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223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a tissue
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a group of cells that work together
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What is an organ
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a group of tissues that work together
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what is a system
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a group of organs that work together
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what are the characteristics of life
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movement, responsiveness, food, water, and heat
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anabolic reaction
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builds up molecules
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what happens in positive feedback
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the reaction is increased to fix the homeostasis
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what happens in negative feedback
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an opposite reaciton is engaged to fix homeostasis
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waht is a cataoblic reactions
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breaks down large molecukes
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your thumb is ___ to your finger
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proximal
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your hand is __ to your elbow
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distal
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what organs are in the upper right quadrant?
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spleen, intestines, part of liver
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what organs are in the upper left quadrant?
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intestines, liver, gallbladder, stomach
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what organs are in the lower right quadrant
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intestines, rectum, anus, urinary bladder, urethra
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what cavity are your lungs in
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pleural thoracic
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what is coronal cut
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fivides person into front/back halves
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transverse cut
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divides peron into top/bottom halves
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midsaggital
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along midline, R/L halves
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what is the hob of the integumentary system?
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tissue protection, temperature regulation
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what is the job og the endocrine system
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control hormones
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what is the job of the lymphatic system?
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bring extracellular fluid back to bloodstream
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what is the job of urinary system
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get rid of excess fluids and other bad things
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what are trace elements in your body?
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Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Fluorine (F) Iodine (I), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (zn)
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what are the major elements in body
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oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, soduim, magnesium
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how many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell
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4
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how many electrons does nitrogen have in its valence shell
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5
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how many electrons does oxygen have in its outer shell
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6
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what is the atomic number of oxygen
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8
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atomic number of nitrogen
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7
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atomic number of hydrogen
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1
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atomic number of carbon
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6
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what happens in an ionic bond
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one atom gives an electron to another atom, making 2 oppositely charged ions that attract eachother
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what happens in covalent bond
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2 atoms share electrons
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what attrubute does water have that accounts for its unique characteristics
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adhesion (sticks to other things) cohesion (sticks to itself)
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how many atoms of hydrogen does glucose have
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12
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how many atoms of oxygen does glucose have
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6
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how many atoms of carbon does glucose have
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6
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when you hadd hydrogen ions to a solution, ohat happens to the pH
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it drops, making solution more acidic
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what is an inorganic compound we need to live
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water, CO2
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what are some examples of carbohydrates
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glucose, sucrose, glycogen, starch
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what are some examples of lipids
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fats, oils, phospholipid membranes
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waht are some examples of protein
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enzymes or muscle tissue
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examples of nucleic acids
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DNA, RNA
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momomers of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides
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what are the monomers of nucleic acids
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nucleotides
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what form of energy does you cells use
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ATP
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what happens in an ionic bond
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one atom gives an electron to another atom, making 2 oppositely charged ions that attract eachother
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what happens in covalent bond
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2 atoms share electrons
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what attrubute does water have that accounts for its unique characteristics
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adhesion (sticks to other things) cohesion (sticks to itself)
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how many atoms of hydrogen does glucose have
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12
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how many atoms of oxygen does glucose have
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6
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how many atoms of carbon does glucose have
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6
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when you hadd hydrogen ions to a solution, ohat happens to the pH
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it drops, making solution more acidic
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what is an inorganic compound we need to live
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water, CO2
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what are some examples of carbohydrates
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glucose, sucrose, glycogen, starch
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what are some examples of lipids
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fats, oils, phospholipid membranes
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waht are some examples of protein
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enzymes or muscle tissue
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examples of nucleic acids
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DNA, RNA
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momomers of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides
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what are the monomers of nucleic acids
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nucleotides
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what form of energy does you cells use
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ATP
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what can help reactions take place while not being affected by the reaction
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enzymes
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in a cell membrane, what parts of your phospholipids are facing out
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the heads
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what are the 3 steps of cellular respiration
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glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation
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what is the only molecule your cells can use to extract energy
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ATP
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what is the job of golgi apparatus
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package protiens and stuff to be exported from the cell
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what is the job of the ribosome
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to make proteins from amino acids
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what is the job of the rough ER
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make and transport proteins for export
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what is the job of a lysosome
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break down excess organic substances in cell
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what is the job of a peroxisome
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make and break down hydrogen peroxide
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what is the job of a mitochondion
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cellular respiration
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what is the job of the centrosome
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seperate copied chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis
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what is the job of the smooth ER
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transport proteins through cell
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what happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
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water rushes out of cell
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what happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution
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water rushes into cell
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what heppens wehn a cell is placed in an isotonic solution
