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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do endocrine organs have an extensive distribution of?
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blood vessels
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what are endocrine glands made of
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epitheleal tissue
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explain a peptide hormone
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chains of amino acids with peptide bonds
bind to the SURFACE of a target cell ( ex: growth hormone) |
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explain steroid hormone
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lipid derived from cholesterol
bind to receptor of target cell INSIDE the cell (ex: testosterone) |
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explain a biogenic amines hormone
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small molecule from amino acids
can bind on the SURFACE AND INSIDE ( ex: thyroid hormone) |
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what has 99% of hormone control
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negative feedback loop
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does negative feedback loop go toward or away from homeostasis?
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toward homeostasis
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what is positive feedback loop
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hormones are released until max endpoint is reached
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does positive feedback loop go toward or away from homeostasis
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away from homeostasis
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what is the hypothalamus
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interface between nervous and endocrine system
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what gland is known as the master gland
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hypothalamus
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name the 3 functions of the hypothalamus
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Releases regulatory hormones that quickly reach the anterior pituitary gland (hypothalamo hypophyseal portal system) Example: GNRH
Produces and transports hormones to the posterior pituitary for storage Controls the stimulation and secretion activities of the adrenal medulla via the sympathetic nervous system |
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where is the pituitary gland (aka hypophysis) located?
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sella turcica of sphenoid bone
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what connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland? (structurally)
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infundibulum
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can the hypothalamus control adrenal secretin?
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yes
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what is the posterior pituitary gland
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nervous tissue that works off of tracts
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explain in depth the anterior pituitary gland
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Regulated by hormones secreted by hypothalamus via the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system |
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what are the parts of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
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Primary plexus, hypophyseal portal vein, secondary plexus
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name the 7 major hormones
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Growth Hormone Lutinizing Hormone Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Prolactin |
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which of the 7 hormones are non-tropic
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melanocyte stimulating hormone
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what are the target cells for each of the 7 Hormones?
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TSH= thyroid gland
MSH= melanocytes FSH= reproductive organs GH= muscles and fat LH= reproductive organs ACTH= adrenal cortex PRL= mamillary glands and testes |
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what is the function of each of the 7 hormones
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TSH= regulate thyroid gland secretion
MSH= stimulate synthesis of melanin FSH= stimulate growth of ovarian follicles/ sperm production GH= stimulate increased growth and metabolism LH= stimulate ovulation ACTH= stimulate production of corticosteroid hormones PRL= stimulate milk production |
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how is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus
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hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
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name 2 hormones made in the hypothalamus and released from axons in the posterior pituitary
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Oxytosin (cuddling hormone/ milk ejection)
ADH (retains water) |
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what is the largest glands?
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thyroid gland
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what controls metabolic rate?
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thyroid gland
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what is the functional unit of the thyroid gland?
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thyroid follicle
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what is the thyroid follicle?
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made of simple cuboidal cells that produce thyroglobulin
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what causes thyroglobin to be released as thyroid hormone?
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thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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what must Thyroglobin (TGB) bind to ?
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iodine
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what causes TGB and iodine to go back into the follicular cell via endocytosis?
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thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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when is thyroid hormone secreted into the blood?
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after endocytosis when TGB and iodine go back into the lumen
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what is thyroid hormone
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acts on the anterior pituitary gland and
hypothalamus in a negative feedback loop to inhibit TSH production |
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what cells secrete calcitonin?
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parafollicular cells
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what does calcitonin do?
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decrease blood calcium, stimulates osteoblasts
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what cells secrete parathyroid hormone?
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chief cells
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what are the 2 cell types in the parathyroid glands?
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chief and oxyphil cells
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what are chromaffin cells?
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modified neural cells
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what is the adrenal medulla stimulated by?
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sympathetic nervous system
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what does the adrenal medulla secrete?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine(prolongs flight or flight response)
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what does the adrenal cortex release?
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steroid hormones
(salt,sugar,sex) |
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what is the primary category of hormone secreted by each adrenal cortical layer?
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Zona Glomerulosa= mineral cortecoid
Zona Fasciculata= glucocorticoids Zona Reticularis=gonatocorticoids |
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give an example of a hormone secreted by each layer of of the adrenal cortex
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Zona Glomerulosa= aldesterone
Zona Fasciculata=cortisol Zona Reticularis=testosterone/ estrogen |
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what is the function of each adrenal cortical layer
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Zona Glomerulosa= regulate salt
Zona Fasciculata=increase blood sugar Zona Reticularis= regulate sex |
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which gland is both exocrine and endocrine
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pancreas
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what regulates blood sugar levels in pancreas
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pancreatic islets
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which cells increase blood sugar
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alpha cells
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which cells decrease blood sugar
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beta cells
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what is the function of the pineal gland
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secrete melatonin
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what is diabetes type I
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hereditary w/ trigger
often due to autoimmune destruction of b cells require insulin injection |
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what is diabetes type II
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adult
obesity related insulin receptors desensitized |
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what happens during menopause?
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estrogen levels drop, no follicles remaining
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describe the ovarian cycle
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GNRH starts increase in FSH and LH which starts follicular development which brings an increase in estrogen from follicles. estrogen causes LH to spike inducing ovulation, curpus luteum then secretes estrogen and progesterone thickening the uterine lining, the corpus luteum dies and the lining is shed
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how does oral birth control work
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slightly higher estrogen and progesterone levels so LH never spikes
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what do the mamillary glands do?
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produce milk
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what does oxytocin do?
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eject milk
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what does prolactin do?
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produce milk
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what is the job of the testes?
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produce sperm and secrete androgens
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what cells produce androgens and therefore testosterone?
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leydig cells
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what do the seminal vesicles secrete?
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a. Viscous alkaline solution
b. Fructose c. Prostaglandins |
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what is viscous alkaline solution?
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neutralizes acidity of vagina to protect sperm
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what do the prostaglandins do?
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dialate cervix
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what does the bulbourethral gland secrete?
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mucin
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what prevents a UTI
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postatic specific antigen
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what does small intestine absorb
what does large intestine absorb |
nutrients
water |
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what starts digestion in the mouth?
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carbohydrates
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what is pepsin composed of ?
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pepsinogen + hydrocloric acid
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what gland increases blood calcium
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parathyroid gland
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what gland decreases blood calcium
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calcitonin
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