Anatomy Final

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

the study of the sructure of an organism and the relationship of its parts

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

how the parts work

Front 3

pathology

Back 3

the study f disease

Front 4

anatomical position

Back 4

the body is standing with arms at both sides with palms front. The head and feet also point forward (AKA supine)

Front 5

3 planes or body sections

Back 5

*sagital- divides body into right and left sides
*Frontal- divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back)
*Mid-sagital- divides the body into two equal halves

Front 6

2 major body cavities and their sub divisions and an organ in each

Back 6

*ventral- (front)
-thoracic cavity: mediastinum(heart), right and left pleural (lungs)
-Abdomino-pelvic cavity: digestive organs,bladder, and female reproductive organs
*Dorsal cavity- (back)
-cranial cavity: brain
-spinal cavity: spinal cord

Front 7

2 body regions

Back 7

*Axial: head, neck, and trunk
*Appendicular: upper and lower extremities

Front 8

8 warning signs of cancer

Back 8

1- a sore that does not heal
2- a change in a wort or a mole
3- unusual bleeding
4- chronic hoarseness or cough
5- chronic indigestion
6-change in bladder or bowel habits
7- alump or thickening in tissue
8- bone pain that wakes you up at night

Front 9

beign and malignant tumors (compare)

Back 9

benign- slow growth, encapsulation, expand but not spread, well differinated, morality low.
malignant- cancer, rapid growth, non-encapsulation, infultrate surrounding tissue, metastaiszes, undiffereniated, morality rate high

Front 10

2 major layers of skin

Back 10

*Epidermis- thin top layer
(Sublayers)-stratum corneum: toughest
-stratum lucidum: in palms
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale-contains melenocytes
*Dermis- thick deeper layer
(sublayers)
-superficial region: papillary(loose and contains papillae that bond the layers)
-deep thicker region: Recticular (dense and has collegen, elastic and recticular fibers that give the dermis its strength, elasticity, and extensibility)

Front 11

skin appendages

Back 11

*HAIR: hair folicle- live part
hair shaft- visible part (dead)
hair root- part of hair not seen
*NAILS: nail body- visible part
nail bed- under body
*GLANDS: -sudoriferous-eccrine(thin watery) and apocrine (thick, milky,begins in young age, bacteria waste=BO
-Sebaceous:secrets subum, natures skin cream, keeps skin soft, increses5X in youth,attached to every hair folicle
*RECEPTORS:1-hair folicle endings- hair displacement
2-Ruffini endings- pressure on skin
3-Krauses end bulb- pressure on lips, tongue, and genitals
4-Pacinan corpuscle-vibration(150-300 hz range)
5-Meissners corpuscle- vibration(20-40 hz range)
6-free nerve endings- mechanical, thermal, and noxious pain

Front 12

MRSA (methasillian resistant mengacochal meningitus)

Back 12

(INFECTION)
*a strain of staph that devoloped in hospitals from overuse of anti-biotic materials.
*signs- small red papules that turn into deep absecesses, can remain in the skin. But, can travel to joints,bones,bloo etc. Can be life threatening.
*risk factors-hospital/nursing
-recent antiibiotic therapy
-invasive devices
-young age
-contact sports
-immunosupressed
-sharing razors
-prison innmates
*treatment: vancomycin
*prevention: good hygine

Front 13

2 auto immune disorders

Back 13

(auto immune)Atopic dermatitus
*chronic inflamation of the skin
*signs- itching red rash with papules that ooze. Most often apear onn extremities also on eyes/lids
*risk- family history
-stress and emotion(will not cause it)
*treatments:reduce stress, over the counter meds like anti-itch cream and omega 3's
(PSORASIS)-T-lymphacytes infiltrate the skin causing rapid motility of epidermal cells to the surface
*signs-red patches of skin covered in scales(plaque). Dry cracked skin with bleeding
*risks- genetics,HIV,stress,smoking,obesity
*treatment- symptomatic(toipical and oral meds, vitamin D,sunlight(small amounts),stress reduction

