Anatomy Final

Front 1

3 Functions of respiration

Back 1

1. gas exchange (intake O2, eliminate CO2)
2. regulates blood pH
3. site of receptor cells for sense of smell and filters air and production and propagation of sounds

Front 2

septum

Back 2

part that divides the nasal cavity, made of bone and cartilage

Front 3

nasal conchae

Back 3

3 lateral projections from septum to increase surface area, aides in olfaction, warm air and remove particles during inhalation

Front 4

paranasal sinuses

Back 4

reduce weight in skull, extend from the nasal cavity into the surrounding bones. Also changes voice tone. There are four: ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary. Mucosa lining in these cavities also warm air and move particles. These cavities are vulnerable to infection and sinus problems.

Front 5

pharynx

Back 5

region between the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx and esophagus. Made up of the auditory tube, tonsils, and pharyngeal plexus.

Front 6

auditory tube

Back 6

connects posterior nasal cavity with middle ear cavity. Equalizes pressure across the tympanic membrane.

Front 7

pharyngeal, palatine and lingual tonsils.

Back 7

glandular lymphoid tissues. they are important in immune responses to foreign bodies.

Front 8

pharyngeal plexus

Back 8

innervates most pharyngeal muscles. Includes CN IX, X, XI, and superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.

Front 9

Larynx

Back 9

consists of 9 cartilages including : epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, tracheal cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, etc.

Front 10

epiglottis

Back 10

folds down to direct food into the esophagus

Front 11

thyroid cartilage

Back 11

provides attachment for vocal cords

Front 12

cricoid cartilage

Back 12

between thyroid cartilage and trachea

Front 13

cricothyroid membrane

Back 13

(ligament), a distinct surface landmark just inferior to the position of the vocal cords that anchor on the interior side of the anterior thyroid cartilage.

Front 14

tracheal rings

Back 14

below larynx, help hold the trachea open when intra-tracheal pressure drops during the inhalation stage of normal breathing. they are necessary to support windpipe.

Front 15

phonation

Back 15

when muscles alter the position of the laryngeal cartilages-arytenoid cart. affect tension on vocal cords=for higher pitch sounds. innervated by superior and recurrent laryngeal nn. (branches of vagus N. CNX) at puberty the vocal cords become thicker and longer-->vibrate more slowly and result in lower pitch sounds

Front 16

trachea

Back 16

tubular pipe extending from larynx to its bifurcation in the thoracic cavity, supported by c-shaped rings

Front 17

tracheal rings are made up of...

Back 17

-hyaline cartilage,
-posterior gap is bridged by smooth muscle.
-ciliated columnar epthelium helps move dust particles collected in the mucous secretions of the windpipe.

Front 18

tracheotomy

Back 18

when muscle spasms close space between vocal cords temporarily, put a hole through the anterior thorat between tracheal rings to reestablish air flow. These are necessary also during certain surgical procedures.

Front 19

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Back 19

contraction opens vocal folds

Front 20

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

Back 20

contraction closes folds

Front 21

laryngitis

Back 21

inflammation of the vocal folds causing hoarseness

Front 22

larygeal cancer

Back 22

almost exclusive found in smokers and tobacco chewers

Front 23

respiratory membranes
simple cuboidal epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Back 23

lining of alveolar duct
lining of nasal cavity
lining of pulmonary alveoli
lining of upper respiratory tract

Front 24

carina

Back 24

point where trachea divides into two primary bronchi.
particularly sensitive to contact and can trigger cough reflexes.

Front 25

primary bronchi

Back 25

branch off trachea and have different orientations.

Front 26

right bronchus

Back 26

descends more in line with the trachea so that accidentally swallowed object tend to lodge in it

Front 27

bronchial tree

Back 27

branches from the trachea and ends as the terminal bronchioles and represents the organization of conducting system within the lungs.

Front 28

branching of bronchial tree

Back 28

trachea--primary bronchi--secondary bronchi--tertiary bronchi--bronchioles--terminal bronchioles

Front 29

level at which cartilage rings have disappeared and replaced by smooth muscle and non-ciliated, cuboidal epithelium has replaced the ciliated epithelium which causes the macrophages to have the primary responsibility for removing particles that get this far into the lungs

Back 29

level of terminal bronchioles

Front 30

terminal bronchioles end at respiratory bronchioles which end at...

Back 30

alveolar sacs and alveoli

Front 31

alveoli

Back 31

sites of gas exchange,
development is initiated at around embryonic week 24; surfactant molecules critical for gas-diffusion develop late and their absense is a major threat for premature infant survival

Front 32

alveolar capillary membrane

Back 32

thickness is only 1/16 diameter of RBC, allows for rapid diffusion of gases. 300 mil. alveoli provide a SA of 70m2 per lung

Front 33

functions of lymphatic system

Back 33

reabsorb and transport extracellular fluids and foreign agent back to the blood system. help drain inhaled pollutants not picked up by membrane cilia. also a route for cancer metastasis.

Front 34

metaplasia

Back 34

stressed epithelial cells convert from a columnar organization to a stratified organization. it is reversible up until the final step to anaplasia

Front 35

anaplasia

Back 35

irreversible and tissue cells become tumor cells.

Front 36

metastasis

Back 36

real danger potential of most lung tumors

Front 37

chronic bronchitis

Back 37

air passages narrow due to inflammation, swelling of tissues and excess mucos production, obstructing air flow into and out of lung alveoli

Front 38

asthma

Back 38

fluid buildup(edema) in respiratory mucosa, excess mucous production and episodic muscle spasms contributing to airway obstruction.

