Anatomy Final Exam Part 1

Front 1

Organs of the urinary system in order of flow: (4)

Back 1

1. Kidney

2. Ureters

3. Urniary bladder

4. Urethra

Front 2

Main functions of kidney: 6

Back 2

1. Excretion -

2. Regulates blood volume and pressure

3. Regulates blood solute concentration

4. Regulates red blood cell formation

5. Regulates Vitamin D synthesis.

Front 3

Retroperitoneal-

Back 3

lie posterior to the peritoneal cavity in the abdomen

Front 4

Three layers of kidney from deep to superficial

Back 4

Fibrous capsule

Adipose capsule

Renal fascia

Front 5

Functions of three layers:

- fibrous -

- adipose -

fascia -

Back 5

- protection

- protection

-anchors kindey to back.

Front 6

Which kidney is higher than the other?

Back 6

The left kidney is higher than the right kidney

Front 7

Why is the left higher?

Back 7

The liver displaces the right.

Front 8

Renal cortex functions - 2

Back 8

urine first produced here

Blood filtered here.

Front 9

Renal medulla function - 1

Back 9

Urine drains at distal portion of the medulla. pipilla.

Front 10

Nephrone parts -

Back 10

Renal corpuscle, PCT, loop of Henle, DCT and collecting duct

Front 11

Cortical nephrons -

Back 11

all strucures located in renal cortex

Front 12

Pathway of urine through nephron:

Back 12

1. Glomerulus

2. PCT

3. Descending loop of henle

4. Ascending loop of henle.

5. DCT

6. Collecting ducts.

Front 13

Tissues:

Glomerulus -

PCT -

Descending loop -

Ascending loop -

DCT -

Back 13

Simple squamous

simple cuboidal

simple squamous

simple cuboidal

simple cuboidal.

Front 14

PCT important function -

Back 14

65% of reabsorption happens here.

Front 15

Renal corpuscle is compsed of 2.

Back 15

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule.

Front 16

Nephron blood flow:

Back 16

1.afferent arteriole

2. golmerulus

3. efferent arteriole.

4 Peritubular capillaries

5. recta

6.intralobular vein

Front 17

Afferent arteriole -

Back 17

carries blood into each nephrone

Front 18

Efferent -

Back 18

carries blood away

Front 19

What occurs in the efferent arteriole -

Back 19

gas exchange

reabsorption

and secretion

Front 20

Three necessary processes for urine formation -

Back 20

1. Filtration

2. Tubular reabsoprtion

3. Tubular secretion

Front 21

Filtration:

where it occurs?

what it does?

Back 21

in the glomerulus and then to Bowman's capsule

- moves blood to tubule.

Front 22

Tubular reabsportion:

occurs in ?

what it does?

Back 22

- PCT, loop of Henley DCT, and collecting duct

- moves from tubule to blood.

Front 23

Tubular secretion:

occurs in -

what it does?

Back 23

- in PCT and DCT

- moves from blood back to the filtrate

Front 24

how many Liters of blood does the kindey filter a day?

Back 24

1500L

Front 25

how many of that comes urine?

Back 25

1.5 L

Front 26

How is this accomplished?

Back 26

by the ~1.3 million nephrons in each kidney

Front 27

Blood pressure in glomerulus -

Back 27

50 mL Hg

Front 28

why is it higher than normal? (The blood pressure in glomerulus?)

Back 28

Afferent arteriole diameter is greater than efferent.

Front 29

Characteristics of the renal corpuscle: 3

Back 29

- composed of glomerulus and glomerular capsule

- Has a parietal and a visceral layer with space in between

- podocytes are the vicera layer of the capsule.

Front 30

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)-

Back 30

cells surrounding the afferent arteriole and a portion of the distal convoluted tubule.

Front 31

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete -

Back 31

renin

Front 32

Macula densa - secretes -

Back 32

a chemical that determines its secretion by the solute concentration of the urine filtering.

Front 33

Filtration membrane -

Back 33

• Prevents blood cells and proteins from entering the lumen of the Bowman capsule on the basis of size and charge, but it allows other blood component to pass

Front 34

the capillary fenestrations and podocyte filtration slits are most important in determining......

Back 34

what molecules will pass from blood into capsule

Front 35

the filtration membrane:

three layers -

Back 35

- fenestrae of glomerular capillary

- basement membrane between capillary wall and the visceral layer of the bowmans capsule

- podocytes of the visceral layer of the bowmans capsule.

