant and sow
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small and single uterine body
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Cow
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uterine horns have convex caruncles
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Cow
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Cervix uteri has circular folds and small longitudinal folds
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Cow
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portio vaginalis (mound-like) circular folds that project into vagina = form vaginal fornices
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Ewe
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caruncles are concave and pigmented in the sheep (not in nanny goat)
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Ewe
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Cervix has 6 circular folds but vaginal portio embeds on vaginal floor, so only dorsal vaginal fornix
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Sow
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longest cervix, longitudinal folds that merge into walls = no vaginal fornices
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Cow
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expansive broad ligament, uterus rests dorsally on it (can lead to torsion)
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Ruminants
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absent in ruminants (rudimentary in mare and well developed in dogs)
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Cow
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long vagina and intraperitoneal craniodorsally
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Ewe
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may not have minor vestibular glands
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Cow, +queen, +/- Ewe
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major vestibular glands
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Goat
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no vestibular glands
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Sow
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long vestibule
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Ruminants
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vulva commissures point ventral and are rounded dorsally
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Cow
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long and undulated clitoris
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Cow/sow
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shallow fossa clitoris
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Cow
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supernumerary teats on caudo-ventral surface of udder
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Ewe/doe
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supernumerary teats on cranial surface of mamma
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Cow
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4 inguinal mammae
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Small rumi
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2 inguinal mammae
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Sow
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10-18 inguinal-abdominal mammae
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Cow/ewe
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mamma is hemispherical
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Nanny goat
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mamma is pendulous and sac-like
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Cow
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one mammary gland per mamma
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Cow
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teat is cylindrical, rounded tips
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Cow
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best developed suspensory apparatus of the udder
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Ewe
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one mammary gland per mamma (two total mammae)
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Ewe
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teat is short and conical
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Nanny goat
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each mammae (total 2) has 6-9 mammary glands
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Sow
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two or three mammary glands per mamma (2-3 teat orifices)
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Sheep/goat/pig
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use lumbosacral space more for epidurals
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Pigs
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can get atrophic rhinitis
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Ox
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upper lip is the muzzle, nasolabial plate, firm, with delicate grooves, no hair, immobile, non-sensitive (nose-printing)
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Sheep/goat
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thinner and more mobile upper lip with fine hair, have philtrum (median fissure/groove)
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Pig
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snout prominent, has os rostri, sensitive
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Pig
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lower lip pointed, permanent ventrolateral notch in upper lip for canine teeth from below
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Small ruminants
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no caudal compartment of the frontal sinus
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Pig
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frontal sinus is unusually expansive
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Ruminants and pig
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oral mucosa is thick, stratified squamous epithelium, heavy stratum corneum
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Ruminants
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have backward pointing macroscopic papillae in mucous membrane of cheeks/lips
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Ruminants
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have dental pad that replaces upper incisors and canine teeth
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Ruminant dental formula
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I(0/3), C(0/1), P(3/3), M(3/3) x 2 =32
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Ruminants
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incisors/canine are brachydont, molars/premolars are hypsodont
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Ruminants
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long diastema between incisors and cheek teeth
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Ruminants
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upper cheek teeth have 3 roots, lower cheek teeth have two roots
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Ruminants and horses
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anisognathic
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Ruminanst
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torus linguae on dorsal surface of tongue
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Pig
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all teeth are brachydont, canines project out of mouth
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Pig
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has full dentition
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Ruminants
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have filiform papillae on surface of tongue that make it feel horny
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Pigs
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neonatal (up to 18 days of age) piglets have marginal papillae – lacelike frills laterally on tongue
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Ruminants
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sublingual gland has two parts, cranial part (polystomatic) and caudal part (monostomatic)
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Ruminants
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basihyoid bone has a knob-shaped lingual process
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Pigs
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have pharyngeal diverticulum- median pouch dorsal to beginning of the esophagus
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Pigs
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lateral ventricles of larynx face rostrally, can complicate tracheal intubation
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Ruminants
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single and large parotid ln
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Ruminants
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may have single mandibular ln (usually two in other animals)
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Pigs
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have several mandibular ln
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Ruminants
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large medial retropharyngeal ln (one on each side)
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Pigs
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several medial retropharyngeal ln
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Ruminants
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lateral retropharyngeal ln single and large, master lymph node of the head!!
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Ox
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corneal nerve is main nerve of the horn
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Ox
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block 5 nerves to dehorn (corneal, corneal branch of infratorchlear, frontal, cutaneous branch of C1/C2 spinal nerves, nerve of frontal sinus)
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Goat
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block 3 nerves to dehorn (corneal, corneal branch of infratrochlear & great auricular nerve)
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Goat (rarely sheep/pig)
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wattles or tassels
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