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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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proteins can have which of the following functions: structural support catalyst transporters hormones all the above |
all the above |
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hyper tonic vs hypotonic |
er-exit the cell exit, enter |
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mRNA synthesized from template DNA |
transcription |
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Why do cells need to replicate their DNA |
daughter cells can centaur same genetic material |
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Most human somatic cells have ___ pairs of chromos |
23 |
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What is not true of mitochondria? they contain dna similar to that of bacteria they are important in synthesis of STP they carry out anaerobic respiration they are membranous organelles all of the above |
they contain DNA similar to that of bacteria |
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Mitochondria: aerobic or anaerobic respiration |
anaerobic |
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elbow is ___ to the wrist
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proximal
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the heart is _____ to the lungs
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medial
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a person lying face down is in the ____position
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prone
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structural organization
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atom, organelle, cell, tissue, organ ,organ system, organism
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positive vs neg. feedback system
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+ enhances - returns to normal |
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plane separating into unequal l and r sides
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parasaggital
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compound
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two or more separate elements
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ratio of 1:2:1 for C, H, and O
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monosaccharide
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special dna sequences located at the ends of chromos that erode over time contribute to cell death
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telomere
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3 major parts of cell
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nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
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process combining sugars (saccarides) or carbs
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dehydration synthesis
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process combining amino acids
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peptide bond
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epithelial tissue is classified according to
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the shape and arrangement of cells
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hollow organ that needs stretchability. what kind of epithelial and connective tissues? |
transitional epithelium and elastic connective tissue |
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interior of nose is lined with |
mucous membrane |
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tissue characterized by branching cells connected by intercalated disks |
cardiac muscle |
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endocrine gland |
secretions diffuse into interstitial fluid and then into blood stream |
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exocrine gland |
secretions enter ducts |
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layers of epidermis and functions bottom to top |
fat layer, stratum basale( cells divide by mitosis near basement membrane attach to dermis), stratum spinosum(where cells are pushed up), stratum granulosum(keratin forms, cells start to die), stratum lucidum(cells flatten and release lipids), stratum corneum(dead cells waterproof and tough) |
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merkel cells |
receptor cells;associated with the sense of light touch discrimination of shapes and textures |
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burn levels |
First degree:the epidermis second degree: entire epidermis and upper layers of the dermis. Sensation can be present may need graft third degree: All layers of the skin is destroyedExtend into the subcutaneous tissues. when pressure is appliedNo pain |
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why is the free edge of the nail white |
no underlying capillaries |
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nails are composed of |
tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis that form a clear, solid covering over the ventral end of digits |
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anabolism |
the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism. ex. creating a protein from amino acids |
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metabolism |
catabolism and anabolism used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. |
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catabolism |
the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy |
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steps of cellular respiration |
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport train |
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glycolysis produces ___ATP molecules per glucose |
jhvg |
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glycolysis: O or no O where take place? makes what into what |
can be aerobic or anaerobic in cytosol Glycolysis breaks down glucose and forms 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP. The pyruvate end product of glycolysis can be used in either anaerobic respiration if no oxygen is available or in aerobic respiration |
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Krebs cycle: O or no O where take place? makes what into what |
aerobic resp. (doesn't need O but won't proceed without it) in mitochondria he Krebs cycle uses the two molecules of pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis and yields 8 high-energy NADH and 2 FADH2, as well as 2 ATP. |
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E transport chain O or no O where take place? what into what? |
needs O in mitochondria nadh and and fad2 into 32 atp |
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anaerobic respiration |
Anaerobic metabolism may occur in muscle cells and red blood cells, only 2 ATP, produces lactic acid and tap, uses glucose, done in cytoplasm, stages: 1. Glycolysis2. Fermentation |
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aerobic respiration |
ATP, water, and carbon dioxide produced, Oxygen + Glucose (sugar) used, in Cytoplasm mitochondria, steps: 1.Glycolysis2.Krebs cycle3. Electron Transport Chain |
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name the step: conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid the complete breakdown of glucose building simple molecules into more complex ones NAD+ and FAD pick up high energy electrons breakdown of organic compounds |
glycolysis cellular respiration anabolism krebs cycle catabolism |
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equation of complete catabolism of glucose |
glucose+6 O2 --> 36 or 38 ATP + 6CO2 +6 water |
