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620 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are tissues?
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are a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function
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NAME
are a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function |
tissues
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What are the four primary tissues?
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(1)epithelial (2)connective (3)muscle (4)nervous
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NAME
are the "fabric of the body" |
primary tissues
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In one word describe the genereal role of epithelial tissue?
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covering
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NAME
the general role of this main tissue type is covering |
epithelial
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What is the general role of the connective tissue?
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support
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NAME
the general role of this main tissue is for support |
connective
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What is the general role of the muscle tissue?
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movement
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NAME
the general role of this main tissue is for movement |
muscle
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NAME
the general role of this main tissue is for control |
nervous
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What is the general role of the nervous tissue?
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nervous
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What is histology?
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is the study of the tissues
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NAME
is the study of the tissues |
histology
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Epithelial tissue is also called (1)
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epithelium
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(1) tissue is also called epithelium
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Epithelial
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What is Epithelial?
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is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
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NAME
is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity |
Epithelial
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How can epithelial tissue ocur in the as body? (2)
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(1)covering and lining epithelium (2)glandular epitheleum
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The covering and lining epithelium forms the outer later of the (1),(2), and (3)
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(1)skin (2)dips into and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory system (3)covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity
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(1) and (2) of (3) forms the outer layer of the skin, dips into and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respirartory system, and covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity
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(1)covering (2)lining (3)epithelium
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What are some of the main functions of Epithelial tissue? (6)
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(1)protection (2)absorption (3)filtration (4)excretion (5)secretion (6)sensory reception
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NAME
this main tissue's functions include protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory, and reception |
Epithelial tissue
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What are the specail charracteristics of Epithelial tissue?
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(1)cellulartiy (2)specialized contacts (3)polarity (4)supported by connective tissue
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NAME
this main tissue's special characteristics include, cellularity, specialized contactsm polarity, and supported by connective tissue |
Epithelial tissue
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NAME
this means that cells are tightly packed together |
Cellularity
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How does Epithelial tissue have specialized contacts?
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Epithelial cells fit close together to form continous sheets (2)Adjacent cells are bond together at many points
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NAME
this main tissue has cells that fit close to together to form continous sheets and adjacent cells bond together at many points |
Epithelial tissue
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All (1) tissue has a apical surface
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Epithelia
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What is apical surface?
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is an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of the internal organ and a lower attached basal body
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NAME
is an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of the internal organ and a lower attached basal body |
apical surface
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All epithlea have an (1)
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apical surface
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What does it mean that all epithelia exhibit polarity?
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means that cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal surface in both structure and function
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NAME
means that cell regions near the apical surface differ from those near the basal surface structure and function |
epithelia tissue exhibiting polarity
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NAME
are fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane |
microvilli
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What are microvilli?
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are fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
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(1) tremendously increase the exposed surface area and in epithelia that absorb and secrete
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microvilli
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What is a brush border?
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is because the mircovilli are so dense that the cell's apeice have a fuzzy appearnce
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NAME
refers the mircovilli's fuzzy appearance due to thier density |
brush border
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NAME
propel substances along thier surface |
cilla
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Lying adjacent to the basal surface of an Epithelial tissue is a thin supporting sheet called the (1)
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basal lamina
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What is the basal lamina?
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is a this supporting sheet that lies adjacent to the basal surface of an epitelial tissue
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The basal lamina consists of (1) secreted by the epithelia cells
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glycoprotiens
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NAME
acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue will be allowed to enter the Epithelial tissue |
basal lamina
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the basal lamina acts as a (1) that determines which (2)
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(1)selective filter (2)molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue will be
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All epitheal tissues rest upon and are supported by (1)
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connective tissue
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All (1) tissue rest upon and are surrported by a connective tissue
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epitheal tissue
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Just deep to the basal lamina is the (1)
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reticular lamina
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Just (1) to the (2) is the reticular lamina
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(1)deep (2)basal lamina
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What is the reticular lamina?
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a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protien fibers that "belongs" to the underlying connective tissue
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NAME
is a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protien fibers that "belongs" to the underlying connective tissue |
reticular lamina
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What is the basement membrane?
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is the combo of the two laminae
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The reticular lamina and the basal lamina make up the (1)
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basement membrane
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what makes up the basement membrane? (2)
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(1)basal lamina (2)reticular lamina
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What is an important characteristic of cancerous epithelial cells?
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they fail to respect the epitheal boundry which they penetrate to invade the tissues beneath
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NAME
these cells tend to fail to respect the epithelial boundry by they penetrate to invade the tissue beneath |
cancerous epithelial cells
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the (1) reinforces the epitheial sheet, helping it to resist streching and tearing forces, and defines the epithelial boundry
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basement membrane
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What does innervated mean?
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suppiled by the nere cells
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NAME
means supplied by the nerve fibers |
innervated
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What does avascular mean?
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means contains no blood
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NAME
means contains no blood |
avascular
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NAME
these main tissue is avasular but innervated |
epithelium
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NAME
this main tissue has a high regenerative capacity |
epithelium
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T or F
as longs as epithelium cells reecieve adquate nutrion, they can replace lost cells by cell division |
true
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Each epithelium has two given (1)
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names
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What do each of the two names given to epithelium tissue refer to?
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(1)the first name indicates the number of cell layers present and (2)the secound describes the shape of its cells
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Based on the cell layers, what are two types of epithelium tissue?
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(1)simple (2)straified
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What is simple epithelia?
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are composed of single cell layer
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NAME
is tissue that is composed of a single cell layer |
simple epithelia
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NAME
this type of tissue is typically found where absorption and filtration ocurs |
simple epithelia
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What is stratified epithelia?
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is consisting of two or more cell layers stacked one on top of the other
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NAME
is consisting of two or more cell layers stacked one on top of the other |
straified epithelia
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NAME
this tissue can be found in high abrasion areas where protection is important such as the skin surface and the lining of the mouth |
strafied epithelia
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Strafied epithelia can be found in areas of (1) where (2) is imporant in areas like the skin surface and the lining of the mouth
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(1)high-abrasion (2)protection
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What are the three common shapes of epithelia cells?
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(1)squamous (2)cuboidal (3)columnar
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What are squamous cells?
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are flattened scalelike
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NAME
are flattened and scalelike |
squamous cells
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what are cuboidal cells?
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are boxlike
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NAME
are boxlike |
cuboidal cells
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What are columnar cells?
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are tall and column shaped
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NAME
are tall and column shaped |
columnar cells
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in Strafied epithelia, the cell shapes (1)
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differ amoung differ layers
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In (1) epithelia, the cell shapes differ amoung the different layers
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Strafied
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(1) are most concerned w absorption, secretion, and filtration
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simple epithelia
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Simple epithelia are most concerned w (1), (2), and (3)
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(1)absorption (2)secretion (3)filtration
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What are simple squamous epthelium?
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are flattened latterly and thier cytoplasm is sparse
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NAME
are flattened laterly and thier cytoplasm is sparse |
simple squamous epthelium
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What are two differ types of simple squamous epithelia that have two special names that reflect thier location?
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(1)Endothelium (2)Mesothelium
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What is Endothelium?
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provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in the lymphatic vessels
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Endothelium and Mesoethelim are two types of (1) tissue named after thier location
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epithelium
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NAME
provides a skick, friction-reducing lining in the lymphatic vessels |
endothelium
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What is the mesothelium?
