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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the picture taken by a radiographic machine called?
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Radiograph or film, not an X-ray.
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Why isn't X-ray an appropriate term for a radiograph?
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Can't see X-rays
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What is evaluated in a radiograph?
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Shape and density.
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What are the five B's to remember density differences?
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Bullet, bone, blood, blubber, bubbles
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What is required to see structures in a radiograph that touch each other?
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Differences in densities between them
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What 2 variables can be manipulated when taking radiographs?
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KVP (kilovolt peak) and MAS (miliamps/second)
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What is KVP?
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Intensity of X-rays
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Is an underexposed or an overexposed film better? Why?:
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Overexposed, if not in film no way to get it in, but if in may see with spot light
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In endochondral ossification, long bones are formed by first forming _____ model which is then replaced by _____.
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cartilaginous; bone
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What are the two cartilaginous discs of growing long bone?
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Epiphyseal, metaphyseal or growth plates; or physes
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Where are the epiphyseal plates or physes located?
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Between the diaphysis and 2 epiphyses
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During growth how does the physis appear radiographically?
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As a radiolucent line (dark line)
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What else appears as radiolucent lines in young animals?
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Space by accessory ossification centers
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What should not be mistaken for fractures radiographically?
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Physeal lines or sesamoid bones
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When are the majority of the limbs closed? What are the exception?
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By 1 year except iliac crest (1-2.5 yr) and pelvic symphysis (5-6 years_ and possibly head of humerus (13 months)
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What are the last physes of the shoulder and stifle to close?
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Head of humerus (13 months) and tibial tuberosity
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When does the physis of the anconeal process close?
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4-6 months (considered unuited if open at 6 months)
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What is a pathological process on a bone due to the pull of a tendon or joint capsule? Whati is its commone name?
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Enthesiophyte or "bone spur"
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How are physeal fractures classified? Why?
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Salter or Salter-Harris fractures; prognosis
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How many Salter Harris fracture types are there? List them and what they involve.
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5
- SH type 1: involves just physis - SH type 2: physis & through metaphysis - SH type 3: physis & epiphysis (articular) - SH type 4: through joint & across physis - SH type 5 : compression fracture of physis |
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What is the most common type of physeal fracture?
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SH type 2
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What physeal fractures have a good prognosis?
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Type 1 and 2
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Why do type 3 and 4 physeal fractures have poorer prognosis then 1 and 2?
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Articular surfaces involved, must align anatomically or DJD (degenerative joint disease)
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What are the basic principles for treating traction and compression physes fractures?
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Compression: immoblize
Traction: counteract the muscle pull and immoblize the fracture. |
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What is a possible sequela to Salter type 5 fracture?
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Angular limb deformity
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What are two types of angular limb deformities?
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VaLgus and varus
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What are valgus and varus? How do you remember which is which?
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VaLgus: lateral deviation of bones past the joint
Varus: medial deviation of bones past the joint |
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Name three of four common sources to harvest cancellous bone.
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Wing ileum, tibial tuberosity, greater tubercle the humerus, greater trochanter of the femur
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What is a landmark for the caudal cervical region in lateral radiographs?
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"Sleds" (transverse processes) of sixth cervical vertebrae
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What origin of the biceps brachii m. on the scapula can be fractured?
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Supraglenoid tubercle
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What is in danger of damage when the cat humerus is fractured and why?
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Median n. and brachial vessels in the supracondylar foramen.
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What is the olecranon, point of the elbow used to locate in the standing animal and why?
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Fifth intercostal space to help locate the heart valves during auscultation.
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What should not be mistaken for a chip fracture when seen in radiographs of the carpus? Which side?
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Sesamoid bone of the oblique carpal extensor (abductor pollicus longus) tendon; medial side
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What is failure of the anconeal process the fuse with the ulna by sixe monthes of age?
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Ununited anconeal process
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What other process besides the anconeal process imporoper development leads to arthritis of the elbow?
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Fragmented medial coronoid process
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What fracture is pushed inward?
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Depressed fracture
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What fracture is a separation of a small fragment of bone where a ligament of tendon attaches?
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Avulsion fracture
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What is a small piece of bone chipped off a bone?
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Chip fracture
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Name a fracture where the bone is splintered into many fragments.
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Comminuted fracture
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What is a flat piece of separated bone, common in horse carpal bones?
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Slab fractures
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In what fracture are the broken ends driven into each other?
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Impacted
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Healing of a fracture begins with the formation of a _____/
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Callus
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What is infection of bone called?
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Osteomyelitis
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How soon can fractures completely heal in young animals? Older animal?
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Young: 4-6 weeks
Older: 8 weeks |
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What is an unhealed fracture, having all the structures of a synovial joint?
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False joint
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What is the most common site of osteochondrosis in dog?
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Shoulder - head of humerus
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List the joints affected by osteochondrosis in the dog?
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Shoulder (caudal head), Elbow (medial condyle of humerus), stifle (medial or lateral femroal condyle), tarsus (medial trochlea or talus)
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What is arthritis?
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Inflammation of a joint
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What is an osseous (bony) outgrowth seen radiographically?
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Osteophyte.
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What is the term for an increase in the density of a bone?
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Sclerosis
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What is immobility and consolidation of a joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure?
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Ankylosis
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What is destruction of a bone, seen as reduced density (blacker)?
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Lysis
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What is bulging of a tendon sheath due to a pathological increase in synovial fluid?
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Hygroma of tendon sheath
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