Anatomy Head & Neck Ii

Front 1

What is deep to the pterion?

Back 1

The middle meningeal artery. Important for bleeding in case of trauma to the skull

Front 2

Why is the foramen cecum important?

Back 2

It is important in newborns
The frontal emissary vein drains the dural venous sinuses with veins on exterior of skull

Front 3

Where does CN I lie?

Back 3

The cribiform plate on either side of the crista galli

Front 4

Where does the pituitary gland sit?
(general, then more specifically)

Back 4

General - stella turcica
Specific - Hypophyseal fossa

Front 5

Where in the middle cranial foramina does the optic nerve (CN II) go?

Back 5

The optic canal

Front 6

What nerves go thru superior orbital fissure?

Back 6

The nerves include - CNIII (ochulomotor), CNIV (trochlear), CNVI (abducent), CNV(trigeminal)-v1-opthalmic

Front 7

What goes thru the foramen rotundum?

Back 7

CNv2 - maxillary

Front 8

What goes thru the foramen ovale?

Back 8

CN Vv3-mandibular

Front 9

What passes thru the foramen spinosum?

Back 9

Middle meningeal artery at the pterion

Mandibular branch of trigeminal

Front 10

What passes thru the carotid canal?

Back 10

Carotid artery

Front 11

What passes thru the jugular foramen?

Back 11

The internal juguar vein begins here

CNIX(glossopharyngeal), CNX(vegus), CNXI(accessory)

V.A.G.

Front 12

What exits through the internal acoustic meatus?

Back 12

CNVII, CNVIII (facial and acoustic)

Front 13

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

Back 13

CNXII

Front 14

What drains blood from the brain?

Back 14

The great cerebral vein of Galen

Front 15

What two dural venous sinuses contribute to the internal jugular vein?

Back 15

Sigmoid and Inferior pertrosal

Front 16

Where/how does the superior petrosal drain blood?

Back 16

drains blood laterally towards the sigmoid sinus to jugular foramen

Front 17

What part of the dura facilitates the exchange of csf?

Back 17

Little depressions in the skull called granular foveolae

Front 18

What does the basilar plexus do?

Back 18

drains blood out of the inferior petrosal sinus and out of the occipital sinus, into the internal vertebral sinus

Front 19

What do the emissary veins do?

Back 19

Connect external veins that drain surface structures

Front 20

What are the divisions of the facial nerve (CNVII)?
- motor innervation -

Back 20

1. TEMPORAL
2. zygomatic
3.buccal
4.marginal mandibular
5. cervical

Front 21

What does the cavernous sinus drain into?

Back 21

The interior petrosal and superior petrosal

Front 22

What 2 dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein?

Back 22

Sigmoid and inferior pertrosal

Front 23

Where is the middle meningeal artery?

Back 23

Under the pterion coming from the foramen spinosum

Front 24

What does the external carotid artery end with?

Back 24

The maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery

Front 25

What makes up the external jugular vein?

Back 25

Retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein

Front 26

What innervates the parotid gland?

Back 26

The glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Front 27

What makes up the adams apple?

Back 27

the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage make this up

Front 28

What do catchers and hockey goalies have to be aware of?

Back 28

The increased risk of fracturing their vulnerable thyroid cartilage. It could lead to airway or vocal cord problems

Front 29

How does the size of your thyroid cartilage affect your voice?

Back 29

The longer it is, the longer your vocal cords and the deeper the pitch of your voice

Front 30

Where can you find the cricoid cartilage?

Back 30

At the level of C6

Front 31

What zones have the highest level of mortality? Why?

Back 31

Zone 1 (above clav. area & below cricoid cart) and Zone 3 (small area above hyoid)

Most dangerous for injury because its harder to stop bleeding and access the blocked airway

Front 32

Starting from the anterior of the neck to just anterior to the vert. column what are the fascia levels?

Back 32

1. Investing layer of deep cervical fascia
2. Pretracheal fascia
--Carotid sheath (this is more lateral)
3.Buccopharyngeal fascia
4.Retropharyngeal Space
5. Prevertebral Fascia

Front 33

What does the retropharyngeal space have to do with the path of infection?

Back 33

Things that pierce the pharynx like a bone can get into this space and on into the thorax potenially spreading infection.

Front 34

What does the carotid sheath contain?