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is the epithelium found in the serous membrane lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs
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NAME
is the epithelium found in the serous membrane lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs |
mesothelium
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NAME
is a single layer of flattened cells w disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm |
simple squamous epithelium
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NAME
is the simplest of the epithelia |
simple squamous epithelium
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What are the functions of the simple squamous epithelium? (2)
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(1)allows the passage of materials by diffusion and filtration (2)secretes lubricating substances in seroasae
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NAME
functions of this tissue include allows passage of diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances in seroase |
simple squamous epithelium
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What is simple cuboidail epithelium?
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consists of stable layer of cells as tall as they are wide
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NAME
consists of stable layer of cells as tall as they are wide |
simple cubiodial epithelium
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NAME
this epithelum forms the walls of the smallest ducts and of many kidney tubules |
simple cuboidal epithelium
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Simple cuboidal epithelium forms the walls of the (1) and of many (2)
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smallest ducts (2)kindey tubules
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What is simple columnar epithelium?
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is seen in a single layer of tall, closely packed cell, aligned like soliders in a row
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NAME
is seen in a single layer of tall, closely packed cell, aligned like soliders in a row |
simple columnar epithelium
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NAME
this tissue lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum |
Simple columnar epithelium
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Simple columnar epithelium lines the (1) from the (2) through the (3)
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(1)digestive tract (2)stomach (3)rectum
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What are two functions that make simple columnar epitheileum for a dual function?
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(1)dense mircovilli on the apical surface of absorpotive cells (2)globet cells that secrete a protective lubricating mucus
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What are globet cells?
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are cells that secrete a protective lubricating mucus
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NAME
are cells that secrete a protective lubricating mucus |
globet cells
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NAME
this tissue the cells vary in height resting on the basement membrane, but only the tallest reach the free surface of the epithelium |
pseudostratifed columnar epithelium
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What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
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in this tissue the cells vary in height resting on the basement membrane, but only the tallest reach the free surface of the epithelium
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What is the major role of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
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protection
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NAME
the major role of this tissue is protection |
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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NAME
single layer of cells of differing hieghts, some not reaching the free surface, nuclei are seen at all different levels and many contain globet cells |
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium? (2)?
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(1)secretion particullay mucous (2)propulsion of mucous by cillary action
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NAME
functions include secretion particually mucous and propulsion of mucous by cillary action |
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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NAME
single layer of cubelike cells w large, sperhical central nuclei |
simple cubiodal epithelium
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NAME
thier functions include secretion and absorption |
simple cubiodal epithelium
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What are the functions of simple cubiodal epithelium? (2)
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(1)secretion (2)absorption
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NAME
are simple layer of tall cells w round to oval nuclei;some cells bear cilla; layer may contain mucous secreting unicellular glands |
simple columnar epithelium
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What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium? (4)
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(1)absorption (2)secretion of mucous (3)cillated type propel mucous (4)cilla action
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NAME
functions include absorption, secrtion of mucous, cillated type propel mucous and cilla action |
simple cilumnar epithelium
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What is strafied squamous epithelium?
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is the most widespread of the strafied epithelium
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NAME
is the most widespread of the strafied epithelium |
strafied squamous epithelium?
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NAME
composed of several layers, it is thick and well suited for its protective role in the body |
strafied squamous epithelium?
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Where are strafied squamous epithelium most likly found?
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in areas subjected to wear and tear and where its surface cells are constantly being rubbed away
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NAME
is most likley to be found in areas subjected to wear and tear and where its surface cells are constantly being rubbed away |
strafied squamous epithelium?
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the outer layer of the epidermis is (1)
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keratnized
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the outer layer of the (1) is keratnized
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epidermis
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strafied squamous epithelium is (1)the other strafied epithelia are (2)
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(1)keratinized (2)nonkeratnized
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strafied squamous epithelium forms the (1)
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external part of the skin
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(1) forms the external part of the skin
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strafied squamous epithelium?
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What is the strafied cuboidal epithelium?
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is a quite a rare in the body and is mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands
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NAME
is quite a rare in the body in the body and is mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands |
strafied cubiodal epithelium
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What is the stratifed columnar epithelium?
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has limited distrubtion in the body
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NAME
has limited distrubtion in the body |
strafied columnar epithelium
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What is transitional epithelium?
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forms the lining of the hollow urinary organs which strech as they fill w urine
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NAME
forms the linings of the hollow urinary organs which strech as they fill w urine |
transitional epithelium
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NAME
thick membrane composed of several cell layers, basal cells are cubiodal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened; in the kertanized type; the surface cells are full of kertain and dead; basal cells are active in mitoisis and produce the cells of the more superfical layers |
strafied squamous epithelium
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NAME
in the kertanized type; the surface cells are full of kertain and dead; basal cells are active in mitoisis and produce the cells of the more superfical layers |
strafied squamous epithelium
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NAME
resembles both strafied and squamous and strafied cuboidal; basal cells dome shaped or squamous;depending on degree of organ strech |
transitional epithelium
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What are the functions of the transitional epitehlium?
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streches readily and permits the distension of urinary organ by contained urine
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NAME
function of these tissue is that it streches readily and permits the distension of urinary organ by contained urine |
transitional eptiehlium
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What is the function of the strafied squamous epithelium?
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protects underlying tissue in areas subject to abrasion
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NAME
protets underlying tissue in areas subject to abrasion |
strafied squamous epithelium
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What is gland?
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consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
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NAME
consists of one ore more cells that make and secrete a particular product |
gland
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What is secretion?
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is an aqueous fluid that usally contains protiens, but there is a variation
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NAME
is an aqueous fluid that usally contains protiens, but there is a variation |
secretion
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Glands are classifed as (1) or (2)
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endocrine (2)exocrine
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what does endocrine?
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means internally secreting
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NAME
means internally secreatng |
endocrine
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What does exocrine?
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externally secreting
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NAME
means externally secreting |
exocrine
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What are endocrine glands?
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are glands that lose thier ducts
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NAME
are glands that lose thier ducts |
endocrine glands
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(1) glands are often called the ductless glands
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endocrine
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endocrine glands are often called the (1) glands
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ductless
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What are horomones?
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are regulatory chemicals that they secrete chemicals by exocytosis
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NAME
are regulatory chemicals that they secrete chemicals by expocytosis |
hormones
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All (1) glands secrete thier substances on the skin or into the body cavities
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exocrine
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some individiual hormone producing cells are scattered in the digestive tract mucos and in the brain giving rise to thier collective description as the (1)
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diffuse endocrine system
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What are exocrine glands?
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are far more numerous than endocrine glands and many of their products are familiar
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NAME
are far more numerous than endocrine glands and many of thier products are familar |
exocrine glands
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What is a ex of unicellular exocrine gland?
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goblet cell
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NAME
goblet cell is a ex |
unicellular exocrine gland
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(1) cells are sprinkled in the epithelial linings of the intestinal
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globet
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Unicelllular exocrine glands all proudce (1)
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mucin
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(1) glands in humans all produce mucin
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unicellular exocrine
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What is mucin?
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a complex glycoprotien that dissovles in water when secreted
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NAME
is a complex glycoprotien that dissolves in water when secreted |
mucin
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Once dissolved, mucin formes (1)
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mucus
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Once disolved, (1) forms mucus
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mucin
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What is mucus?