Front 36

Out of all of the liters of blood filtered, how many liters of filtrate are produced?

Back 36

180 L

Front 37

What percentage of blood plasma becomes filtrate?

Back 37

20%

Front 38

What percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed in each region of the nephron?

- PCT

- Loop of Henle

- DCT and collecting duct:

Urine -

Back 38

65% of water and sodium

15%

19%

1%

Front 39

What is reabsorbed in the PCT?

Back 39

water and sodium

Front 40

What is reabsorped in Loop of Henle:

ascending -

desceing -

Back 40

salt

water

Front 41

DCT and collecting -

Back 41

mostly water, some salt.

Front 42

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) -

Back 42

amount of filtrate produced in both kidneys per minute

Front 43

Normal rate for GFR -

Back 43

125 ml/min or 180 L/day

Front 44

GFR is directly proprtional to.

Back 44

BP

Front 45

Equation for NFP:

NFP =

Back 45

(HPg – HPc) – (OPg – OPc)

Front 46

With numbers:

NFP =

Back 46

(50-10) - (30 - 0)

Front 47

Opc -

Back 47

always 0 if no proteins present.

Front 48

If NFP is positve-

Back 48

fluid leaves the capillaries.

Front 49

If NFP is negative -

Back 49

fluid foes into capillaries.

Front 50

NFP won't be negative if you are

Back 50

normal

Front 51

Filtration regulation: 3

Back 51

1. Kidney

2. Tubologlomerular feedback

3. Renin-angiotension mechanism

Front 52

Two things that the kidney does to regulate -

Back 52

1. Autoregulation

2. Sympathetic Stimulation

Front 53

Autoregulation:

- 2 function

Back 53

1. Regulates diameter of the afferent arterioles

2. Maintains constant blood flow and pressure.

Front 54

Autoregulation:

effective when?

what kind of feedback are involved?

Back 54

- • effective if mean systemic BP is between 90-180 mmHg

• myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback

Front 55

Myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback:

Increased BP -

Decreased BP -

Back 55

- increased stretch: constricts afferent arteriole

- decreased stretch: dilates afferent arteriole.

Front 56

Sympathetic stimulation -

Back 56

• Sympathetic nerves release NE which constrictor small arteries and arterioles

Front 57

Sympathetic stimulation -

decreases...

Back 57

• Decreases blood flow to kidney and filtrate formation

Front 58

Sympathetic stimulation -

effective when?

Back 58

SNS stimulus is large

Front 59

Tubuloglomerular feedback -

Back 59

macula densa cells inside DCT in the juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to filtrate flow rate and osmotic pressure and secrete hormones to affect afferent arteriole constriction

Front 60

Tubuloglomerular feedback -

slow flow rate and low osmolarity - 3 things

Back 60

- vasodilation,

- increased blood flow into glomerulus and

- NFP & GFR increase.

Front 61

Tubuloglomerular feedback -

fast flow rate and high osmolarity - 2

Back 61

vasoconstriction,

NFP & GFR decrease

Front 62

Renin-angiotension mechnanism -

Back 62

JG cells of JGA secrete renin, more is released when BP gets too low.

Front 63

Renin-angiotension mechanism:

Angiotension II -

- vaso what?

Affects?

activates?

Back 63

- vasoconstricter

- efferent arterioles

- aldosterone and ADH

Front 64

Aldosterone -

what it does

where it is secreted?

Back 64

NA and water reabsorption

from adrenal cortex

Front 65

ADH -

Back 65

water reabsoprtion from

- posterior pituitary gland

Front 66

Tubular reabsoprtion:

occurs in the?

Back 66

proximal and distal convoluted tubules, Loop of Henle (nephron loop), and collecting duct

Front 67

Tubular reabsoprtion:

Occurs due to?

Back 67

active transport

symport

diffusion,

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

Front 68

How many times a day do you filter your total blood volume?

Back 68

32

Front 69

What is reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption?

Back 69

- most organic nutrients, including glucose, some urea, amino acids, vitamins, and fat-soluble chemicals

- sodium, chloride, bicarbonate

- water

Front 70

Active transport of Na creates -

Back 70

concentration and osmotic gradients

Front 71

the concentration and osmotic gradient cause -3

Back 71

Osmosis of water

Diffusion of anions and fat-solubles

Symport of cations and organics.

