Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What broad, thin cartilage caps the scapula in ungulates? |
Scapular cartilage
|
|
|
What is the prominence in the intertubercular groove, unique to the horse?
|
Intermediate tubercle
|
|
|
Why can't large animals supinate and pronate?
|
Ulna and radius are fused
|
|
|
What are ungulates?
|
Hoofed mammals
|
|
|
What is the palpable part of the spine of the scapula in the horse?
|
Spinal tuber (tuber spinae)
|
|
|
What is the palpable point of the shoulder in the horse?
|
Cranial part of the greater tubercle (humerus)
|
|
|
What structure is palpable distal to the greater tubercle on the lateral side of the arm?
|
Deltoid tuberosity...
|
|
|
What and where is the point of the elbow located?
|
Olecranon tuberosity, 5th rib or 5th intercostal space (ICS)
|
|
|
List the bones of the proximal (P) and distal (D) rows of teh carpus from medial to lateral in the horse.
|
P: radial, intermediate, ulnar, and accessory
D: (1 (50% of time), 2, 3, and 4 (5 rare)) |
|
|
What is the proper and common name for the metacarpal bones?
|
Metacarpal 3 (cannon bone), Mc 2 & 4 (medial and lateral splint bones)
|
|
|
What is the common name for the swellings at the distal end of the splint bones?
|
"Buttons of the splints"
|
|
|
What is the configuration of the distal cannon bone (Mc3)?
|
2 condyles separated by a sagittal ridge
|
|
|
What are the 2 small bones on the plamar side of the fetlock joint?
|
Proximal sesamoid bones or "sesamoids"
|
|
|
Which proximal sesamoid bone is taller in radiographs?
|
Lateral
|
|
|
What are the common names for the horse's phalanges?
|
P1: long pastern
P2: short pastern P3: coffin or pedal bone |
|
|
Where is the distal phalanx, coffin or pedal bone located?
|
In the "coffin" (hoof)
|
|
|
What are the processes directed palmarly to the coffin bone?
|
Palmar processes, "angles" or "wings"
|
|
|
What is the common name for the horse's distal sesamoid bone?
|
"Navicular bone"
|
|
|
Where is the navicular bone located? |
Between the DDF tendon and P2 & P3
|
|
|
Of what does the hoof, like the skin, consist?
|
Outer epidermis (hoof) and underlying dermis (corium)
|
|
|
In the foot of the horse and ox, the dermis is also called the ____.
|
Corium
|
|
|
Name the 5 types of dermis/corium of the horse's foot.
|
Perioplic, coronary, laminar, frog and sole
|
|
|
The hoof and the structures within it make up what structure?
|
"Foot" of the horse
|
|
|
List the components of the foot skeleton of the horse?
|
P2 & P3, coffin joint, navicular bone
|
|
|
Into what 3 parts is the hoof divided?
|
Wall, sole, and frog
|
|
|
Roughly how fast does the hoof grow?
|
1/3" per month; 4" per year
|
|
|
What are the 4 parts of the wall of the hoof of the horse?
|
Toe, quarters, heels and bars
|
|
|
What is roughly the angle of the toe (hoof / ground axis) to the ground?
|
About 60* in conjunction with a straight hoof-pastern axis (commonly other tests give 45-50* for front foot; 50-55* for hindfoot)
|
|
|
What are the palmar / plantar aspects of the wall of the horse's foot?
|
Heels
|
|
|
What are the extensions of the wall from the back (palmar / plantar side) of the foot towards the toe, seen on the ground surface?
|
Bars
|
|
|
What is the outer, thin, shiny layer of the hoof?
|
Periople (stratum externum / stratum tectorum)
|
|
|
What is the concave surface of the foot facing the ground? |
Sole
|
|
|
What is the sole between the bars and wall at the heels?
|
Medial and lateral angles of the sole
|
|
|
What wedge-shaped structure is between the sole, bars, and bulbs?
|
Frog (cuneus ungulae)
|
|
|
What are the expanded parts of the frog on the palmar aspect of the foot which are covered by periople?
|
Bulbs of heels
|
|
|
What are the sulci separating the frog from the bars and sole?