Back 34

the common carotid, external carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve

Front 35

What is torticollis?

Back 35

When the SCM is in a constand state of contraction.
Head is tipped to one side, while chin is tipped to the other

Front 36

What forms the posterior/External jugular vein?

Back 36

the posterior auricular and retromandibular vein

Front 37

What comes off the thyrocervical trunk?

Back 37

Suprascapular
Cervicodorsal
Inferior Thyroid

Front 38

What is the occipital artery a branch of?

Back 38

Branch of external carotid artery

Front 39

What nerve is involved with the Mumps?

Back 39

The great auricular nerve innervates the parotid sheath. When an infection travels to the parotid gland this nerve is what causes the pain because mumps stretches the sheath.

Front 40

What are the superficial nerves in the neck that all do cutaneous innervation?

Back 40

1.Lesseer occipital nerve
2. great auricular nerve
3.Transverse cervical nerve
4. Supraclavicular

Front 41

What are the deep nerves in the neck of the cervical plexus that do motor?

Back 41

1. Ansa cervicalis
2. Phrenic nerves

Front 42

Why could you need a ventilator?

Back 42

Damage to the phrenic nerve could cause this. The phrenic nerve is the sole motor supply to the diagram

Front 43

What are the 6 branches pf the external carotid that go to the head and neck?

Back 43

1. superior thyroid
2. lingual
3.facial
4.ascending pharyngeal
5.posterior auricular
6.occipital

"Sue likes faking and pretend orgasms"

Front 44

In older patients where should you take pulse? Why?

Back 44

Take the pulse in the neck using the carotid artery. You can monitor for plaques that could hurt cerebral function

Front 45

What does the carotid sinus do? What about the carotid body?

Back 45

Carotid sinus- act as baroreceptor or blood pressure monitor

Carotid body-acts as chemoreceptor monitoring levels of carbon dioxde and oxygen in blood

Front 46

The pterygopalatine fossa contains what nerve?

Back 46

Maxillary nerve

Front 47

What is mandibular prognathism?

Back 47

Bone is larger than it should be

*jay leno has this

Front 48

What is mandibular hypoplasia?

Back 48

Not enough bone growth so mandible shorter than normal

Front 49

What innervates the teeth of the mandible? Where does it come from?

Back 49

The inferior alveolar nerve (branch of the mandibular nerve) goes into the mandibular foramen

Front 50

What is the mandibular notch important for in the transmission of?

Back 50

Masseteric artery

Front 51

What parts of the mandible are the most likely to fracture? why?

Back 51

The condylar process and midline mandible.

Because this is where the masseter attaches

Front 52

What would a patient look like w/ a fractured mandible?

Back 52

Patient will either have dropped anterior mandible or raised posterior mandible

Front 53

What are the movements at the TMJ?

Back 53

Protrusion and retrusion
Elevation and depression

Front 54

What type of joint is the TMJ?

Back 54

Synovial joint

Front 55

On the TMJ which ligament acts like a check joint so you cant pull the mandible down too far?

Back 55

Stylomandibular ligamen

Front 56

What innervates the TMJ? What about its vasculature supply?

Back 56

Innervated by branches of the mandibular nerve and it is supplied by the maxillary artery

Front 57

What occurs in a TMJ dislocation?

Back 57

In a dislocation, the head of the mandible goes anterior to the articular tubercle. It gets stuck there

Front 58

What are the contents of the infratemporal fossa?

Back 58

1. mandibular nerve
2.maxillary artery
3. pterygoid venous plexus
4. temporalis muscle (inf.part)
5. lateral & medial pterygoid muscles
6.Otic ganglion

Front 59

If you suspect trigeminal nerve damage, what should you perform? How?

Back 59

The Jaw Jerk reflex
-- put finger on jaw & take hammer & hit jaw
--normal = jaw doesnt move
--abnormal = jerk reflex

Front 60

What typically is the source of nose bleeds?

Back 60

The Sphenopalatine artery which is a branch of the maxillary artery

Front 61

What does the auriculotemporal nerve do?

Back 61

It provides sensory innervations to the region around the ear

Front 62

What does the mental nerve do?

Back 62

It provides sensory innervation to the lower lip, the gingiva and mucous membranes

Front 63

What do the
1. lingual nerve
2. Chorda tympani
3. glossopharyngeal nerve
do?