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no water goes in or out. cell doesnt inflate or deflate
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a human cell prefers to be placed in what kind of solution
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isotonic
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what id facilitated diffusion
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moving of particles across cell membrane along concentration gradient with the help of a protein
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what is active transport
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moving stuff across cell membrane against gradient with help of protein
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what is diffusion
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moving stuff across cell membrane against gradient with no protein help
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what phase of the cell cycle is DNA copied
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S phase of prophase
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what happens during metaphase
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chromosomes line up on cell midline
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what happens during anamphase
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chromosomes pull apart
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what happens during prophase
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normal cell activities, DNA copied
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what is the end result of meiosis
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4 haploid cells
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what is the end result of mitosis
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2 identical diploid cells
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what is meiosis in females called
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OO genesis
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what is transcription
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converting DNA to mRNA
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what is translation
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converting information on mRNA into proteins
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what does simple squamous epithelial tissue look like
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1 layer of flat cells
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what does simple cuboidal tissue look like
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1 layer of cube shaped cells
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what does simple columnar tissue look like
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1 layer of column shaped cells
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what does skeletal muscle tissue look like
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striated multinucleated
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what does cardiac muscle tissue look like
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striated single nuclei in cells
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what does smooth muscle tussie look like
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no striations, single nuclei
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what does a neuron look like
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a long thin cell with projections at either end
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what kind of tussie is casually referred to as a "fat"
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adipose tissue
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what makes bones hard
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calcium
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what kind of tissue is present in the bladder
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transitional epithelium
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what kind of connective tissue is able to go through phagocytosis
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white blood cells
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what is the outermost layer of the skin
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stratum corneum
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what chemical in your skin makes you tan
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melanin
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what are the functions of the skeletal system
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body support, blood cell production
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where does growth of long bones occur
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at the epiphyseal disks
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what kind of bone is the vertebrae
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irregular
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what are the characteristics of long bones
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longer than the area of the cross section, expanded ends
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what are the characteristics of irregular bones
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anything that doesn't fit into the other catagories
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what are the characteristics of short bones
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about as wide as they are long
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what are the characteristics of the etc. bones
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round-like the patella in knee, flat like in skull bones
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what is the hole of the bone your blood enters to give the bone nutrients
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nutrient foramen
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what is the joint between the two bones of the skull
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suture
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what motion would be created by the raising of sholders
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elevation
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what is the motion plantar flexion
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pointing your toe
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what is the motion extension
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extending the joing to its longes point
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what is the motion supination
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turning your palms upward
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what is the motion pronation
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turning palms down
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what is the function of the muscular system
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movement heat production
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what is excitability
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ability to be exited (stimulated) into doing an action by a stimulus
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what is extensibility
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ability to be extended
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what is contractility
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ability to contract
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what is elasticity
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ability to stretch
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what kind of muscle is founf in the intestinal system
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smooth muscle
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what are the 2 protiens that cause your muscle cells to contract
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actin and myosin
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what gives your muscles more dexterity
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more motor units
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what is the prime mover
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the muscle that is maily responisble for a motion, if more than 1 muscle is being used
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what are synergistic muscles
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muscles that work together
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what are antagonistic muscles
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muscles that work opposite eachothet
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what kind of lever is in your neck
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3rd class
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what is your bum muscle called
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gluteus mazimus
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what muscle is used to close the eye
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orbicularis oculi
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what muscle is used to scowl
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corrugator
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what muscle is casually referred to as the 6 pack
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rectus abdominis
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what are the 4 quad muscles
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rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermeduis
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what is your calf muscle called
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gastrocnemius
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which part of the neuron recieves the message
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dendrites
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what is a bipolar neuron
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a neuron with 2 projections form the cell body (soma): 1 axon and 1 dendrite
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what is a unipolar neuron
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soma has 1 projection that has both axon and dendrite in it
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what is a multipolar neuron
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more than one dendrite, 1 axon
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what cells from the myelin sheath around the axon
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schwann cells
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what is the charge of a neuron at rest
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70 millivolts
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what does the all or nothing response of a neuron mean
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it either sends the signal, or it doesn't
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what does action potential mean
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the electrical charge sequenct when a neuron is stimulated
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what does salutatory conduction mean
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type of nervous impulse that seems to jump between neurons
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what will cause a neuron to fire
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a stimulus/ neurotransmitter
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what is an IPSP
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Na+ (sodium ions) diffuse out of a neuron
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what is EPSP
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Na+ (sodium ions) duffuse into neuron
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what are the neurons in the brain and spinal chord called
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interneurons
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what is a knee jerk reflex
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pressure is applied to the nerve which sends a signal to the spinal chord, which returns a signal without going to brain to move muscle
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what is a simple reflex
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sensory receptor activated, signal goes to/from spinal chord w/o going to brain. (when you touch a hot stove and your arm retracts)
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what nerve is responsible for smell