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a slimy coating that protects and lubricates surfaces
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NAME
is a slimy coating that protects and lubricates surfaces |
mucus
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What are the two parts of multicellular exocrine glands?
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(1)an epithelium-derived duct (2)secretery unit
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NAME
consists of two parts an epithelium-derived duct and secretery unit |
multicellular exocrine glands
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in all but the simplest glands, (1) surrounds the secretory unit and supplies blood vessels and nerve fibers and forms a fibrous capusle
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supportive connective tissue
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in all but the simplest glands, supportive connective tissue surrounds the secretory unit and suppiles (1)and forms a fibrous capsule
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blood vessels and nerve fibers
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What are simple glands?
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are glands that have an unbranched duct
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NAME
are glands that have an unbranched duct |
simplest glands
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What are compound glands?
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glands w a branched duct
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NAME
are glands that have branched ducts |
compound ducts
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simple glands and compound glands are even further characterized by thier (1)
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secretory units
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What are the different varations of simple and compound glands? (3)
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(1)tubular (2)alveolar (3)tubuloalveolar
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What does tubular?
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means that the gland's seceretory cells form tubes
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NAME
means that the glands secreretory cells form tubes |
tublar
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What is alveolar?
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means that the glands form small, flasklike sacs
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NAME
means that the glands form small, flasklike sacs |
alveolar
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What does tubloalveolar?
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are glands that have both types of secretory units (tubes and flastlike sacs)
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NAME
are glands that have both types of secretory units (tubes and flastlike sacs) |
tubloaveolar
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Most multicellular exocrine glands are (1) which secrete thier products by exoctyotosis as they are produced
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merocrine glands
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most (1) are mecocrine glands that secrete thier products by exocyotosis ad they are produced
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multicellular exocrine glands
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What are mercorine glands?
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glands that secrete thier products by exocytosis as they are produced
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NAME
are glands that secrete thier products by exocytosis as they are produced |
mercorine glands
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What are holocrine glands?
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are glands in which the secretory cells accumulate thier products within them unitl they rupture
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NAME
are glands in which the secretory cells accumulate thier products within them unitl they rupture |
holocrine glands
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What are the three main types of connective tissue?
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(1)connective tissue proper (2)cartilage (3)osseous (4)blood
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What are the different (2) subclasses of connective tissue proper?
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(1)loose connective tissue (2)dense connective tissue
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What are the subclasses of loose connective tissue? (3)
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(1)areolar (2)Adipose (3)Reticular
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What are the subclassses of dense connective tissue? (3)
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(1)regular (2)iregular (3)elastic
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What are the (3) subclasses of cartilage?
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(1)hyaline cartalige (2)fibrocartilage (3)elastic cartilage
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What are the two subclasses of osseuous ?
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(1)compact bone (2)spongy bone
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NAME CONNECTIVE TISSUE
contains fibroblast and fibrocyte |
connective tissue proper
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Connective tissue proper has (1)
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fibroblasts
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Cartilage has (1)
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chondroblast
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Osseous has (1)
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Octeoblast
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Blood has (1)
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hematopoetic stem cells
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NAME CONNECTIVE TISSUE
contains hematopeotic stem cells |
blood
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NAME CONNECTIVE TISSUE
contains octeoblasts and osteocyte |
osseous
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NAME CONNECTIVE TISSUE
contains chondoroblast and chondrocyte |
cartilage
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What is the only true example of holocrine glands?
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sabaceous or oil glands of the skin
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|
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NAME
the only true example of this gland is sebaceous or oil glands of the skin |
holocrine glands
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what are apocrine glands?
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are glands found in animals in which the glands accumulate thier products beneath the free surface and are eventually pinched off by the cell
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NAME
are glands found in animals in which the glands accumulate thier products beneath the free surface and are eventually pinched off by the cell |
apocrine glands
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Do people have apocrine glands?
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no one is quite sure
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if the humans do have apocrine glands what would be the best possible answer?
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mammary glands
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|
NAME
this tissue is found every in the body |
connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME
is the most abundant and widely distrubted of the primary tissues |
connective tissue
|
|
|
does the brain have lots of connective tissue?
|
no
|
|
|
NAME
the four main classes of this tissue are connective tissue proper, cartilage, ossesous, and the blood |
connective tissue
|
|
|
What are the major functions of connective tissue? (4)
|
(1)binding (2)support (3)insulation (3)transportation
|
|
|
(1)cushions insulate and protect body organs and provide reserve energy fuel
|
fat cushions
|
|
|
What are the three main characteristics of connective tissue?
|
(1)common orgin (2)degress of vasculatrity (3)extracellular matrix
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
has a common orgin, has differ degrees of vasculatrity and extracellular matrix |
connective tissue
|
|
|
What is the common tissue that all connective tissue forms from?
|
mesenchyme
|
|
|
NAME
all the differ types of this tissue form from mesenchyme |
connective tissue
|
|
|
Connective tissue are (1)
|
extracellular matrix
|
|
|
What is the extracellular matrix?
|
is a largly nonliving matrix which often seprates the living cells of the tissue
|
|
|
NAME
is largely a nonliving matrix which often separates the living cells of the tissue |
extracellular matrix
|
|
|
Why is connective tissue able to bear weight, withstand great tension and endure abuse such as physical trauma and abrasions that no other tissue would be able to tolerate
|
bc of the extracellular matrix
|
|
|
Why is conenctive tissue's extracellular matrix make connective tissue unique compared to the other primary tissues?
|
bc of the matrix, connective tissue is able to bear weight, withstand great tension, and endure abuses such as physical wieght that no other tissues would be able to tolerate
|
|
|
What are the three main elements of connective tissue? (3)
|
(1)ground substance (2)fibers (3)cells
|
|
|
NAME
the three main elements of this tissue are ground substances, fibers, and cells |
connective tissue
|
|
|
What is the ground substance?
|
is the unstructured material that fills the space btwn cells and contains the fibers
|
|
|
NAME
is the unstructured material that fills the space btwn cells and contains the fibers |
ground substance
|
|
|
What makes of the ground substance? (3)
|
(1)interstitial fluid (2)cell adhesion protiens (3)proteoglycans
|
|
|
NAME
it is composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion protiens, and proteoglycans |
ground substance
|
|
|
(1) serve manily as a connective tissue glue that allows connective tissue cells to attach themselves to matrix elements
|
cell adhesion protiens
|
|
|
proteoglycans consist of a protien core to which (1) are attached
|
GAGs
|
|
|
(1) consist of a protien core to which GAGs are attached
|
proteglycans
|
|
|
What does GAGs stand for?
|
cosaminoglycans
|
|
|
What are some ex(s) of GAGs ? (3)
|
(1)kertain sulfates (2)chondroitin (3)hyaluronic acid
|
|
|
NAME
exs include kertain sulfates, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid |
GAGs
|
|
|
what is the function of the fibers of connective tissue?
|
to provide support
|
|
|
the (1) of connective tissue provide support
|
fibers
|
|
|
What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue? (3)
|
(1)collagen (2)elastic (3)reticular
|
|
|
Which fibers of the connective tissue are the strongest?
|
collagen fibers
|
|
|
Collagen fibers are the most (1) of all the connective tissue fibers
|
strongest
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue's fibers are collagen, elastic, reticular fibers |
connective tissue
|
|
|
What are connective tissue?