Back 63

1. gives sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue

2. joins lingual nerve to give taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

3. does taste and sensation for posterior 1/3 of tongue

Front 64

What is stimulated by the otic ganglion?

Back 64

The parotid gland

-- it gives it parasympathetic innervation

Front 65

What do the pterygopalatine ganglion do?

Back 65

Provide parasympathetic innervations to the lacrimal gland and glands of nasal mucosa

Front 66

When palate moves up what does it do? When palate moves down what does it do?

Back 66

When it moves up, to block off nasopharynx. When it moves down, it prevents food and air from getting in/out of air

Front 67

What does the nasopalatine nerve do?

Back 67

It provides cutaneous sensation to anterior portion of hard palate. It is a branch of the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve

Front 68

What does the greater palatine foramen transmit?

Back 68

it transmits greater palatine artery and nerve

Front 69

What do the filiform do?

Back 69

They are solely sensory on the tongue

Front 70

What nerve does the motor of the tongue?

Back 70

The hypoglossal nerve

Front 71

What causes the dvlpmnt of the adams apple?

Back 71

During puberty, testosterone causes proliferation of chondrocytes and expands laryngeal prominence

Front 72

Why does the diameter of the cricoid cartilage matter?

Back 72

Anything larger than this diameter will block airway

Front 73

In the larynx area what are the types of cartilage? give examples

Back 73

Hyaline carilage = thyroid, cricoid, artynoid

Epiglottis is elastic cartilage

Front 74

What is the most medial aspect or muscular component of the vocal fold?

Back 74

The vocalis muscle

Front 75

What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Back 75

1. Cricothyroid
2. lateral cricoarytenoid
3.Posterior cricoarytenoid
4.transverse arytenoid
5. oblique arytenoids
6.Thyroarytenoid
7. Vocalis

Front 76

What is the exception to the rule about all intrinsic muscles of the laryngeal being sphincters?

Back 76

Posterior cricoarytenoid is not a sphincter it is an aBductor

Front 77

Describe the position of the vocal folds for whispering

Back 77

Lateral cricoarytenoid adducts and the transverse and oblique arytenoids muscles do not then vocal folds are in the postion of whispering

Front 78

What is the tensor? The relaxer?

Back 78

The relaxer = thyroarytenoid

tensor=cricothyroid

Front 79

What are all intrinsic muscles of the laryngeal innervated by? Whats the exception

Back 79

All intrinsic muscles here are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
-- which comes off of the vagus
The exception is the cricothyroid which is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve!
-- still a branch of the vagus

Front 80

What happened if you have a hoarse voice post op?

Back 80

they nicked the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 81

What happened if you gave less flexion and a monotone voice after surgery?

Back 81

Nicked the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and took out on of the cricothyroid muscles

Front 82

What happenes if you nick the bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve and only have one abductor?

Back 82

You can still breathe b/c u dont completely close off airway but there is a pattern/hesitation to the breathing.

*can be an issue in infants more so than in adults

Front 83

Which muscle does abduction? adduction? (in the laryngeal)

Back 83

ABductor = posterior cricoarytenoid

ADductor = lateral cricoarytenoid

Front 84

What nerve does the cough reflex?

Back 84

The internal laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Front 85

where is the pharyngotympanic tube?

Back 85

It is in the carotid wall

Front 86

What does the umbo do? how is it formed?

Back 86

It initially translates sound and is formed by the handle to the malleus

Front 87

What is the pars tensa? Pars flaccida?

Back 87

Pars tensa is more of the tympanic mmbrn while the pars flaccida is the region of tissue within the eardrum that is less dense and more membrous

Front 88

What opens the pharyngotympanic tube?

Back 88

It is ipened by the levator veli palati and tensor veli palati

Front 89

What does the chorda tympani do?

Back 89

1. Provides taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

2. Carries parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion

Front 90

Name the steps in how the eye is formed from the neural tube

Back 90

1. Mesoderm induces forebrain to form optic vesicle
2. optic vesicle induces skin on top of it to form lens placode
3. lens placode seperates & forms vesicle to become lens
4.ectoderm will be induced to form a cornea
5. ectoderm on top to form eyelid

Front 91

What is anophthalmia? microphthalmia?