Front 72

Why are things not reabsorbed? 3

Back 72

- Lack carriers

- Are not lipid soluble

- Are too large to pass through membrane pores.

Front 73

PCT:

- Reabsorbs?

- percentage of water and sodium absorption?

- percentage of bicarbinate absorption?

- percentage of Cl and K ?

Back 73

- All glucose, lactose, and amino acids

65%

90%

50-55%

Front 74

PCT:

uses active transport of what to drive what diffusions?

Back 74

Na+

- facilitated diffusion, symports, antiports, diffusion, and osmosis.

Front 75

DCT:

- controlled by?

- How Na+ gets through?

- How cl gets through?

Back 75

Hormones

active transport

Symport/ water osmosis.

Front 76

Descending Loop of Henle:

- absorbes what?

- what filtration ?

Back 76

Water

Osmosis.

Front 77

Ascending Loop Henle -

absorbes what?

what filtration most important?

but also uses?

Back 77

Salt

Active transport.

osmosis, facilitated diffusion, simport, and antiport.

Front 78

Collecting duct:

- what has effect here?

- whats in intersitial space?

- what diffusions?

Back 78

- ADH

- urea

- Na+ active transport, facilitated diffusion

Front 79

Tubular secretion:

function -

Back 79

regulates K+ and pH

Front 80

Tubular secretion:

how molecules are transported?

From where to where?

Back 80

actively

blood to the tubules.

Front 81

Commonly secreted: Tubular secretion:

- PCT =

DCT =

Collecting -

Back 81

- H+, ammonia, uric acid, drugs, creatinine

- H+, ammonia, drugs, creatine

- H+, ammonia, K+, bicarbonate

Front 82

equation for tubular secretion:

Back 82

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 --> HCO3 + H+

Front 83

Mechanisms that create urine of variable concentration:

3

Back 83

- Maintenance of high concentration of solutes in medulla

- Countercurrent functions of loops of Henle: cycling of the ascending tract that absorbes salt and descending that absorbs water.

- Control of permeability of distal nephron to water

Front 84

When large volume of water consumed:

what happened?

Back 84

elimate excess without losing large amounts of electrolytes.

Response is that kindeys produce large volume of dilute urine.

Front 85

When drinking water is not available

Back 85

kidneys produce small volume of concentrated urine.

Front 86

Water reabsorption through Osmosis:

- occurs ?

What moves out first to create what?

Back 86

- along the entire length of the nephron, but especially in the descending Loop of Henule and the collecting duct.

- • Salt and urea ; osmotic gradient so that water will follow

Front 87

Water reabsorption through osmosis:

- controlled by?

Back 87

ADH and Aldosterone and ANP

Front 88

ADH:

- released by ?

in response to?

Acts on?

activates?

Back 88

- posterior pituitary

- detections of the osmoreceptors and hypothalamus

- acts on DT and collecting duct

- activate G-protein, adenylate cyclase, secretion and insertion of ocoporin to increase water

Front 89

Aldosterone:

Released by?

in response to?

causes?

Back 89

- adrenal cortex

- low BP, low blood volume, and hyponatremia

- increased reabsoprtions of NA+

Front 90

How does Na+ reabsoprtion increase:

3

Back 90

- Lipid-soluble hormone

- increase water absorption

- binds to a nuclear receptors to increase synthesis of transport proteins.

Front 91

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide:

- opposite of?

- releaed by?

inhibits?

- vaso..

Back 91

- aldosterone

- heart atrial cells when BP is high

- Na+ and water reabsorption

- vasodilates

Front 92

Ureters:

- made up of?

- function?

- Epithelium?

Back 92

- smooth muscle

- drains urine from kidneys using peristalsis

- transitional.

Front 93

Urinary bladdar:

- can hold how much urine?

- made up of?

epithelium?

Back 93

half a liter

smooth muscle

transitional epithleium

Front 94

Urethra:

- function"

- length in females?

- males?

Back 94

- leads from bladder to outside

- 4 cm

- 20 cm

Front 95

Flow of urine from nephron to urinary bladdar:

Back 95

Glomerulus,

PCT,

Loop of Henle,

DCT,

Collecting duct,

renal papilla,

minor calyx,

major calyx,

renal pelvis,

ureter,

bladder,

urethra.

