Anatomy I- Skeletal System

Front 1

Axial Skeleton

Back 1

Bones of the cranium, neck and trunk

Front 2

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 2

Bones of the limbs and their girdles

Front 3

Cartilage

Back 3

A resilient, semi-rigid form of connective tissue that forms part of te skeleton where more flexibility is required

Front 4

Bone

Back 4

Living tissue that provides support for the body, protection of its vital structures, mechanical basis, storage of salts, and continuous suppy of new blood cells.

Front 5

A fibrous connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

Back 5

Periosteum.

Front 6

the fibrous connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint.

Back 6

Perochondrium

Front 7

2 types of bone

Back 7

Compact and Spongy.

Front 8

What is another word for spongy bone

Back 8

Trabecular or cancellous

Front 9

Where are blood cells and blood platelets formed?

Back 9

In the medullary cavity of adult bones and between the trabeculae of spongy bone.

Front 10

Sesamoid bones

Back 10

Develop in certain tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in limbs;

(ie the patella in the knee)

Front 11

What do sesamoid bones do?

Back 11

They protect the tendon from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments (ie the patella in the knee)

Front 12

Small, rounded, articular head is what bone marking

Back 12

Capitulum

Hint 12

(ie radius)

Front 13

In bone markings, what is a rounded, knuckle-like, articular area, usually occuring in pairs

Back 13

Condyle

Front 14

Crest is what in bone marking?

Back 14

Ridge of bone.

Front 15

Epicondyle

Back 15

Eminence superior to a condyle

Front 16

Facet

Back 16

Smooth, flat area that isnusually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

Front 17

Foramen

Back 17

Passage through a bone

Hint 17

(ie foramen magnum)

Front 18

Fossa

Back 18

Hollow or depressed area

Hint 18

Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Front 19

Groove

Back 19

Elongated depression of humerus

Hint 19

Radial groove of humerus

Front 20

Line

Back 20

Linear elevation

Hint 20

(ie superior nuchal line)

Front 21

Malleolus

Back 21

Rounded process

Hint 21

(ie lateral and medial malleolus aka ankle)

Front 22

Notch

Back 22

Indentation at the edge of a bone

Front 23

Protuberance

Back 23

Projection of bone

Hint 23

(ie external occipital protuberance)

Front 24

Spine

Back 24

Thorn-like process

Front 25

Spinous process

Back 25

Projecting spine-like part

Hint 25

(ie C7 spinous process)

Front 26

Trochanter

Back 26

Large blunt elevation

Hint 26

(ie greater trochanter)

Front 27

Trochlea

Back 27

Spool-like articular process or a process that acts as a pulley

Front 28

Tubercle

Back 28

Small raised eminance

Hint 28

(ie greater tubercle of the humerus)

Front 29

Tuberosity

Back 29

Large rounded elevation

Hint 29

(ie deltoid tuberosity of humerus in upper arm)

Front 30

Diaphysis

Back 30

Shaft of a bone ossified from the primary ossification center

Front 31

Epiphyses

Back 31

End of bone. Secondary ossification centres that appear in other parts of developing bone

Front 32

Epiphyseal line

Back 32

The seam formed during the fusion process where the diaphysis forms with the epiphyses and bone growth ceases

Front 33

Synovial joints have three classifications

Back 33

Articular Capsule, articular cavity, and articular cartilage

Front 34

What are the types of joints?

Back 34

Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous

Front 35

Synovial joints

Back 35

Provide free movements between the bones they join. Usually reinforced by accessory ligaments that are either extrinsic or are a thickening of a portion of the articular capsule (intrinsic)

Front 36

Fibrous joints

Back 36

Are articulating bones of a fibrous joint and are united bu fibrous tissue

Front 37

3 types of fibrous joints

Back 37

Sutures: bones are close togetherinterlocking along a line or overlapping (ie lines along the cranium)

Syndesmosis: unites bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue, either a ligament or a fibrous membrane (ie interosseous membrane in the forearm that joins the radius and ulna)

Gomphosis: a peg like process that fits into a socket articulation (ie teeth into maxillae and mandible)

Front 38

Cartilaginous joints

Back 38

Are articulating structures of cartilaginous joints that are united by hyaline cartilageor fibrocartilage

Front 39

2 types of Cartilaginous joints

Back 39

Primary Cartilaginous Joints (Synchondroses): bones are united by hyaline cartilage which permits slight bending during early life (ie those present during development of long bone)

Secondary Cartilaginous Joints (Symphisis): strong, slightly movable joints united fibrocartilage (ie fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs)

Front 40

6 types of Synovial joints

Back 40

1. Plane (acriomioclavicular joint)

2. Hinge (humerus articulates with the radius and ulna)

3. Saddle (base of the thumb)

4. Condyloid (metacarpophalangeal joint)

5. Ball and Socket (glenohumeral joint)

6. Pivot (atlantoaxial joint)

Front 41

Plane joints

Back 41

Permits gliding or sliding movements in the plane of the articular surfaces.

Front 42

Hinge joints

Back 42

Uniaxial: flexion and extension only

Front 43

Saddle joints

Back 43

Biaxial: permit ABduction, Adduction, Flexion, and Extension

Front 44

Condyloid joint

Back 44

Biaxial: permit flexion, extension, ABduction, and Adduction

Front 45

Ball and socket joints

Back 45

Multi-axial: flexion, extension, ABduction, Adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction. Highly mobile joints

Front 46

Pivot joints

Back 46

Uniaxial: permit rotation around a central axis

Front 47

Hilton's law

Back 47

States that nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint or the skin covering their distal attachments

Front 48

Aponeurosis

Back 48

Flat shedts formed by tendons of some muscles. They anchor the muscle to the skeleton, deep fascia, or other aponeurosis

Front 49

Functions of muscles

Back 49

Agonists: prime movers; the main muscles responsible for producing a specific movement

Fixators: they steady proximal partsnof a limb while movements are occuring in the distal parts

Synergist: complements the action of the agonist

Antagonist: muscles whose actions are opposite to the agonist