Back 91

Anophthalmia = no vesicle forms so no eyes

microphthalmia = part of eye form but is not complete i.e. lens/cornea missing

Front 92

optic cup forms what?

Back 92

Inner layer:
posterior - Neural retina
anterior -ciliary bodies in iris

Outer layer:
pigmented retina

Front 93

In the eye what will form the ligaments and blood vessels?

Back 93

The mesodermal cells

Front 94

The hyalind artery provides what?

Back 94

Blood to forming optic lens and cup

Front 95

Why does blood supply to eye go thru middle of optic nerve?

Back 95

Because the choroid fissure closes and traps blood vessels inside

Front 96

what forms the ciliary muscles?

Back 96

The nucleus from the mesoderm

Front 97

where do sclera and cornea come from?

Back 97

The same layer of mesoderm

Front 98

What do the dilator and sphincter come from?

Back 98

They come from the Neural crest NOT the mesoderm

Front 99

What makes aqueous humor?

Back 99

Ciliary process cells. It must be replaced continually

Front 100

What is glacucoma?

Back 100

Fluid builds up in aqueous chamber. So eyes bulge b/c fluid pushes lens and optic nerve back

Front 101

What forms vitreous humor?

Back 101

It is formed by neural retinal cells that secrete fibrous material deposited in the chamber behind the lens.
- Fluid is long lived
-Its function is to keep neural retina pushed against the eyeball

Front 102

What is cholobloma?

Back 102

"key-hole"
When choroid fissue does not close porperly and stays open.

Front 103

What is persistent pupillary membrane?

Back 103

when all the branches of the hyaloid artery and vasuclar sleeve do not degenerate. It isnt supposed to effect your vision

Front 104

What can cause congenital glaucoma?

Back 104

It is caused either by making too much fluid in ciliary process or sclera did not develop and fluid cannot drain

Front 105

What is a congenital cataract? what causes it?

Back 105

Its when the lens is not clear do to the nuclei not being removed from cells.
It can be a recessive gene or by rubella during the 2nd trimester of preg

Front 106

What is cyclops?

Back 106

Its fatal in huuman b/c there are major anomalies in the brain.
-- eye vesicles can form anteriorly or form too closely and fuse into 1 eye/orbit

Front 107

What is the palpebral conjunctiva?

Back 107

It is where the conjunctiva extends to deep side of eyelids. It is sensitive to dust/dirt

Front 108

what is chalazion?

Back 108

when the tarsal glands swell up. very painful, rub against eye when you move your eyelid

Front 109

What makes the choroid?

Back 109

the mesoderm

Front 110

True or false. sclera and choroid are continuous with dura of brain

Back 110

TRUE

Front 111

What is choroid continuous with?

Back 111

the pia and arachnoid

Front 112

What vertebrae are closely associated with aorta?

Back 112

T5-T8, an aortic anurysm can mechanically rub against vertebral bodes and erode them down

Front 113

ribs ______ in size up through the 7th rib then ________ in size

Back 113

increase then decrease

Front 114

What is the difference btwn true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?

Back 114

true ribs = attach directly to sternum w/ their own costal cartilage
false ribs = attach indirectly to sternum by connecting to extended costal cartilage of the 7th rib
floating = do not attach to any cartilage or bone anteriorlu

Front 115

WHat is the most common point of fracture for a rib?

Back 115

the posterior angle of the rib
--this angle lies in the same plane as your spinous process

Front 116

what does the costal groove do?

Back 116

protects intercostal artery, vein, and nerve

Front 117

What is a 1st rib fracture usually arise from?

Back 117

Severe trauma -- typically has complications b/c brachial plexus etc are so close

Front 118

What is the 1st rib "famous" for?

Back 118

its the highest, broadest, strongest, flattest, most curved, shortest

Front 119

What ossifies in ribs with age? What CI does this have?

Back 119

Costal cartilage ossifies with age making it thinner and inflexible. Leads to pain when coughing --> dvlps into pneumonia b/c you cant clear mucus

Front 120

What changes about xiphoid process?

Back 120

It starts as hyaline cartilage and cant be palpated in youth. Begins to ossify and reaches full ossification by age 40

Front 121

What do external intercostal do? Internal intercostal? Innermost intercostal?

Back 121

external = work to elevate ribs for inspiration
internal = act during expiration
internal=not well developed