Front 96

How is urination (micturition) controlled?

Back 96

- by the inoluntary reflex action and the voluntary reflex action.

Front 97

Micturition reflex steps:

Back 97

1. Urine in urinary bladder stimulates stretch (mechanoreceptors) receptors in bladder wall.

2. Action potentials carried by pelvic nerves to sacral region of spinal cord. (defecation)

3. Action potentials by parasympathetic nerves to detrusor muscle of bladder causing it to contract.

4. Conscious awareness of urge to urinate increases action potentials somatic nerves to external urethral sphincter to hold urine.

5. Relaxation of above leads to urination.

Front 98

Intracellular fluid in males percentage -

extracellular -

Back 98

40%

20%

Front 99

Intracellular:

major cations:

Major anions -

Back 99

K+, Mg+

Proteins, phosphate

Front 100

Extracellular/plasma/ interstitial fliud

Major cations -

anions -

Back 100

- Na+

- Cl-, bicarbinate

Front 101

Extracellular made up of 2

Back 101

plama and interstitial fluid

Front 102

plasma -

Back 102

proteins are found here.

Front 103

How is osmolality is achieved?

if there is a increase in osmolality...

Back 103

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect increase in osmolality which then stimulate posterior pituitary gland to secrete ADH

Front 104

Mechanism that regulate extracellular fluid:

Back 104

Blood volume

Front 105

High blood volume leads to elevated blood pressure:

- blood vessels vaso....

- heart -

-kidney -

- posterior pituitary gland -

Back 105

- vasodiltion

- decreases rate

- increase urine volume

- inhibited.

Front 106

parasympathetic or sympathetic?

Vasodilation -

decreased heart rate

Back 106

- parasympathetic

- parasympathetic

-

Front 107

If you have a low blood volume and pressure -

Back 107

everything is opposite

Front 108

Alkalosis -

Acidosis -

Back 108

pH greater than 7.45

pH less than 7.35

Front 109

4 acid base probs -

Back 109

1. Respiratory acidosis

2. Respiratory alkolosis

3. Metabolic acidosis

4. Metabolic alkalosis.

Front 110

Respiratory acidosis -

- common?

occurs when?

builds up what?

Ex.

Back 110

MOST COMMON

- when person breaths shallowly/ when gas exchange is effected.

- build up of CO2, so h+ build up, pH falls.

- Cystic fibrosis, asthma, emphysema.

Front 111

Respiratory alkolosis

- occurs when?

ex.

Back 111

When Co2 leaves blood faster than replaced.

- Hyperventilates and high altitude.

Front 112

Metobloic acidosis

- common?

- low what?

- Ex.

Back 112

- second most common

pH and HCO3

- alcohol ingestion, persistent diarrhea, extreme exercise, daiabetic ketoacidosis, starvation.

Front 113

Metabolic alkalosis:

- occurs when?

ex.

Back 113

- pH and HCO3 rise

- vomiting, excess antacid intake, constipation.

Front 114

Types of buffer systems: 3

Back 114

Chemical buffer systems

respiratory center in brain stem

Renal mechanism.

Front 115

Chemical buffer:

- speed and when?

Back 115

Act first and fast

Front 116

Respiratory center:

- speed

changes?

Back 116

- second - 1-3 min

- changes respirtory rate and depth

Front 117

Renal mechanism:

- speed?

- effectiveness?

Back 117

Last - hours to a day

- most effective.

Front 118

Acidosis: this increases or decreases these

breathing rate ?

O2?

CO2?

Back 118

- increase

- increase

- decrease

Front 119

Strong acid and strong base...

Back 119

completely dissociate

Front 120

Weak acid and weak base will.

Back 120

be in equlibirum with partial dissociation, acting as a buffer.

Front 121

three buffer systems:

Back 121

Bicarbinate

Phosphate

Proteins

Front 122

Bicarbonate -

- 4 chemicals

- important where?

Back 122

- H2CO3, Na, K, MgHCO3

- ECG and ICF

Front 123

Phosphate:

- 2 chemicals

- importnat in?

Back 123

NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4

- Important in urine and ICF buffering

Front 124

Proteins:

3 chemicals

- where?

Back 124

R-COO- + H+ and R-NH3

- Most plentiful and powerful buffers in plasma and ICF