Front 14

3 common skin cancers compare and contrast

Back 14

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA *the most common skin cancer,rarely fatal,can cause tissue damage.
*signs- a white/waxy bump with blood vesels in it.(face)
*risks- fair skin,family history,male,immune supressing drugs
*treatment- surgery,freezing,laser,topical drugs(Tazorac-used for acne)
SQUAMUS CELL CARCINOMA
slow growing,from epidermis. Can matastisize,but rarely.Faster than Basel cell.
*signs- small redish bumps/patches,sore tht does not heal
*treatment- smae as Basal cell
MALIGNANT MELONOMA
*aggressive malignancy,2-4% of skin cancers but 99% deadly
New cases this year-60,000
Deaths- 8,000
*signs- mole that meets one or more of the ABCDE
*treatment:surgery, chemo,radiation

Front 15

a) functions of a skeltal system
b)skeletal system sub-divided
c)name them all

Back 15

A) 1.support-framework of the body
2.protection- protect structures within them
3.movement- muscles are anchored to bones
4.storage- for many inportant minerals.(calcium, iron, magniseum, and phospherous).
5.hemopoiesis- red bone marrow
B)and C) Axial skeleton:A.Skull=cranium,face, middle ear
*Cranium
-frontal
-parietal
-occipital
-temporal
-occipital temporal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
*Facial
-nasal
-maxilary
-zygomatic
-mandible
-lacrimal
-palatine
-inferior concha
-vomer
*Middle ear:
-Malleus
-Incus
-stapes
*Spinal column:
-servical spine=(c1-c7)C1=Atlas, C2=Axis
-Thoracic spine:(t1-t12)
-lumbar spine(L1-L5)
-sacrum
-coccyx
*Thorax:
-ribs:7 true ribs:3 false ribs,2 floating ribs
b.sternum
c.hyoid
*Apendicular skeleton
a.shoulder girdle:scapula and clavicle
b.humerous
c.radius
d.ulna
e.8 carpals-wrist(pisiform,tirquetral,hammate,capitate,trapazoid, trapeizum,scaphoid,lunnate)
f.5 metacarpals
*Lower extremity:
a.pelvic girdle-(ilium,ischium,pubic)
b.femur
c.tibia
d.fibula-small bone
e.7 tarsals
f.5 metatarsals
g.14 phalanges

Front 16

4 major tissue types and their sub-types

Back 16

*Epithelial
-simple squamus: alveoli of lung
-stratified squamus: skin
-simple columnar:lining of stomach;intestines(contains goblet cells that produce mucus)
-Transitional:areas of the body subject to stretching
-Psuedostratified:trachea
-Glandular:cuboidal, for the glands
a)Exocrine gland- into a duct(salvary gland)
b)endocrine gland-into the bloodstream(thyroid gland)
*Connective tissue
-Areolar:the most widely distributive of all conn. tissue types, gives shape to internal organs(matrix:soft/sticky)
-Adipose:Fat, large storage areas within cells.(matrix:soft/oily)
-Fibrous connective:very strong white collegen fibers, makes up the tendons and ligaments.(matrix:hard/leathery)
-Bone:highly special, support and protection, storage for minerals.(matrix:hard/light)
-Cartilage:strong, flexible types:
a)fibro-the hardest(spine discs)
b)hyaline-flexible (joints)
c)elastic-soft and supple(pinna of the ear)
-Blood:(unusual)contains WBC's(protective) and RBC's (transport), and platelets(clotting)
-Hemopoietic(blood producing):
formation of red & white blood cells.(matrix:soft/granular)(spleen,tonsils)
*MUscle tissue
-skeletal:(striated)the most abundant>voluntary>biceps brachii
-cardiac:heart muscle>involuntary
-smooth:(visceral)walls of blood vescels,gastrotintestional & respiratory tracts>invountary>movement of food though digestive tract AKA(peristalsis)
*Nervous tissue- communication of body structures and control of body functions (nerve cell=neuron)
-neuroglilla:holds neuros together, connective and supporting cells of th enervous system.