|
are made up of the protien collagen
|
|
|
NAME
are made up of the protien collagen |
connective tissue
|
|
|
Collagen fibers are extremly (1) and provide high (2)
|
(1)tough (2)tensile strength
|
|
|
NAME
this connective tissue fiber is tough and provides a high tensile strength |
collagen
|
|
|
What is the elastic fibers?
|
are long, thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix
|
|
|
NAME
are long, thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix |
elastic fibers
|
|
|
What are elastic fibers made of?
|
elastin
|
|
|
NAME
are made of the protien elastin |
elastic fibers
|
|
|
What do elastic fibers do?
|
snap the connective tissue back to its normal length and shape
|
|
|
NAME
this fiber is responsble for snapping the connective tissue back to its normal length and shape |
elastic fibers
|
|
|
Where can elastic fibers be found? (3)
|
in areas where greater elasticty is needed like the (1)lungs (2)skin and (3)blood vessel walls
|
|
|
NAME
is found in areas w greater elsticty is needed such as lungs, skin, and blood vessel walls |
elastic fibers
|
|
|
Elastic fibers are sometimes called (1)
|
yellow fibers
|
|
|
(1) are sometimes called yellow fibers
|
elastic fibers
|
|
|
what are reticular fibers?
|
are fine collagenous fibers and are continous w collagen fibers
|
|
|
NAME
are fine collagenous fibers and are continous w collagen fibers |
reticular fibers
|
|
|
Each major class of connective tissue has a fundamental cell type exists in (1) and (2) forms
|
(1)mature (2)immature
|
|
|
What does the suffix blast indicate?
|
undifferentiated cells of connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME
this suffix indicates undifferentiated cells of the connective tissue |
blast
|
|
|
What happens to blast cells once they assume thier less active mature mode?
|
they matain the health of the matrix
|
|
|
What does the suffix cyte refer to?
|
mature blast cells
|
|
|
NAME
this suffix refers to mature blast cells |
cyte
|
|
|
Connective tissue is also home to (1)
|
an assortment of other cell types
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue is home to an assortment of other cell types |
connective tissue
|
|
|
What kinds of other cells can connective tissue have?
|
(1)fat cells (2)white blood cells (3)plasma cells (4)mast cells (5)macrophages
|
|
|
What are plasma cells?
|
are antibody producing cells
|
|
|
NAME
are anitbody producing cells |
plasma cells
|
|
|
What are mast cells?
|
are oval cells that typically cluster along blood vessels
|
|
|
NAME
are oval cells that typically cluster along blood vessels |
mast cells
|
|
|
What is the function of mast cells?
|
act as senstive sentinels to detect foriegn substances and initiate local inflammatory responses against them
|
|
|
NAME
act as senstive sentinels to detect foriegn substances and initiate local inflammatory responses against them |
mast cells
|
|
|
What are two types of mast cells? (3)
|
(1)herparin (2)histamine (3)proteases
|
|
|
NAME
two types of this cell include herparin, proteases, and histamine |
mast cells
|
|
|
What are herparin?
|
an anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in the bloodstream and regulate the action of other mast cell chemicals
|
|
|
NAME
is an anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in the bloodstream and regulate the action of other mast cell chemicals |
herparin
|
|
|
What is histamine?
|
a substance that makes capillaries leaky
|
|
|
NAME
is a substance that makes capillaries leaky |
histamine
|
|
|
What is proteases?
|
are protien degrading enzymes
|
|
|
NAME
are protien degrading enzymes |
proteases
|
|
|
What are macrophages?
|
are large irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of forgein substances
|
|
|
NAME
are large irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of forgein substances |
macrophages
|
|
|
T or F
marcophages can also dispose of dead tissue |
True
|
|
|
NAME
are central actors in the immune system |
macrophages
|
|
|
(1) are peppered throughout the connective tissue
|
macrophages
|
|
|
All classes of connective tissue surrounded by (1)
|
a matrix
|
|
|
NAME
is the first definitive tissue formed from the mesoderm germ layer |
mesenchyme
|
|
|
What does mesenchyme form from?
|
germ layer
|
|
|
What is mucous connective tissue?
|
is a temporary tissue derived from the mesenchyme and similar to it
|
|
|
NAME
is a tmeporary tissue derived frm the mesenchyme and similar to it |
mucous connective tissue
|
|
|
What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?
|
(1)supporting and binding other tissues (2)holding body fluids (3)defending against infection (4)storing nutrients as fat
|
|
|
NAME
functions of this tissue include supporting and binding other tissues, holding body fluids, defending against infection, and storing nutrients as fat cells |
areolar connective tissue
|
|
|
What are fibroblast?
|
are flat branching cells that appear spindle shaped in profile but numerous macrophages are also seen and presents a formable barrier to invading microbes
|
|
|
NAME
are flat branching cells that appear spindle shpaed in profile but numerous macrophages are also seen and presents a formable barrier to invading mircobes |
fibroblast
|
|
|
Because of its lose nature, (1) tissue provides a reservior of water and salts for surrounding body tissues
|
areolar connective
|
|
|
Because of its lose nature, areolar connective tissue provides a reservior of (1) and (2)
|
(1)water (2)salts for surrounding body tissues
|
|
|
What is edema?
|
is a condition that ocurs when a body region becomes inflammed cauing the areolar tissue in the area to soak up excess fluids like a sponge and the affected area swells and becomes puffy
|
|
|
NAME
is a conditon that ocurs when a body region becomes inflammed causing the areolar tissue in the area to soak up excess fluids like a sponge and the affected area swells and becomes puffy |
edema
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue is the most widely distributed connective tissue in the body and it serves as a kind of unverisal packing material btwn other tissues |
areolar connective tissue
|
|
|
Areolar connective tissue is the most (1) of the connective tissue in the body and serves as a kind of unverisal (2)
|
(1)widely distrubited (2)packing material btwn other tissues
|
|
|
NAME
is a gel-like ground substance containg fibers and has star shaped mesenchymal cells |
mesenchyme
|
|
|
NAME
gives rise to all other connective tissues |
mesenchyme
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue is primarly in the embyro |
mesenchyme
|
|
|
NAME
is a gel-like matrix w all three fiber types: fibroblasts, microphages, mast cells, and some white blood cells |
Areolar loose connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME
wraps and chusions organs, it marcophages phagoctyize bacteria, plays important roles in inflammation, and holds and conveys tissue fluid |
Areolar loose connective tissue
|
|
|
(1) forms the of the lamina propria of mucous membranes
|
Areolar connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
is widely distrubted under epithelia of body |
areolar connective tissue
|
|
|
What is Adipose connective tissue?
|
fat tissue
|
|
|
NAME
is fat tissue |
Adipose connective tissue
|
|
|
What are adipocytes?
|
are fat cells that account for 90% of the tissue's mass weight
|
|
|
NAME
are fat cells that account for 90% of the tissue's mass weight |
adipocytes
|
|
|
T or F
w/o fat stores in our adipose tissue, we could live live for more than a few more days w/out eating |
False
|
|
|
What are some other areas where fat accumulates?
|
(1)eyeballs (2)kidneys (3)abdomen and hips
|
|
|
What are the differ types of adipose connective tissue?