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callus |
an abnormal thickening of epidermis |
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keratinocytes |
produce the protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from light heat, ect. |
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langerhans cells |
cells that arise in red bone marrow, migrate to epidermis, and used in immune response |
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melanocytes |
produce a pigment that contributes to skin color and absorb UV light |
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free nerve endings |
located in dermis, function in sensation of warm and cold, pain, itch, and tickle |
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sebaceous gland |
associated with hair follicle, secrete oil onto hair, prevents water eval, and inhibits bacteria |
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lamellar granules |
release lipid rich secretion that functions as water repellant sealant in stratum granulosum |
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lamellated corpsules |
pressure sensitive cells in subcuaneous layer |
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arrector pilli |
smooth muscle associated with hair follicles, our hair shafts |
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define gland. merocrine vs holocrine |
a gland is a specialized epithelial tissue that secretes mero: exocrine: watery, sweat glands apocrine holo: exocrine: cell products secreted exocrine and sebaceous eccrine |
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eccrine/merocrine vs apocrine vs holocrine |
Apocrine glands - portion of the plasma membrane,Ex: mamarry gland/milk Holocrine glands - the entire cell disintegrates to secrete its substance. Ex. include the sebaceous glands of the skin Merocrine/eccrine glands - cells secrete their substances by exocytosis." Examples include some sweat glands and the salivary glands. |
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why all cancer epithelial? |
bc since epithelial tissue reproduces so quickly, any damaged cells are quickly producing more damaged cells |
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percent efficiency |
# cal/ATP/output _________________ # cal/Atp/input |
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how does body cool and warm itsself |
homeostasis cool-sweat (takes heat away from body when it evap.) and blood vessels toward surface will dilate. deep will constrict warm-body will shiver (muscles generate heat) and blood vessels nearest surface contract. deeper blood vessels will dilate |
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product of aerobic respiration vs anaerobic respiration |
aerobic: ATP anaerobic: lactic acid |
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why must epidermis be effective but not too effective when screening UV radiation |
you want the epidermis to be somewhat exposed for production of vitamin d for bone matrix, prevents ricketts where bones are brittle. however it needs to regulate uv ration to protect sun from damage that leads to skin cancer |
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first vertebrae is ____ and second is ___ |
first: atlas 2nd: atlas |
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ribs type of bone |
flat |
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differences between male and female pelvis |
male is heavier and thicker, male is narrow and deep, outlet is deeper in male |
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types of joints: knee shoulder elblow |
hinge ball and socket hinge |
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structures in knee joint |
patellar ligament infrapatellar bursa cruciate ligaments tibial collateral ligaments |
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glenoid labrum |
in shoulder |
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pads of fibrocartiledge in space between artiulcating knee bones |
menisci |
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bursae |
a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint. |
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gomphoses |
fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint. The roots of the teeth (the pegs) fit into their sockets in the mandible and maxilla and are the only examples of this type of joint. |
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articular capsule |
an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. inner layer is synovial membrane |
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symphysis |
cartilaginous joint. broad flat disc of fibrocartilage. ex. public symphysis |
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rods vs cones |
rods: dim light more of them cones: bright light and colors |
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myopic |
nearsighted doesn't hit can see close |
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hyperopic |
far sighted too far back can see far |
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gyrus |
hill |
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sulcus |
groove |
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pons, med. obl. midbrain order |
M, P, MO |
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cranial nerves Peripheral, central, Autonomic |
peripherak OOOTTAFAGVAH |
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action potential, what where and graph? |
1. Pos. outside neg. inside Na+ outside K+ inside 2.depolarize neg outside pos. inside. Na in graph going up 3. repolarize, going down k out 4. rest of way down depolarize both in and out till back to normal |
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Peripheral nervous system |
cranial and spinal nerves ANS and SNS and ENS |
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SNS |
sensory and motor neurons |
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ANS |
sensory receptors in blood vessels visceral organs |
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stimulus to movement |
stimulus to sensory receptor to sensory neuron to interneuron to motor neuron to muscles |
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dendrite function |
receive stimulus |
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axon terminal funciton |
inflow of Ca2+ caused by depolarzing |
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graded potential vs voltage potential |
graded: mechanical stimulus opens concentrations on each side even out. uses AcH sometimes to let things in and out. small deviations voltage: action potential, all or none, only occurs when stimulus reaches threshold stimulus |
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action potential all or none principal |
nhv |
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astrocytes |
gray matter strength and support and secrete chemicals to get rid of bad stuff |
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another word for sensory and motor |
afferent efferent |
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internuerons carry both ways |
jhg |
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oligio dendrocyte |
smaller than astrocyte, make myelin |
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electrical synapse |
both ways |
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chemical |
one way |
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microglia |
phagocytosis |
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deafness: conductive sensorineural deafness |
curable,most of cases abnormal bone deposition at stapes permdamage to cochlea or nerve pathways. prolong repeated exposure to noise. hair damages |