|
Collateral (parcuneal) grooves (sulci)
|
|
|
What is the junction of the hoof (periople) and the skin?
|
Coronet ("coronary band")
|
|
|
What is the junction of the wall and sole on the ground surface?
|
White line or white zone
|
|
|
What is the white line or white zone?
|
External indication of sensitive internal structures
|
|
|
What crosses the palmar surface of the navicular bursa to attach to the distal phalanx?
|
Deep digital flexor tendon
|
|
|
What attaches to the extensor process of the distal phalanx?
|
Common / long digital extensor tendon
|
|
|
What are the 2 plates of cartilages attached to the wings of P3?
|
Hoof (collateral, ungual) cartilages (medial and lateral)
|
|
|
How are the hoof cartilages related to hoof?
|
Inside quarters, project slightly above the coronet
|
|
|
What is the digital cushion?
|
Wedge-shaped mass of connective tissue deep to the frog (white & elastic fiber feltwork)
|
|
|
What is the function of the digital cushion?
|
Absorbs concussive forces
|
|
|
What provides nourishment for the overlying epidermis (hoof)?
|
Corium or dermis
|
|
|
Where are nerves located in the integument of the foot?
|
In corium (dermis), not in horny hoof (epidermis)
|
|
|
What is the common name for the sensitive corium / dermis of the foot?
|
"Quick"
|
|
|
List the 5 parts of the corium of the foot.
|
Periople, coronary, laminar, sole and frog coria
|
|
|
What is the structure of each corium of the foot, except the laminar?
|
Dermal / corial pegs (papillae) into horny epidermis
|
|
|
What types of horn of the hoof develop around the dermal papillae?
|
Tubular and intertuburlar, non-tubular horn
|
|
|
What is the sensitive laminae?
|
Laminar corium (dermis)
|
|
|
Describe the papillae of the laminar corium / dermis.
|
Modified into elongated 1* laminae (sheets) perpendicular to the parietal surface of P3
|
|
|
______ laminae extend off the 1* laminae of the horse's hoof at acute angles.
|
Secondary (absent in ox)
|
|
|
What tightly binds the hoof (epidermis) to the corium / dermis?
|
Interdigitating 1* and 2* epidermal and dermal laminae
|
|
|
What attaches the laminar corium to periosteum of P3?
|
Subcutis
|
|
|
With what does the deep surface of the frog corium blend?
|
Digital cushion
|
|
|
What are the parts of the integument of the foot?
|
Dermis (corium) & epidermis (hoof)
|
|
|
As in all skin, what is the epidermal layer next ot the corium?
|
Germinal layer of epithelium
|
|
|
What light band marks the junction between the hoof and skin?
|
Periople
|
|
|
What is the proximal edge of the perioplic epidermis?
|
Coronet (junction of skin and hoof) ("coronary band")
|
|
|
What does the periople form by growing distally toward the ground?
|
Shiny, thin, external layer of hoof in young
|
|
|
What happens to the thin outer layer of periople in older horses?
|
Usually worn away
|
|
|
What is the inside hoof layer interdigitating with dermal laminae?
|
Laminar epidermis
|
|
|
What is the purpose of interdigitating laminar corium and laminar epidermis?
|
Greatler surface area and strength of bond between the hoof and underlying structures
|
|
|
What is the white line?
|
Distal end of nonpigmented laminar epithelium (insensitive) on ground surface
|
|
|
Is the white line sensitive?
|
No, not on ground surface
|
|
|
What makes the frog epidermis softer than the coronary epidermis?
|
Tubular horns slightly wavy, thus softer
|
|
|
What is the coronary cushion?
|
Highly vascular SQ tissue connecting coronary corium and deepr structures
|
|
|
What is the small masses of horny material on the palmar / plantar surface of the fetlock deep to the "feathers" of the horse?
|
Ergot
|
|
|
What are the "feathers" of the horse?
|
Long hair on palmar / plantar side of fetlock
|
|
|
What are the small horny masses on the medial surface just proximal to the carpus and on the plantomedial surface of the tarsus?