|
(1)white (2)brown
|
|
|
What is white adipose connnective tissue?
|
stores nutrients
|
|
|
NAME
this adipose connective tissue stores nutrients |
white
|
|
|
NAME
this type of adipose connective tissue consumes its nutrients stores to generate heat to warm the body |
brown
|
|
|
What is brown adipose connective tissue?
|
consumes its nutrients stores to generate heat to warm the body
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn white and brown adipose connective tissue?
|
(1)white-stores nutrients (2)brown-consumes its nutrients its stores to generate heat to warm the body
|
|
|
What is reticular connective tissue?
|
is a network of reticular fiber in a typical loose ground substance
|
|
|
NAME
is a network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance |
reticular connective tissue
|
|
|
What are the functions of reticular connective tissue?
|
(1)fibers form a internal soft skeleton that supports other cell types
|
|
|
NAME
function is that this tissue's fibers that form a internal soft skeleton that supports other cell types |
reticular connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME
main location includes lymphoid organs |
reticular connective tissue
|
|
|
Where is reticular connective tissue located?
|
lymphoid organs
|
|
|
Where is adipose connective tissue located? (5)
|
(1)under skin (2)breasts (3)kindeys (4)eyeballs (5)w/in abdomen
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue is located under the skin, in the breast, kindeys, eyeballs, and w in abdomen |
adipose connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME
matrix as in areolar but very sparse, closely packed adipcytes or fat cells have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet |
Adipose connective tissue
|
|
|
What is the function of adipose connective tissue?
|
provides a reserve food fuel (2)insulates against heat loss (3)supports and protects organs
|
|
|
NAME
provides a reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects organs |
adipose connective tissue
|
|
|
What is stroma?
|
is retucular tissue that forms an internal framework that can support many free blood cells
|
|
|
NAME
is retucular tissue that forms an internal framework that can support many free blood cells |
stroma
|
|
|
What are dense regular connective tissue?
|
have fibers as there predominant element
|
|
|
NAME
have fibers as there predominant element |
regular connective tissue
|
|
|
(1) tissue is sometimes also called fibrous connective tissue
|
regular connective tissue
|
|
|
regular connective tissue is sometimes also called (1)
|
fibrous connective tissue
|
|
|
(1) fibers are slightly wavy
|
collagen
|
|
|
What allows the regular connective tissue to strech a little?
|
the collagen fibers
|
|
|
(1) tissue forms the, tendons, ligaments, and aponerusoes
|
regular dense connective
|
|
|
regular dense connective tissue forms the (1), (2), and (3)
|
(1)tendons (2)ligaments (3)aponeuroses
|
|
|
What are aponeuroses?
|
are flat sheetlike tendons that attach muscles to other muscles at the bones
|
|
|
NAME
are flat sheetlike tendons that attach muscles to other muscles at the bones |
aponeuroses
|
|
|
What are ligaments?
|
bind bones together at the joints
|
|
|
NAME
bind bones together at the joints |
ligaments
|
|
|
What are tendons?
|
cords that attach muscles to the bones
|
|
|
NAME
are cords that attach muscles to the bones |
tendons
|
|
|
What is dense iregular connective tissue?
|
has bundles of collagen fibers that run in different directions
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue has bundles of collagen fibers that run in different directions |
dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME
a network of reticular biners in a typical loose ground substance and reticular cells lie in a network |
reticular loose connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME
fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types |
reticular loose connective tissue
|
|
|
What is the function of reticular loose connective tissue?
|
recticular loose connective tissue
|
|
|
Where can you find recticular loose connective tissue?
|
lymphiod organs
|
|
|
NAME
can be found in the lymphoid organs |
recticular loose connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME
these tissue is found in the skin as the leathery dermis and forms the fibrous joint capsules and the fibrous coverings that surround some organs |
dense irregular conenctive tissue
|
|
|
Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the skin as the leathery (1) and forms the fibrous (2) and the fibrous (3)
|
(1)dermis (2)joint capsules (3)coverings that surround some organs
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
has primarly parrallel collagen fibers, a few elastin fibers, and major cell types is the fibroblast |
dense regular connective tissue
|
|
|
What are the functions of dense regular connective tissue?(3)
|
(1)attaches the muscles to bones or to muscles, (2)attaches bones to bones (3)w/stands great tensile stress when fulling force is applied in one directionn
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
its function is to attach muscles to bones or to muscles, and bones to bones |
dense regular connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
can w/stand great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction |
dense regular connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
can be found in tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses |
dense regular connective tissue proper
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
primarly irregularly arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, and major cell is fibroblast |
dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue? (2)
|
(1)able to w/stand tension exerted in many directions (2)provides structural strength
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
is able to w/stand tension exerted in many directions and provides structural strength |
dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
Where can u find dense irregular connective tissue? (3)
|
(1)dermis of the skin (2)submucosa of digestive tract (3)fibrous capsules of organs and joints
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue can be found in the dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of organs and joints |
dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
What is cartilage?
|
stands up to both tension and compression
|
|
|
NAME
stands up to both tension and compression |
cartilage
|
|
|
Does catrilage have nerve fibers?
|
no
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue have no nerve fibers and is avascular |
cartilage
|
|
|
Cartilage tissue has no (1) and is (2)
|
(1)nerve fibers (2)avascular
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue is made of 80% water |
cartilage
|
|
|
Cartilage is made up of (1)
|
80% water
|
|
|
What helps cartilage rebound after being compressed and helps to nourish cartilage cells?
|
the movement of tissue fluid in its matrix
|
|
|
The movement of tissue fluid in the matrix of cartilage enables cartilage to (1) and helps to (2)
|
(1)rebound after being compressed (2)nourish cartilage cells
|
|
|
What are chondroblasts?
|
are the predominant cell type in growing cartilage that produce new matrix until the skeleton stops growing at the end of adolescence
|
|
|
NAME
are the predominant cell type in growing cartilage that produce new matrix until the skeleton stops growing at the end of adolescence |
chondroblasts
|
|
|
What are chondrocytes?
|
are mature cartilage cells
|
|
|
NAME
are mature cartilage cells |
chondrocytes
|
|
|
Where can u typically find chondrocytes?
|
lacunae
|
|
|
NAME
u can normally find this cell in the lacunae |
chondrocytes
|
|
|
What is the lacuane?
|
is a cavity where chondrocytes are typically found
|
|
|
NAME
is a cavity where chondrocytest are typically found |
lacuane
|
|
|
Why to cartilage heal slowly when injured?
|
bc cartilage is avascular and aging cartilage cells lose thier ability to divide
|
|
|
Can cartilage cell's divide after adolescence?
|
no
|
|
|
NAME
this person is likely to experience how cartilage heals slowly |
people who have experienced sports injuries
|
|
|
What happens to cartilage during later in life? Why?
|
(1)cartilages tend to calcify or even ossify bc the chondrocytes are poorly nourished and die
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue tend to later in life, to calcify or even ossify bc the chondorcytes are poorly nourished and die |
cartilage
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
the three main types are hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage |
cartilage
|
|
|
Hyaline cartilage is also called (1)
|
gristle
|
|
|
(1) cartilage is also called gristle
|
hyaline
|
|
|
NAME
this cartilage is the most abundant in the body |
hyaline
|
|
|
Hyaline cartialge is the most (1) in the body
|
abundant
|
|
|
What is the hyaline cartilage?