Front 39

emphysema

Back 39

accumulative damage to lunch connective tissue and rupture of alveolar walls, resulting in larger but fewer alveoli. larger alveoli leads to a net loss of alveolar SA leading to decreased gas diffusion and loss of lung function. it is accumulative and irreversible.

Front 40

fluid between pleura

Back 40

viscous and allows lungs to slide easily during inspiration and expiration. it cannot compress or stretch, prevents irritation from rubbing of two layers

Front 41

pleural cavity is line by...

Back 41

parietal pleura(chest wall) and visceral pleura (lining of lung)

Front 42

function of fluid in pleral cavity

Back 42

allows lungs to slide easily during expiration and inspiration.

Front 43

what happens to pressure and volume in inspiration?

Back 43

increase volume and decrease pressure
lungs expand to "fill the vacuum", expanding alveoli cause a decrease in pressure to draw air from the environment where pressure is greater

Front 44

what happens to pressure and volume during expiration?

Back 44

decrease volume and increase pressure
no force is "pulling" on the lung tissue and the elastic fibers of the lung are able to shorten exerting a force on the alveoli, pressure in the alveoli increases and air is forced out.

Front 45

during inspiration, thoracic volume increases in what 3 dimensions?

Back 45

vertical(superoinferior), anteroposterior, and transverse (lateral)

Front 46

pneumothorax

Back 46

air in the thoracic cavity due to puncture or disruption of chest wall

Front 47

thoracocentesis

Back 47

hypodermic needle can be inserted through an intercostal space into the pleural cavity to sample fluids or remove pleural blood, pus, or air. Used to check for infection or to remove fluid accumulation.

Front 48

muscles involved in respiration (quiet breathing)

Back 48

*intercostals--all external intercostals and part of internals) increase a-p dimension of thoracic cavity
*diaphragm--increase superoinferior dimension of thoracic cavity

Front 49

muscles involved in forceful respiration (inhalation)

Back 49

*sternocleidomastoid--innervated by CN XI and cervical spinal nerves, elevates clavicle and sternum, rotates head to opposite side
*scalene muscles--innervated by cervical spinal nerves, elevate first and second ribs
*pectoralis major and minor--innervated by pectoral nerves from medial and lateral cords, exert outward force on the ribs
*trapezius-elevates shoulders

Front 50

muscles of forcefull respiration (expiration)

Back 50

*internal intercostals, ext./int. abdominal obliques, transversus and rectus abdominis--innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 51

pneumothorax

Back 51

air in the thoracic cavity due to puncture or disruption of chest wall

Front 52

thoracocentesis

Back 52

hypodermic needle can be inserted through an intercostal space into the pleural cavity to sample fluids or remove pleural blood, pus, or air. Used to check for infection or to remove fluid accumulation.

Front 53

muscles involved in respiration (quiet breathing)

Back 53

*intercostals--all external intercostals and part of internals) increase a-p dimension of thoracic cavity
*diaphragm--increase superoinferior dimension of thoracic cavity

Front 54

muscles involved in forceful respiration (inhalation)

Back 54

*sternocleidomastoid--innervated by CN XI and cervical spinal nerves, elevates clavicle and sternum, rotates head to opposite side
*scalene muscles--innervated by cervical spinal nerves, elevate first and second ribs
*pectoralis major and minor--innervated by pectoral nerves from medial and lateral cords, exert outward force on the ribs
*trapezius-elevates shoulders

Front 55

muscles of forcefull respiration (expiration)

Back 55

*internal intercostals, ext./int. abdominal obliques, transversus and rectus abdominis--innervated by thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

Front 56

Dilation of bronchioles is via the ___________
Constriction of bronchioles is via the _____________

Back 56

autonomic Sympathetic
autonomic parasympatheic
DAS, CAP

Front 57

Dorsal respiratory group controls what muscles?
Ventral respiratory group controls what muscles?

Back 57

inspiration
expiration
DIR, VER

Front 58

Digestive processes

Back 58

Ingestion-->digestion-->propulsion-->absorption-->defecation

Front 59

propulsion begins ______________

Back 59

in the oral pharynx

Front 60

most absorption takes place

Back 60

in the duodenum, but some is in stomach

Front 61

3 types of salivary glands

Back 61

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

Front 62

function of saliva

Back 62

cleans teeth, enzymes digest starches, lubrication of food for swallowing

Front 63

mumps

Back 63

infection and inflammation of parotid gland

Front 64

palate

Back 64

forms the roof of the mouth, separating oral from nasal cavities

Front 65

hard palate

Back 65

maxillae and palatine bones

Front 66

soft palate (=uvola)

Back 66

closes off nasal cavities during swallowing

Front 67

where does tongue attach

Back 67

mandible, hyoid, styloid process and palate

Front 68

tongue papillae

Back 68

sensitive to touch, temperature, pain (CN V)and receptors for taste (CN VII, IX, X)

Front 69

esophagus

Back 69

muscular tube made up of a combination of skeletal and smooth muscle. connects the oropharynx and pharynx to the stomach

Front 70

dysphagia

Back 70

dysfunction of the swallowing mechanism. (1 of every 17 people develop some form), it is not common and could be muscles or neurological fxn

Front 71

cardiac sphincter

Back 71

-prevents stomach contents from entering the esophagus
-not fully functional in babies(causes spit up)

Front 72

esophageal reflux

Back 72

weakening of sphincter, acids move into esophagus, can be dangerous when damages extensive esophageal venus plexus (reflux esophagitis-thickening in tissue) can cause ulcers

Front 73

development of the gut

Back 73

1. primary intestinal loop forms
2. herniation of loop, 90* counterclockwise rotation
3. retraction of the intestines back into abdominal cavity, 180* counterclockwise rotation