|
Chestnut or "night eyes"
|
|
|
At what distances should the conformation of the horse's limbs be judged?
|
From a distance and up close
|
|
|
How does a conformational fault cause a lameness?
|
Shift stresses on limbs
|
|
|
How much of the horse's weight is carried on the forelimbs?
|
60%
|
|
|
Are the forelimbs or hindlimbs more prone to injury? Why?
|
Forelimbs; carry more weight
|
|
|
What type of shoulder conformation is preferred by riders?
|
More sloping = smoother ride
|
|
|
What is the rule of thumb for the normal angle of the foot wall for the fore- and hindlimbs?
|
All roughly 60* with proper foot-pastern axis (front: 45-50*; hind: 50-55*)
|
|
|
The rule of thumb for the proper foot wall angles are just rough guides that must be adjusted to the ______ _______ ________.
|
Hoof / pastern axis (foot / pastern axis)
|
|
|
What is the hoof-pastern axis?
|
Line through center of coffin and pastern joints from the "front" (dorsal) and lateral views
|
|
|
What is the term for a foot-pastern axis that is not straight?
|
Broken foot
|
|
|
The angle of the foot and the angle of the pastern axes being equal and continuous is more important than an ideal angle of the ____ ____./
|
Hoof wall (hoof or foot-axis) (less important)
|
|
|
Feet should be trimmed to tmake the hoof and pastern axeses ______ and _____ and not make an ideal angle to the hoof wall.
|
Equal and straight
|
|
|
How can a broken hoof-pastern axis be corrected?
|
Corrective trimming
|
|
|
What is a level foot?
|
Medial and lateral walls of equal length.
|
|
|
How is a level foot visualized?
|
Imaginary line through axis of the limb at right angles to the ground and the top of hoof.
|
|
|
During a normal stride or "way of going", the foot breaks over the ______.
|
Toe
|
|
|
How does the foot land during a normal stride?
|
Heels land before toe, squarely on the ground
|
|
|
What conformation causes a longer stride by delaying break over?
|
Long toe, low heel
|
|
|
What conformation shortens the normal stride due to quick break over?
|
Short toe, high heel
|
|
|
What indicates a horse is breaking squarely over the toe?
|
Wear on the ground surface of the hoof wall
|
|
|
What is the normal conformation of the sole?
|
Slightly concave in all directions, off the ground
|
|
|
The frog should have normal _____ and ______, and be large and of equal size on both of its halves.
|
Consistency and elasticity
|
|
|
What connects the tendon running throught the biceps brachii m. to the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis m.?
|
Lacertus fibrosus (fibrous lizard)
|
|
|
What is another name for the horse's interosseous muscle because it has little muscle tissue?
|
Suspensory ligament
|
|
|
Where does the suspensory ligament attach proximally and distally?
|
P: Mc3
D: Sesamoids and extensor tendons |
|
|
The suspensory ligament sends two ____ _____ around the sides of the fetlock joint to the extensor tendon on the dorsal side.
|
Extensor branches
|
|
|
Where does the suspensory ligament lie?
|
In "metacarpal groove" - palmar("metatarsal groove" - plantar)
|
|
|
What counteracts the pull of the interossesous muscle on the proximal palmar sesamoid bones?
|
Distal sesamoidean ligaments
|
|
|
What is the main support of the fetlock joint, preventing fetlock hyperextension (keeps fetlock from touching ground)?
|
Suspensory apparatus
|
|
|
What are the 3 main components of the suspensory apparatus?
|
- Suspensory ligament
- Proximal sesamoid bones - Distal sesamoidean lig. (extensor branch of suspensory lig.) |
|
|
Where does the DDF and SDF tendons insert in the horse?
|
DDF: P3
SDF: distal P1 and proximal P2 |
|
|
What is the proximal check ligament in the horse?
|
Tendinous band connecting radius to tendon of SDF
|
|
|
What are other names for the check ligament of the SDF?
|
Proximal, superior or radial check / accessory ligament or "radial head" of SDF
|
|
|
What is the check ligament of the deep digital flexor?