|
contains large numbers of collagen fibers nand the matrix appears amorphous and glassy
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
contains large numbers of collagen fibers and the matrix appears amorphous and glassy. |
hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
NAME
amorphous but firm matrix, collagen fibers form an imperceptible network, chondroblasts produce the matrix and when matrue lie in the launae |
hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
What are the functions of the hyaline cartilage? (3)
|
(1)supports and reinforces (2)has resillent cushioning properties (3)resists compressive stress
|
|
|
NAME
supports and reinforces, has resillent cushioning properties and resists compressive stress |
hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue can be found /forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of lone bones in joint cavities, forms the costal cartilage of the ribs, the cartilage of the trachea, nose, and larnx |
hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
Where can hyaline cartilage be found? (5)
|
(1) forms most of the embryonic skeleton (2) covers the ends of lone (3) bones in joint cavities (4)forms the costal cartilage of the ribs (5) the cartilage of the trachea, nose, and larnx
|
|
|
NAME
is similar to hyaline cartialge but more elastic fibers in matrix |
elastic cartilage
|
|
|
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
|
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
|
|
|
NAME
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility |
elastic cartilage
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue can be found in the epiglottis and supports the external ear |
elastic cartilage
|
|
|
Where can you find elastic cartilage? (2)
|
(1)supports the external ear (2)epiglottis
|
|
|
NAME
matrix is similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage and thick collagen fibers predominate |
fibrocartilage
|
|
|
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
|
tensile strength w the ability absorb compressive strength
|
|
|
NAME
the function of this tissue is tensile strength w the abililty to absorb compressive stregth |
fibrocartilage
|
|
|
NAME
is a hard caicifed matrix containing many collagen fibers and osetocytes lie in lacunae and is very well vascularized |
osseous tissue
|
|
|
Where can u find fibrocartilage? (3)
|
(1)invertebral discs (2)pubic symphysis (3)discs of the knee joint
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue can be found in invertebral discs, pubic symphysis and the discs of the knee joint |
fibrocartilage
|
|
|
What is the function of the osseous tissue?
|
(1)bone supports and protects (2)provides levers for the muscles to act on (3)stores calicum, other minerals, and fats (4)marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue's functions include bone support and protection, provieds levers for the muscles to act on, stores Calicum, other minerals, and fat, and marrow inside the bones is the site for blood cell formation |
osseous tissue
|
|
|
Osseous tissue really refers to the (1)
|
bone
|
|
|
(1) tissue really refers to the bone
|
osseous tissue
|
|
|
Where can osseous tissue be found?
|
the bones
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue can be found in the bones |
osseous tissue
|
|
|
NAME
is red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix or plasma |
blood
|
|
|
What is the function of blood?
|
(1)transport of respirtory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue's function includes transport of respirtory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances |
blood
|
|
|
NAME
is contained w/in the blood vessels |
blood
|
|
|
Hyaline cartialge covers the ends of longs bones as (1) cartilage
|
articular
|
|
|
(1) cartilage covers the ends of long bones as articular cartilage
|
hyaline
|
|
|
NAME
this cartilage supports the tip of the nose, connects the ribs to the sternum, and supports most of the respiartory system passages |
hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
Hyaline cartilage presists during childhood as the (1), actively growing near the end of long bones that provide for cont growth in length
|
epiphyseal plates
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue presists during childhood as the epuphyseal plates, actively growing near the end of lones bones that provide for cont growth in legnth |
hayline cartilage
|
|
|
What is elastic cartilage?
|
is similar to hyalin cartilage but has more elastic fibers in the matrix
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue forms the "skeletons" of the external ear and the epiglottis |
elastic cartilage
|
|
|
Elastic cartilage forms the "skeletons" of the (1) and (2)
|
(1)external ear (2)epiglottis
|
|
|
What is fibrocartilage?
|
is often found where hyaline cartilage meets a true ligament or tendon
|
|
|
NAME
is often found where hyalin cartilage meets a true ligament or tendon |
fibrocartilage
|
|
|
Where kind of areas is fibrocartilage likely to be found?
|
in areas where there is strong support and the ability to w.stand heavy pressures
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue is found in areas where there is strong support and the ability to w/stand pressures such as the intervertebral discs, and the spongy cartilages of the knee |
fibrocartilage
|
|
|
What is osseous tissue?
|
is tissue that has an expectional ability to support and protect body structures
|
|
|
NAME
is a tissue that has an expectional ability to support and protect body structures |
osseous tissue
|
|
|
The bones of the skeleton also provide (1)
|
cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue also provides cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells |
osseous tissue
|
|
|
What are Osteoblasts?
|
produce the organic portion of the matrix for the osseous tissue
|
|
|
NAME
these cells produc the organic portion of the matrix for the osseous tissue; then bone salts are diposed on and btwn fibers |
Osteoblasts
|
|
|
What are osteocytes?
|
are mature bone cells
|
|
|
NAME
are mature bone cells |
osteocytes
|
|
|
(1) is very well supplied by the blood tissue
|
bone
|
|
|
Osseous tissue is not like cartilage bc it is supplied by the (1)
|
blood tissue
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue is the most atypical of all the connective tissue |
blood
|
|
|
Blood is most (1) of all the connective tissue
|
atypical
|
|
|
Why is blood classifed as connective tissue?
|
bc it develops from mesencyhme and consists of blood cells surrounded by blood plasma
|
|
|
Blood tissue consists of (1) surrounded by (2)
|
(1)blood cells (2)blood plasma
|
|
|
What primary type of tissue is blood?
|
connective tissue proper
|
|
|
What is blood plasma?
|
is a nonliving matrix that surrounds blood cells
|
|
|
NAME
is a nonliving matrix that surrounds blood cells |
blood plasma
|
|
|
T or F
the fibers of blood tissue are only visble during a blood clot |
true
|
|
|
What are the different types of covering and lining membranes? (3)
|
(1)cutaneous (2)mucous (3)serous
|
|
|
(1)are at least two primary tissues types: an epithelium bound to an underlying of connective tissue proper
|
covering and lining membranes
|
|
|
What are covering and lining membranes?
|
are at least two primary tissue types:an epithelium bound to an underlying of connective tissue proper
|
|
|
(1) are just simple organs
|
covering and lining membranes
|
|
|
covering and lining membranes are (1)
|
simple organs
|
|
|
What are the synovical membranes?
|
membranes that line joint cavities and consist of connective tissue only
|
|
|
NAME
are membranes taht line joint cavities and consist of connective tissue only |
synovical membranes
|
|
|
What is the cutaneous membranes?
|
is your skin
|
|
|
NAME
this membrane is your skin |
cutaneous mebrnane
|
|
|
What does the cutaneous membrane consist of?
|
an organ system consisting of a keratinized strafied squamous epitheliem firmly attached to a dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
NAME
is an organ system consisting of a keratinized strafied squamous epithelium firmly attached to a dense irregular connective tissue |
cuatneous mebrane
|
|
|
NAME
this membrane is exposed to the air and is a dry membrbane |
cutaneous membrane
|
|
|
Muscous membrane is also called (1)
|
mucosae
|
|
|
(1) membrane is also called the mucosae
|
muscous
|
|
|
What is the mucous membrane?
