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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Are the internal genitalia of females normally seen on survey films?
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No
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When can the uterus be seen on survey films?
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When gravid (pregnant)
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When do the fetal skeletons start to ossify?
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Dog: 41-45 days
Cat: 35-39 days |
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What is the easiest part of the penis to see radiographically?
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Os penis
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Can the internal male genitalia be seen easily with radiography?
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No
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What male genitalia can be seen between the hind limb on a VD view?
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Scrotum containing testicles
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What is the normal location of the prostate gland?
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In pelvic cavity
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What three organs in the body can enlarge in normal day to day activity or with normal developmental activity?
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Stomach, uterus, and urinary bladder
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How common are pelvic fractures?
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Very common - 1/4 to 1/5 of all fractures
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With what other injuries are pelvic fractures associated?
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Orthopedic and other body systems (liver, spleen, urninary bladder, urethra)
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List two sequelae to pelvic fractures.
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- DJD in acetabular fractures
- Dystocia: narrow pelvic canal - Difficult urination or defecation. - Sciatic nerve entrapment |
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What is looked for if one pelvic fracture is seen radiographically?
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2 more, come in 3's, 1 may be luxation of sacroiliac joint.
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What is the removal of the ovary and the uterus?
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Ovariohysterectomy or spay
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What must be ligated when doing a ovariohysterectomy?
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Ovarian and uterine arteries
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What is inflammation of the uterine tube?
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Salpingitis
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What is a cesarean section?
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Removal of fetus through abdominal wall.
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What is an indication to do a cesarean section?
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Dystocia
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What is dystocia?
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Difficult birth
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What is the turning inside out of the uterus and vagina and their projection through the vulva?
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Uterine prolapse
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What is inflammation of the endometrium?
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Endometritis
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What is inflammation of all layers of the uterus?
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Metritis
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What is accumulation of pus in the uterus?
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Pyometra
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What inflammation of the vagina?
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Vaginitis
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What are used in carnivore to evaluate the stage of estrous?
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Vaginal smears
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What cells predominate in a vaginal smear during heat / estrus?
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Cornified cells
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How is the ovary moved into the abdominal incisiton during a spay?
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Strum suspensory ligament until it breaks
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Is there any problem with breakage of the ovarian arteries while strumming the suspensory ligament of the ovaries?
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No, suspensory cranial to ovary, vessels medial
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Where is a castration incision in relationship to the dog's scrotum?
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Cranial to scrotum, not in scrotum.
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How many castration incision are usually made in the dog?
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Single
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Why isn't the scrotum incised when doing a dog castration?
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To minimize irritation and swelling
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.What clinical conditions of the scrotum are seen?
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Frostbite, photosensitization, ectoparasites, insect bites
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How may a dog with a Sertoli cell tumor present and why?
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Feminized, because tumore produces estrogen.
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What are three types of testicular tumors?
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Sertoli cell, seminoma, intertstitial cell (Leydig cell).
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In which testicle is more likely to have a tumore in the dog?
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Undescended > scrotal testicle
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What is inflammation of the testicle?
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Orchitis
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What is a cesarean section?
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Removal of fetus through abdominal wall.
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What is an indication to do a cesarean section?
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Dystocia
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What is dystocia?
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Difficult birth
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What is the turning inside out of the uterus and vagina and their projection through the vulva?
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Uterine prolapse
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What is inflammation of the endometrium?
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Endometritis
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What is inflammation of all layers of the uterus?
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Metritis
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What is accumulation of pus in the uterus?
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Pyometra
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What inflammation of the vagina?
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Vaginitis
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What are used in carnivore to evaluate the stage of estrous?
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Vaginal smears
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What cells predominate in a vaginal smear during heat / estrus?
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Cornified cells
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What are indirect inguinal hernias in male dogs called?
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Scrotal hernia (pass down inguinal canal)
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What is a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?
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Direct: explodes directly out abdominal wall
Indirect: passes down inguinal canal |
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What is the clinical significance of the vaginal ring?
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If large, predisposes to indirect inguinal hernias.
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What is failure to the testicle to enter the scrotum?
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Cryptochidism
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When do the testicles descend in the carnivores?
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Shortly after birth.
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Why should a cryptorchid be found and removed?
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More likely to become neoplastic.
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What does "open" and "closed" refer to as applied to castration?
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Whether vaginal cavity is (opened) or isn't (closed) exposed by the procedure.
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Are most castrations in most species opened or closed?
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Opened
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Define a close castration.
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Spermatic cord ligated before parietal vaginal tunic cut.
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Define an opened castration.
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Parietal vaginal tunic cut before spermatic cord ligated.
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Why does cutting the parietal vaginal tunic before ligating the cord result in an open castration?
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Opens vaginal cavity which is continuous with peritoneal cavity.
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How do "open" and "closed" castration relate to the vaginal cavity?
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Open: vaginal cavity opened before spermatic cord ligated,
Closed: spermatic cord ligate, closing vaginal cavity 1st. |
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What type of castration would you perform, open or closed, if the environment wasn't sterile? Why?
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Open, so infection gets in it can drain out; if closed, infecvtion will remain in abdomen (always possibility of infection)
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How many scrotal incisions are used in the cat castration? A dog?
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Cat - 2
Dog - 0 (1 cranial to scrotum) |
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How are dog castrations performed?
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Single prescroal incision, whole spermatic cord and its tunics ligated (closed), or parietal vaginal tunic cut and spermatic cord componenets ligated (opened)
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What is inflammation of the prostate in the dog?
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Prostatitis
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What are common clinical problems of the dog's prostate?
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Hyperplasia or inflammation
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List some signs of prostatitis?
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Constipation, preputial disharge, pain on rectal palpation, ribbon feces.
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What causes the accessory sex gland to not develop fully?
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Early castration
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What is inflammation of the prepuce?
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Posthitis
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What is tightening of the preputial orifice?
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Phimosis: can't protrude penis
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What is paraphimosis?
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Protrusion of penis through a stenotic preputial orifice, then can't retract penis
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What may make circumcision necessary?
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Prolapse of prepuce
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What is a penile amputation?
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Phallectomy
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What can obstruct the urethra in several species?
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Urethral calculi
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Where do calculi usually lodge in the dog?
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Proximal to os penis
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How are urethral calculi treated?
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Back flushing or a number of surgical urethrostomy procedures
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What is catheterization of the urinary bladder?
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Threading a tube through urethra to bladder.
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Why is semen collected from animals?
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For evaluation or artificial insemination
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How is semen collection performed in the dog?
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Manually or electrically.
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Where would you look for an enlarged ovary in a radiograph?
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Caudal to kidneys or ventral abdomen if big enough
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What conditions are routinely radiographed in the female?
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Uterus of pregnant dogs to count feti.
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How is the number of feti radiographically determined?
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Count craniums or backbones
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What modality is best to determine the number of feti?
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Radiography
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What can indicate prostatic enlargement?
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Dorsal displacement of rectum.
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Are cryptorchids routinely located with radiographs?
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No, small and not radiographically visible.
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