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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polar Covalent Bond
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A bond in which electrons are shared unequally
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Ionic Bond
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A bond in which electorns are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved
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Nonpolar covalent Bond
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A bond in which electrons are shared equally
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Hydrogen Bond
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a type of bond importand in tying different parts of the same molecule together in to a 3-D structure
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Which Statement is FALSE?
a) positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus b) a charged particle is usually called an ion c) hydrogen bonds are the strongest bonds d) the outermost unfilled shell of an atom that contains reactive electrons is called the valence shell |
c) hydrogen bonds are the strongest bonds
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In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have______.
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many unsaturated fatty acids
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The instructions for protein synthesis is coded in DNA by the ______.
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sequence of nucleotides
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A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually_____.
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exergonic
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Salts are always_____.
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ionic compounds
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A solution has a pH of 9; which of the following is true?
a) the solution is an acid. b) the solution has a low hydrogen ion concentration c) the solution has a high hydrogen concentration d) a and b e) a and c |
b) the solution has a low hydrogen ion concentration
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carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by_____.
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removal of a water molecule between each two units, and dehydration synthesis.
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A phospholipid ia an amphipathic molecule, this means:
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It has both polar and nonpolar regions, and it has both hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions.
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Select the statement about mixtures that is correct...
a) suspensions are homogeeous mixtures of 2 or more componets. b) solutions only exist as solids c) solutions contain particles that settle out in time. d) a solution conctains solvent in large amounts and solute in smaller quantities. e) none of the above |
d) a solution contains solvent in large amounts and solute in smaller quantities.
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Select the correct statement about isotopes...
a) all the isotopes of an element are radioactive. b) isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but different atomic mass. c) isotopes occur only in the heavier elements. d) all the isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons. e) isotopes have the same molecular formula, but different arrangements of the atoms. |
b) isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but different atomic mass.
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which of the following statements is FALSE?
a) the membrane potential is the difference in the charge inside and outside of the cell. b) cells that produce protein have large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. c) the nuclear envelope is a double membrane with pore complexes which allow exchange of materials between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. d) rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes. e) centrioles and cytoskeleton are nonmembranous organelles. |
b) cells that produce protein have large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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Mitochondria
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produce most of the cells ATP
have their own DNA and RNA have an outer membrane sheath and an inner folded membrane |
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The functions of centrioles include:
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forming basal bodies... and organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division.
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Mitosis
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is nucleus replication
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The Na/K pump
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moves Na and K against their concentration gradient.
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Secondary active transport
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requires ATP
drices a facilitated diffusion mechanism moves substances by cotransport |
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What is TRUE regarding the generation of membrane potential?
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potassium ions "leak" thru the cell membrane due to diffusion.
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a) the PM consists of a phospholipid bilayer; membranous organelles have a completely different type of membrane structure b) in their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential ranging from -150 to about +5000 mV c) diffusion is always from areas of greater concentration toward areas of lesser concentrarion d) in osmosis, water moves towrad the solution with the lower solute concentration. |
diffusion is always from areas of greater concentration toward areas of lesser concentration.
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a) epithileal tissues always exhibit polarity; tjat os, they have a free and basal surface. b) a burn that is painful and has blisters is a third-degree burn. c) endocrine glands have ducts. d) a mvmt of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from the posterior to anterior is circumduction. e) merocrine glands accumulate products in the cell and then lyse the cell to release secretions. |
a) epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity
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What best describes connective tissue?
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usually contains large amounts of matrix
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Which of these is FALSE?
a) one of the important functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat. b) the motor end plate is the structure; terminal cisternae-T tuble-terminal cisternae. c) the most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes. d) the resting potential is the difference in the charge inside and outside the cell. e) the motor bunit is one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. |
b) the motor end plate is the structure....
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Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
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parathyroid hormone
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Cells that can build bone matrix...
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osteoclasts
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The process by which cartilage or bone grows by addition onto the surface is known as___.
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appositional growth
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A burn involving both surfaces of one arm and the front of the torso would be a ____ burn.
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27%
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The structure that allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length is the ____.
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epiphyseal plate
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If a patient was suffering from bursitis, this condition would be designated as inflammation of a(n) _____.