|
line body cavities that open to the exterior
|
|
|
NAME
this membrane lines the body cavities that open to the exterior |
mucous membranes
|
|
|
What are some exs of mucous membranes?
|
(1)hollow organs of the digestive tract, respriatory, and urogenital tracts
|
|
|
NAME
in a cases this membrane is a "wet" or moist membrane bathed by secretions or urine |
mucous membrane
|
|
|
the mucous membrane is a (1) membrane bathed by (2)
|
(1)"wet" or moist (2)secretions or urine
|
|
|
What is the lamina propria?
|
is a epithelial sheet which is directly underlain by a layer of loose connective tissue in the muscous membranes
|
|
|
NAME
refers to a epithelial sheet which is directly underlain by a layer of loose connective tissue in the muscous mebrane |
lamina propria
|
|
|
In some mucoasae, the lamina propria rests on a third layer of (1)
|
smooth muscle cells
|
|
|
In some mucoasae, the (1) rests on a third layer of smooth muscle cells
|
lamina propria
|
|
|
NAME
this membrane is often adapted for absorption and secretion |
mucous membranes
|
|
|
the muscous membrane is often adapted for (1) and (2)
|
(1)absorption (2)secretion
|
|
|
What is the serous membrane?
|
is the moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities
|
|
|
NAME
is the moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities |
serous membranes
|
|
|
Serous membranes are called (1)
|
seroasae
|
|
|
(1) membranes are called seroasae
|
serous
|
|
|
What is the pleura?
|
is the serous membrane that covers the lungs
|
|
|
NAME
is the serous membrane that covers the lungs |
pleura
|
|
|
What is the pericardium?
|
is the serous membrane that covers the heart
|
|
|
NAME
is the serous membrane that covers the heart |
pericardium
|
|
|
NAME
is a serous mebrane that covers the abdominopelvic cavity |
peritoneums
|
|
|
What is peritoneums?
|
is a serous membrane that covers the abdominopelivic cavity
|
|
|
What makes of the nervous tissue? (3)
|
(1)brain (2)spinal cord (3)nerves
|
|
|
NAME
consists of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves |
nervous tissue
|
|
|
What is the function of the nervous tissue?
|
transmit eletrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control thier activity
|
|
|
NAME
this tissue functions in the transmition of electrical singals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control thier activity |
nervous tissue
|
|
|
What are the major two types of cells in the nervous tissue? (2)
|
(1)neurons (2)supporting cells
|
|
|
What are neurons?
|
are highly speacilized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
|
|
|
NAME
are highly speacilized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses |
neurons
|
|
|
What are supporting cells?
|
nonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons
|
|
|
NAME
are nonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons |
supporting cells
|
|
|
NAME
are long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells and obivous striations |
skeletal muscles
|
|
|
What is muscle tissue?
|
is a highly cellular well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement
|
|
|
NAME
is a highly cellular well-vascularized tissue that are responsible for most types of body movement |
muscle tissue
|
|
|
Muscle cell posses (1)
|
myofilaments
|
|
|
NAME
these cells posses myofilaments |
muscle cells
|
|
|
What are myofilaments?
|
are elaborate versions of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about the movement or contraction in all cell types
|
|
|
NAME
are the actin and myosin filaments that bring about the movement or contractions in all cell types |
myofilaments
|
|
|
What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
|
(1)skeletel (2)cardiac (3)skeletal
|
|
|
What is skeletal muscle?
|
is packaged connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles that are attached to the bones of the skeleton
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
is packaged connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles that are attached to the bones of the skeleton |
skeletal muscle
|
|
|
The skeletal muscles form the (1)
|
flesh of the body
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
this tissue forms the flesh of the body |
skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Skeletal muscles pull on (1) and (2) causing body movements
|
bones (2)skin
|
|
|
(1) muscles pull on bones and skin causing body movements
|
skeleteal muscles
|
|
|
What causes body movement?
|
skeletal muscles pull on the bones and skin causing movement
|
|
|
Skeletal muscle cells are also called (1)
|
muscle fibers
|
|
|
(1) are also called muscle fibers
|
skeletal muscle cells
|
|
|
What are muscle fibers?
|
are long cylindraical cells that contain many nuclei
|
|
|
NAME
are long cylindracial cells that contain many nuclei |
muscle fibers
|
|
|
What is cardiac muscle?
|
is muscle tissue only found in the wall of the heart
|
|
|
NAME
is muscle tissue that is found only in the wall of the heart |
cardiac muscle
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle contractions help (1)
|
propel blood through the blood vessesls to all parts of the body
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
contractions of this tissue propel blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body |
cardiac muscle
|
|
|
What is the function of the skeletal muscles? (5)
|
(1)volunatry movement (2)locomotion (3)manipulation of environment (4)facial expression (5)voluntary control
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
this tissue functions in volunatry movement, locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expression and volunatry control |
skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Where can you find skeletal muscle tissue?
|
skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to the skin
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions |
cardiac muscle
|
|
|
What is the function of cardiac muscle? (2)
|
as it contracts, to propel blood into circulation (2)involunatry movement
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
this tissue functions in involunatry movment and as it contracts, to propel blood into circulation involunatry movement |
cardiac muscle
|
|
|
How are cardiac and skeletal muscle cells are differ?
|
(1)they differ strucurally in the cardiac cells are uniinucleate and are branching cells that fit together tightly at junctions called intercalted discs
|
|
|
How are cardiac and skeletal muscle cells similar?
|
both cells are striated
|
|
|
Whta are intercalated discs?
|
are juncitons that are in the cardiac muscle
|
|
|
NAME
are junctions that are in the cardiac muscle |
intercalated discs
|
|
|
What is smooth muscle?
|
has no visible striations
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
has no visible striations |
smooth muscle
|
|
|
Where can you find smooth muscle?
|
mostly in the walls of hollow organs
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
is found mostly in the walls of hollow organs like the digestive tract |
smooth muscle
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
are spindle shaped cells w central nuclei, no striations, and has cells arranged closely to form sheets |
smooth muscle
|
|
|
What is the function of smooth muscle? (2)
|
propel substances or objects along internal passageways and (2)involunatry control
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
this tissue's functions include propeling substances or objects along internal passageways and in involunatry control |
smooth muscle
|
|
|
Skeletal muscles are often called (1)
|
volunatry muscle
|
|
|
(1) are often called the volunatry muscle
|
skeletal muscle
|
|
|
smooth and cardiac muscles are often called the (1)
|
involunatry muscle
|
|
|
(1) and (2) muscles are often called the involunatry muscle
|
(1)smooth (2)cardiac
|
|
|
What are some ex(s) of defenses exerted at the bodies external boundries? (3)
|
(1)skin and mucoasae (2)cilla in epithelia cells of the respiratrory tract (3)the strong acid produced by the stomach
|
|
|
What happens when a tissue injury ocurs?
|
the body's inflammatory and immune responses are triggered
|
|
|
Tissue repair requires that (1) and (2)
|
cells divide and migrate
|
|
|
(1) requires that cells divide and migrate
|
tissue repair
|
|
|
What triggers tissue repair?
|
growth factors
|
|
|
What are two ways that tissue can be repaired?(2)
|
(1)regeneration (2)fibriosis
|
|
|
regeneration and fibriosis are both types of (1)
|
tissue repair
|
|
|
What are the two things that deterimine which method is used to repair tissue? (2)
|
(1)the type of tissue damaged (2)the severity of the injury
|
|
|
What is regeneration?