|
Tendinous band from palmar carpal ligament to DDF
|
|
|
Where is the subcarpal (inferior, radial) check ligament located?
|
Distal to carpus between DDF and cannon
|
|
|
What are popular synonyms for the accessory ligament of the DDF?
|
Distal, carpal or inferior check ligament
|
|
|
What is the function of the stay apparatus?
|
To take tension off muscles by directing it over ligaments and tendons to bones
|
|
|
What part of the stay apparatus stabilizes each of these joints (forelimb)?
a. Shoulder from flexing b. Elbow from flexing c. Carpus from flexing d. Carpus from hyperextending e. Fetlock, pastern & coffin from hyperextension |
a. Shoulder from flexing - Tendon through the biceps brachii m.
b. Elbow from flexing - Collateral lig caudal to break over axis c. Carpus from flexing - Biceps tendon + lacertus fibrosis + extensor carpi radialis tendon d. Carpus from hyperextending - block-shaped carpals, palmar fibrocartilage and check lig of SDF and DDF e. Fetlock, pastern & coffin from hyperextension - Suspensory apparatus, DDF and SDF and their check ligaments and extensor branches |
|
|
What are the common names for the digital joints of the horse?
|
- Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint: fetlock
- Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint: pastern - Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint: coffin |
|
|
What stabilizes the sides of the fetlock and phalangeal joints?
|
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
|
|
|
What structures support the fetlock joint?
|
Flexor tendons and their check ligaments and suspensory apparatus
|
|
|
What are specific names for the distal sesamoidean ligaments?
|
"X, Y, V"
X - Deep or Cruciate V - Middle or Oblique Y - Superficial or Straight |
|
|
What pouches do the fetlock, pastern joints have?
|
Dorsal and palmar pouches
|
|
|
What are the boundaries of the palmar pouch of the fetlock joint?
|
- Button of splint
- Cannon bone - Suspensory ligament - Proximal sesamoid bones |
|
|
What surrounds the SDF and DDF tendonsin the distal limb?
|
Digital synovial sheath
|
|
|
What is located between teh navicular bone and the DDF tendon?
|
Navicular (podotrochlear) bursa
|
|
|
What is the thickening of the deep fascia over the fetlock holding down the SDF and DDF tendons?
|
Palmar annular ligament
|
|
|
What allows the DDF to attach distal to the SDF?
|
Manica flexoria
|
|
|
How does the ligament of the ergot run?
|
Obliquely across neurovascular bundle
|
|
|
What is the popular term for the horse's carpus?
|
"Knee"
|
|
|
What are the 3 main joints of the carpus?
|
- "Radiocarpal" or antebrachiocarpal joint
- Middle carpal joint - Carpometacarpal joint (Intercarpal joints between individual bones) |
|
|
Which joints of the carpus communicate?
|
Middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints (bottome 2)
|
|
|
Which joints of the carpus have a lot of movement?
|
Antebrachiocarpal (most) and middle carpal (top 2)
|
|
|
What keeps the elbow joint extended when the stay apparatus is engaged?
|
Collateral ligaments "behind" (caudal to) axis of rotation
|
|
|
What must be overcome to "unlock" the elbow of a standing horse?
|
Collateral ligaments must be actively stretched
|
|
|
Do the bicipital bursa and shoulder joint communicate in the horse?
|
No
|
|
|
What is the unique prominence in the hores's intertubercular groove?
|
Intermediate tubercle
|
|
|
Where is the supraspinous bursa located?
|
Between the supraspinous ligament and thoracic spines
|
|
|
What are the withers?
|
Highest point of the back
|
|
|
What is the largest distal continuation of the median artery distal to the carpus in the horse?
|
Medial palmar a.
|
|
|
Where is the medial palmar artery located?
|
Medial side of flexor tendons in metacarpus
|
|
|
What are the terminal branches of the medial palmar artery (horse)?
|
Medial and lateral palmar digital arteries.
|
|
|
Describe the course of the medial and lateral (palmar) digital arteries
|
Abaxial (sesamoid bones & flexor tendons) between (palmar) digital vein and nerve (VAN)
|
|
|
How is the neurovascular bundle arranged below the fetlock?