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sac containing fluid
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A neurortransmitter released at the motor end plate by the axon terminal
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acetycholine
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Triggers muscle conraction by removing the blockade of bnding sites of the actin filament
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calcium ions
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Causes vessicles in the neuron to release neurotransmitter
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calcium ions
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stored in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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calcium ions
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allow ions to cross the membrane when there has been a change in membrane potential
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voltage gated channels
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destroys ACh.
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acetylcholinesterase
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during muscle contaction, myosin cross bridges attach to________.
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actin filaments
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The functional role of T tubules is to _____.
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serve as a pathway for membrane depolarization to propagate into the cell
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What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?
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tropomyosin acts as a blockade on the binding sites of the actin molecules.
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The major function of the triad in the muscle is to_____.
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regulate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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The best description of the banding pattern of skeletal muscle is:
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Dark A band with a central light area called the H zone.
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What is the role of calcium ions in skeletal muscle contraction?
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bind to troponin and remove tropomyosin blockade
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Which statement is FALSE?
a) translationis the transfer of info from DNA to RNA b) translation is the transfer of mRNA info into a polypeptide sequence c) translation describes the events that occur on the ribosome d) translation occurs in the cytoplasm. e) translation uses ATP |
a) translation is the transfer of ino from DNA to RNA
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smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles are _____.
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multiunit muscles
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creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ____.
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storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
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the mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ____.
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the site of calcium regulation differs
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an anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is _____.
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glycolysis
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an action potential
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is required for a nerve impulse to be sent down an axon
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in what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a neuron at rest differ from the external envrionment? the interior is:
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negatively charged and contains less sodium
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The spinal cord has:
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gray matter on the inside, white matter on the outside, a central canal and a ventral motor root.
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What leaks thru the cell membrane to establish a resting potential?
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K (potassium)
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Which statement is FALSE?
a) graded potentials are short-lived b) graded potentials increase in strength as they move away from the stimulus point. c) g p can form on dendritic endings. d) g p can be called postsynapyic potentials. e) g - may be stimulatory or inhibitory |
b) graded potentials increase in strength as they move away from the stimulus point
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salatory conduction occurs
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in myelinated fibers and when the action potential "skips" from one node of Ranvier to the next
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Nerve impulses can be modified by
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summation
neuromodulation synaptic potentiation |
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Which is FALSE?
a) during depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative b) cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain c) cell bodies of the lower motor neurons are located in the venrtral horn of the spinal cord d) the limbic system acts as our emotional brain e) large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much slower than small-diameter fibers. |
e) large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much slower than small-diameter fibers.
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Which is FALSE?
a) the all-or-none phenomenon states that an action potential occurs completely or not at all. b) a disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and difficulty controlling muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to one or more subthalamic nuclei c) most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the cerebral cortex cross voer from one side of the body to the other. d) efferrent nerve fibers may be described as sensory nerve fibers. |
d) efferrent nerve fibers may be described as sensory nerve fibers.
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the brain area that regulates the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the:
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reticular formation
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direct-acting neurotransmitters ______.
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open ligand gated ion channels
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The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is caled a(n):
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axon.
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axons of first order sensory neurons
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enter the cord thru the dorsal root
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the process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in thememory bandk is called ___.
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association
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collections of nerve cell bodies within the central nervous system are called ____.
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nuclei
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neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft by____.
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diffusion out the synaptic cleft
reuptake breakdown of enzymes |
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descending motor tracts include ____/
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corticospinal and rubrospinal
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spinocerebellar tracts:
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carry ipsilateral proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum.
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A sensory impulse for temperature from the left foot;
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is carried thru the dorsal root ganglia and the dorsal root into the dorsal horn to synapse with a sensory interneuron; then to the right side od the cord and then is carried via the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus then th the right somatosensory cortex.
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Thalamus
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sensory info ascending to primary sensory areas of the ccerebral cortex will pass thru this structure.
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Prefrontal area
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associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, jusgment, and personality
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Hypothalamus
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the atonomic control center
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Primary motor cortex
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the axons from this area form the dirext pyramidal tracts
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IPSPs result in
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membrane hyperpolarization that makes a nerve impulse less likely to occur.
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