|
is the replacement of destroyed tissue cells with the same kind of tissue
|
|
|
NAME
is the replacement of destroyed tissue cells with the same kind of tissue |
regeneration
|
|
|
What is fibrosis?
|
involves profileration scar tissue
|
|
|
NAME
involves the profileration of scar tissue |
fibrosis
|
|
|
What is scar tissue?
|
is fibrous connective tissue used to replace damaged tissue
|
|
|
NAME
is fibrous connective tissue used to replace damaged tissue |
scar tissue
|
|
|
What are the three main steps of tissue repair? (3)
|
(1)inflammation sets the stage (2)organiation restores the blood (3)Regeneration and fibrosis effect the permanet repair
|
|
|
What happens intial when the tissue is damaged?
|
injured tissue cells, marcophages, mast cells, and other cell release inlammatory chemicals which cause the the capillaries to dilate and become very permeable
|
|
|
Why when tissue is damaged do the injured tissue cells, marcophages, mast cells, and other cells release inflammatory chemicals that cause the capillaries to dilate and become very permeable?
|
bc this allows white blood cells and plasma fluid rich in clotting protiens, anitbodies and other subsances to seep into the injured area
|
|
|
When tissue is damaged the damaged tissue cells, marcophages, mast cells, and other cells release inflammatory chemicals that cause (1)
|
the capillaries to dilate and become very permeable
|
|
|
Leak clotting protiens construct a (1)
|
clot which stopes the loss of blood and holds the wound togeher or isolates the injured area
|
|
|
(1) construct a cloth which stops the loss of blood and holds the wound together and isolates the injured area
|
leak clotting protiens
|
|
|
the part of the clot exposed to the air quickly (1)
|
dries and hardens forming a scab
|
|
|
What is the first stage of tissue repair?
|
organization
|
|
|
Even while the inflammatory process is going on, (1) is ocuring too
|
organization
|
|
|
What happens during the orgainzation stage?
|
the blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue
|
|
|
NAME
during this stage of tissue repair, the blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue |
the organization stage
|
|
|
What is granulation tissue?
|
is a delicate pink tissue composed of several elements
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
is a delicate pink tissue composed of several elements |
granulation tissue
|
|
|
Granulation tissue contains (1) tha grow in nearby areas
|
capillaries
|
|
|
The granulation tissue destined to become scar tissue is highly (1)
|
resistant to infection
|
|
|
the (1) is highly resistant to infection
|
granulation tissue destined to become scar tissue
|
|
|
Why is the granulation tissue destined to become scar tissue, highly resistant to infection?
|
bc it producs bateria inhibiting substances
|
|
|
During organization, also the surface epithelia begans to (1)
|
regenerate growing under the scab until it detaches
|
|
|
What kinds of tissue regenarate well? (4)
|
(1)epithelia tissue (2)areolar connective tissue (3)dense irregular connective tissue (4)blood forming tissue
|
|
|
Epithelia tissue, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood forming tissue are ex(s) of tissues that (1)
|
regenerate well
|
|
|
Which tissues have virtually no functional regenerative capacity?
|
(1)cardiac (2)nervous tissue
|
|
|
Cardiac and nervous tissue have virtaully (1)
|
no functional regenerative capacity
|
|
|
in nonregenarting tissues and in exceptionally in severe wounds, what happens to the damaged tissue?
|
fibrosis totally replaces the lost tissue
|
|
|
What makes scar tissue differ from the tissue that was there before it (2)?
|
(1)it lacks the flexability and elasticty of most normal tissues (2)it cannot perform the normal tissues it has replaced
|
|
|
Scar tissue that forms in the walls of urinary bladder, the heart, or other musclular organs can hamper (1)
|
the function of the organ
|
|
|
Scar tissue that forms in (1) can hamper thier function
|
the walls of urinary bladder, the heart, and other muscular organs
|
|
|
What are the negative effects of adhesions?
|
(1)can obstruct the flow of food (2)restrict heart movements (3)immoblize joints
|
|
|
NAME
this can obstruct the flow of food, restrict heart movements, and immoblize joints |
adhestions
|
|
|
What is one of the first events that ocurs during embroynic development?
|
the formation of the three primary germ layer
|
|
|
What are the three primary germ layers?
|
(1)ectoderm (2)mesoderm (3)endoderm
|
|
|
the primary germ layers then speaclize to form the (1)
|
four primary tissues
|
|
|
Epithelia tissues form from what germ layers?
|
all three
|
|
|
NAME TISSUE
this tissue forms from all three germ layers |
epithelia tissue
|
|
|
In adults, what are the only tissues that are higly miotic?
|
(1)epithelia (2)blood
|
|
|
What is benign neoplasm?
|
a localzied tumor
|
|
|
NAME
is a localized tumor |
neoplasm
|
|
|
What are maligant neoplasms?
|
are nonencapsulated masses that grow relentlessy and become killers
|
|
|
NAME
are nonencapsulated masses that grow relentlessy and become killers |
maligant neoplasms
|
|
|
What is metastsis?
|
is the capability for tumors to travel to other parts of the body
|
|
|
NAME
is the capability for tumors to travel to other parts of the body |
metastsis
|
|
|
What is a transformation?
|
is a change into a cancerous one
|
|
|
NAME
is a change into a cancerous one |
transformation
|
|
|
What causes cells to transform?
|
carcinogens
|
|
|
What are carcinogens?
|
cancer causers
|
|
|
NAME
refers to cancer causers |
carcinogens
|
|
|
What do all the different factors that cause transformations have in common?
|
all cause mutations
|
|
|
What are oncogenes?
|
are cancer causing genes
|
|
|
NAME
are cancer causing genes |
oncogenes
|
|
|
What are proto-oncogenes?
|
are benign forms of oncogenes in normal cells
|
|
|
NAME
are benign forms of oncogenes in normal cells |
proto-oncogenes
|
|
|
Proto-oncogenes code for protiens that are essential (1), (2), and (3)
|
(1)cell division (2)growth (3)cellular adhesions
|
|
|
What are antioncogenes?
|
supress cancer by inactivating carcinogens, aiding DNA, repair or enhancing the immune system's counterattack
|
|
|
NAME
supress cancer by inactivating carcinogens aiding DNA, and repair or enhancing the immune system's counterattack |
antocogenes
|
|
|
(1) are also called antioncogenes
|
tumor suppressor
|
|
|
tumor suppressor are also called (1)
|
antioncogenes
|
|
|
What is a biopsy?
|
removing a tissue sample surgiaclly and examining it microscpoically for maligant cells
|
|
|
NAME
refers to removing a tissue sample surgically and examining it mircoscopically for maligant cells |
biopsy
|
|
|
What are some of the things that promising new therapies? (3)
|
(1)combating spefic abnormal protiens (2)delivering durgs more precisely to the cancer while sparing normal tissue (3)starving cancer cells by cutting off thier blood supply
|
|
|
T or F
the qauilty of life of cancer patients has improved in the last decade |
true
|
|
|
Why does tissue repair become less effective as you age?
|
(1)the amount of collagen in the body declines (2)reduced circulatroy efficiency which reduces the delivery of nutrients to the tissues
|