|
VAN from dorsal to palmar
|
|
|
Where are the cephalic and accessory veins in the horse?
|
Cephalic: craniomedial forearm
Accessory: cranial to cephalic, join near elbow |
|
|
What are the lymph nodes of the hose's thoracic limb?
|
Axillary and +/- cubital lymph node
|
|
|
What nerve extends from the brachial plexus to dive between the supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles?
|
Suprascapular nerve (C6-7)
|
|
|
How does the suprascapular nerve relate to the scapula?
|
Crosses cranially over the neck of scapula
|
|
|
What does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
|
Suparspinatus and infraspinatus mm.
|
|
|
What nerve supplies the extensors of the elbow, carpus, and digits?
|
Radial n. (C7-11)
|
|
|
What is the path of the radial nerve?
|
Into the triceps, in the brachial groove to LATERAL arm, divides into the deep and superficial branches
|
|
|
What does the superficial branch (radial) supply in the domestic species?
|
Craniolateral forearm (all), dorsal manus (all but horse)
|
|
|
Where does the superficial branch (radial nerve) end in the horse?
|
Proximal to carpus
|
|
|
What is the cutaneous branch of the musculocutaneous nerve?
|
Medial cutaneous antebrachial n.
|
|
|
What is the distribution of the medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve (musculocutaneous)?
|
Medial limb down to the fetlock region in the horse
|
|
|
What supplies the cutaneous trunci muscle?
|
Lateral thoracic n.
|
|
|
Does the radial nerve pass the carpus in the horse?
|
No
|
|
|
What 3 nerves pass the carpus in the horse?
|
Median, ulnar (including dorsal branch) & medial cutaneous antebrachial (musculocutaneous)
|
|
|
What forms the medial and lateral palmar nerves in the metacarpus?
|
Medial: median
Lateral: median and ulnar (palmar branch) |
|
|
Where are the medial and lateral palmar nervers located?
|
Sides of the flexor tendons in the cannon region
|
|
|
What connects the medial and lateral palmar nerves superficial to the flexor tendons?
|
Communicating branch
|
|
|
What happends to the palmar nerves at the level of the fetlock?
|
Give off dorsal branches and continue as the digital nn.
|
|
|
Describe the path of the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves and arteries.
|
Over the abaxial side of the "sesamoids", under the ligament of the ergot on the sides of the flexor tendons
|
|
|
How is the neurovascular bundle or triad arranged in the digit?
|
V., A, N. (VAN) - dorsal to palmar / plantar
|
|
|
Describe the path of the dorsal branches of the digital nerves?
|
Cross the abaxial side of the sesamoids with the digital nn for a distance then diverge to the toe
|
|
|
What supplies the dorsal surcace of the metacarpus down to the horse's fetlock?
|
Dorsolateral: dorsal branch of ulnar nerve
Dorsomedial: medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve |
|
|
Where does the deep branch of the lateral palmar (ulnar) nerve go?
|
Dives deep to the suspensory ligament / interosseous muscles between heads of the splints
|
|
|
What are the continuations of the deep branch of the lateral palmar nerve?
|
Medial and lateral (palmar) metacarpal nn.
|
|
|
Where do the palmar metacarpal nerves run?
|
In the groove between the palmar Mtc bones and out under the buttons of the splints to become superficial, to the fetlock
|
|
|
Where do the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves become superficial and continue to the fetlock joint?
|
Under the buttons of the splints
|
|
|
What nerves innervate the following areas of the distal limb of the horse?
- Heel and navicular region of foot? - Toe of foot? - Pastern area? - Fetlock? - Palmar metacarpus? - Head of splints and proximal suspensory ligament? |
- Heel and navicular region of foot: Medial and lateral digital nn.
- Toe of foot: Dorsal branches of digital nn. - Pastern area: Digital nerves and their dorsal branches - Fetlock: = Medial and lateral palmar nerves = Medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves = Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve (skin) = Medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve (skin) - Palmar metacarpus: Medial and lateral palmar nerves - Head of splints and proximal suspensory ligament: Deep branch of lateral palmar nerves |
