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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiratory system functions
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1. smell
2. voice 3. regulation of blood pH (C)2 levels) 4. gas exchange |
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nose
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cartilage bone
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nasal cavity
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have bumps that increase the SA to expose to mucous membranes (helps trap dirt and debris) and lubricate/moisturize the passageway
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pharynx
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throat, junctional passageway
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nasopharynx
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behind nasal cavity, air only
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oropharynx
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behind mouth, air and food
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sinuses (defin)
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air filled cavities, lined with mucous membranes
helps to lighten head and for resonance of voice |
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sinuses (4)
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1. maxillary
2. ethmoidal 3. frontal 4. sphenoidal |
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larynx
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made of cartilage
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epiglottis
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most superior piece of larynx, prevents choking
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vocal chords
2 kinds |
false
true |
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False vocal chords
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work with epiglottis to prevent choking (close)
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True vocal chords
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produce voice
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pitch
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tight= high tension
loose= low tension |
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loudness
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pressure of air forced on vocal chords
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Air pathway
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nasal OR oral cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → 1 bronchi → 2 bronchi → 3 bronchi → bronchiles → alveoli
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cartilage rings
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C shaped, around the trachea
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lungs
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contain bronchial tree
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respiratory diff. circulatory
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happens in the alveoli
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serous membranes 2
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visceral pleura and parietal pleura
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visceral pleura
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on the surface of the lung
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parietal pleura
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outer edge of pleural cavity
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pleural fluid
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for surface tension, found in pleural cavity
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inhalation
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movement of air, breathing in= ribs move up and out
increase size of lung, b/c of pleural fluid, when visceral pleura moves out, so does thoracic cavity when expanded, lower pressure air from outside outside under higher pressure moves in |
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Exhalation
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recoil of sk mm alveoli
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surfactant
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soapy substance that decreases surface tention inside alveoli so they can pop open
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Respiratory cycle
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1 inhalation
1 exhalation |
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Spirometry
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measure and study of volumes and capacities
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Spirograph
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graph related to volumes and capacities
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4 volumes
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1. tidal volume
2. inspiratory reserve volume 3. expiratory reserve volume 4. residual |
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capacities 2
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1. vital capacity
2. total lung capacity |
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vital capacity
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vital to life, inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + tidal volume (VT) + Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)
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Total lung capacity
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vital capacity + residual
IRV + VT + ERV + RV |
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Gas exchange
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takes place in the capillaries and alveoli
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Internal respiration
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inside body
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External respiration
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lungs, air from the outside
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Respiratory membrane
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very thin, assist with gas exchange
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Digestive system functions (4)
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1. ingestion
2. digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination |
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Ingestion
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taking food in
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digestion
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mechanical: movement involved
chemical: chemical involved |
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absorption
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communication between digestive and circulatory systems
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elimination
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eliminating waste (defecation)
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Histology (4 layers)
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1. mucosa: touches food, inntermost layer
2. submucosa: 2 layer 3. muscularis: 3 layer, smooth mm 4. serosa: 4 layer, serous membrane |
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Serosa
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aka visceral peritoneum, covers organs
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parietal peritoneum
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lining abdominal cavity
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mastication
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chewing
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oral cavity
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site of ingestion and chemical digestion
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teeth
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primary: 20 (children)
secondary: 32 (adults) help with mechanical digestion |
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salivary glands
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contain saliva, contain enzymes (amylase: helps with breakdown of starch for chemical digestion)
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Salivary glands contain...
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saliva, amylase, water, mucus, electrolytes
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parotid salivary gland
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largest gland
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sublingual gland
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below tongue
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submandibular
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below mandible
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pharynx
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junctional passageway, carries air and food
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oropharynx
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receive food
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nasopharynx
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should not carry food
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laryngopharynx
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briefly carries food
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deglutition
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swallowing
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3 phases of deglutition
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1. voluntary
2. pharyngeal 3. esophageal |
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voluntary (food)
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under conscious control, chew food, tongue pushes it back to oral cavity
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pharyngeal
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pushes food to esophagus, involuntary, bolus passes through oropharynx, uvula flips up to keep out of nose, epiglotis flips up to keep out of lungs
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esophageal
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peristalsis: alternating wavelike contractions, mechanical to help propel food
1. innercircular: around 2. outerlongitudinal: lengthwise, "gathers" |
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Lower esophageal sphincter
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ringlike structure to prevent backflow. After esophagus, above stomach
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stomach- 4 main regions
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1. cardiac- where food first arrives
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rugae
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waves in cardiac area that increase surface area, allow for expansion
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fundic region
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lateral to cardiac
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body
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largest part
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pyloric
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end, meets sm. intestine
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mechanical (2 parts)
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1. peristalsis
2. mixinc- done by oblique layer |
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pepsin
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enzyme, breaks down proteins into amino acids, produced as an inactive substance (pepsinogin), mush be activated
pepsinogin → HCl → pepsin |
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Cells in stomach
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rugae have gastric pits with gastric glands where pepsinogin and HCl are produced
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Gastric glands
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1. chief cells: produce pepsinogin
2. parietal cells- produce HCl |
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HCl
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Hydrochloric acid
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Liver and pancreas
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exocrine, produces digestive enzymes (pancreatic enzymes),
accessory structures, helps with digestion |
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Gallbladder
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stores bile (for lipid digestion) goes to small intestine
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Bile and pancreatic enzymes
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introduced into sm. intestine to break down food further, balance pH for best digestion
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