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olfactory
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what nerve is responsible for sight
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optical
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what are the 3 layers covering the brain
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pia mater, arachnnoid mater, sura mater
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what is the color of a myelinated nerve
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white
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what is the color of an unmyelinated nerve
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gray
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where is the parietal love
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back top og brain
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where is the temporal lobe
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side bottom of the brain
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where is teh occipital lobe
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very back of brain
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where is teh frontal lobe
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front behind forehead
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what allows communication between the two halves of your brain
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corpus allosum
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what part of the brain controls your heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
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medulla oblongata
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how does teh left lung differ from the right
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L lung has 2 lobes, R has 3 because heart points toward left side of body
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what keeps the laveoli of the lungs open
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air pressure within the alveoli
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what happens when your diaphragm contracts
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you inhale
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what heppens when your diaphram relaxes
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you exhale
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what is the vital capacity
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max possible exhalation after deepest inhilation possible
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what is tidal volume
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volume of air per normal, relaxed breath
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what is inspiratory reserve
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max possible forced inhalation after tidal volume
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what is complicance
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cooperation with other body systems
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what vessels carry blood away from the heart
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arteries
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what vessels carry blood to the heart
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veins
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what chamber of ther heart pumps blood into the aorta
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L. ventricle
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what chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries
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R. Ventricle
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what vessels take blood to the heart from the lungs
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pulmonary veins
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what vessels supply the heart with blood
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coronary arteries
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what is the major artery that goes up the neck
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carotid artery
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what is they name of the artery on the thumb side of your forearm
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radial artery
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what is teh name of the artery on the pinky side of your forearm
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ulnar artery
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what is hydrostatic pressure
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pressure exerted by fluids in blood vessels
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what is osmotic pressure
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pressure needed to stop osmosis
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what are the components of blood
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red and white blood cells, plasma
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what kind of blood can a person with O blood take
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O bloid
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what kind of blood can a person with A blood take
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A or O blood
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What kind of blood can a person with B blood take
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B or O blood
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what kind of blood can a person with AB blood take
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A, B, AB, or O blood
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what kind of antibodies are in O blood
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none
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what kind of antibodies are in A blood
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b
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what kind of antibodies are in B blood
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a
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what kind of antibodies are in AB blood
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none
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where does inplantation of the zygote occur
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uterus wall, at the end of the first week of pregnancy
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what develops from the endoderm layer
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digestive and respiratory tract lining, urinary bladder lining and urethra
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what develops from the ectoderm layer
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nervous system, integumentary system, lining of mouth and anus
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what develops from the mesoderm layer
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muscle, bones, blood vessels, connective tissues, internal reproductive organs
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what is the hole that all newborns have between their 2 atria called
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foramen ovale
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how many lunar months is a woman pregnant for
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10
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what is the process of growing old called
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senesence
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where are photoreceptors found
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in the retina of the eye
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what is the gland that secretes its chemical into the blood stream
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endocrine gland
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what hormone that removes sugar from the blood is by the pancreas
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insulin
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what is the job of TSH
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stimulates thyroid gland to release hormones
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what is the job of insulin
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remove glucose form blood
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what is the job of glucagons
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tell liver to break down glycogen into glucose to add to the blood
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what kind of antibodies are in B blood
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a
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what kind of antibodies are in AB blood
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none
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where does inplantation of the zygote occur
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uterus wall, at the end of the first week of pregnancy
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what develops from the endoderm layer
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digestive and respiratory tract lining, urinary bladder lining and urethra
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what develops from the ectoderm layer
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nervous system, integumentary system, lining of mouth and anus
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what develops from the mesoderm layer
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muscle, bones, blood vessels, connective tissues, internal reproductive organs
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what is the hole that all newborns have between their 2 atria called
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foramen ovale
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how many lunar months is a woman pregnant for
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10
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what is the process of growing old called
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senesence
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where are photoreceptors found
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in the retina of the eye
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what is the gland that secretes its chemical into the blood stream
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endocrine gland
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what hormone that removes sugar from the blood is by the pancreas
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insulin
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what is the job of TSH
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stimulates thyroid gland to release hormones
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what is the job of insulin
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remove glucose form blood
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what is the job of glucagons
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tell liver to break down glycogen into glucose to add to the blood
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what is the job of glucagons
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tell liver to break down glycogen into glucose to add to the blood
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what is the job of testosterone
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mature male reproductive organs
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what is the job of estrogen
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mature female reproductive organs
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what is the job of ADH
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causes kidney nephrons to retain water
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what is the name of the master gland
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pituitary gland
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what is an acute pain
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immediate pain with a short duration
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what is a chronic pain
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continuous pain over a long period of time, like 2 or 3 months
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what is the function of the cochlea
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sense of hearing
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