Anatomy Final Review Ch 6

Front 1

describe the three types of muscle

Back 1

Skeletal- striated, voluntary, multinucleate, long cylindrical cells, attached to bones
Cardiac- striated, involuntary, rhythmic contractions, uninucleate, branching cells, intercalated discs
Smooth- smooth, involuntary, uninucleate, fusiform, in hollow organs

Front 2

origin and insertion of gluteus maximus

Back 2

Orgin- sacrum and iliac Insertion- gluteal tuberosity of femur

Front 3

antagonist

Back 3

oppose or reverse a movement

Front 4

agonist

Back 4

- has major responsibility for causing a particular movement (prime mover

Front 5

fixator

Back 5

specialized synergist; stabilizes the origin of a prime mover so tension move the insertion bone

Front 6

synergist

Back 6

help prime movers by producing the same movement of a limb toward the body midline

Front 7

abduction

Back 7

moving a limb away from the midline

Front 8

adduction

Back 8

movement of a limb toward the midline

Front 9

circumduction

Back 9

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in ball and socket joints

Front 10

flexion

Back 10

movement in sagittal plane that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the two bones closer together

Front 11

extension

Back 11

movement that increases the angle or distance between the bones or parts of the body

Front 12

titantic contraction

Back 12

prolonged and continuous contraction

Front 13

acetycholine

Back 13

neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle

Front 14

. How would you describe the relationship of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii?

Back 14

antagonist

Front 15

a) extensor digitorum longus


b) extensor digitorum-

Back 15

origin on the proximal tibia and fibula, inserts on distal toes

origin on the distal humerus, insertion of distal phalanges of #2-5 fingers, extends the fingers and wrist

Front 16

events that trigger muscle contraction

Back 16

. Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on sarcolemma which causes temporary permeability to Na
2. Na rushes into the cell
3. K rushes out
4. Sodium-potassium pump moves the ions to their initial position
5. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine

Front 17

processes of providing muscle energy

Back 17

a) direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
-first step in providing energy to muscle cells; reaction between creatine phosphate and ADP results in transfer of a high energy phosphate group from CP to ADP
b) aerobic respiration
-occurs in mitochondria, uses oxygen; fairly slow but provides 36 ATP from one glucose
c) anaerobic gylcolysis and lactic acid fermentation
-2.5 times faster; uses huge amounts of glucose for a small ATP and accumulates lactic acid; no oxygen; occurs in cytosol

Front 18

levels of organization of a muscle

Back 18

a) myofilament-threadlike proteins, myosin and actin
b) sarcomere-tiny contractile units of muscle, extends from one Z disc to the next
c) myofibril- contractile organelles found in the cytoplasm, made of bundles of myofilaments
d) fiber- muscle cell
e) fascicle- bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium (largest level)