Anatomy Final

Front 1

Prolactin

Back 1

Hypothalamus releases PRH/PIH, stimulates ant. pit to release PRL

Front 2

T3 and T4

Back 2

Hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), stimulates ant. pit to release TSH/Thyrotropin, which stimulates Thyroid to release T3/T4

Front 3

Growth Hormone

Back 3

Hypothalamus releases GHRH/GHIH, stimulates ant. pit to release GH to body

Front 4

Follicle Stimulating Hormone/Luteinizing Hormone

Back 4

Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone, stimulates ant. pit to release FSH/LH.

Front 5

Corticosteroids

Back 5

Hypothalamus releases Corticotropin releasing hormone, stimulates ant. pit to release ACTH/Corticotropin, stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

Front 6

Too low a level of corticosteroids:

Back 6

Addisons disease

Front 7

Too high a level of corticosteroids:

Back 7

Cushings disease

Front 8

Stressors:

Back 8

Anything that disrupts/disturbs body function, that can mess up homeostasis.

Front 9

General Adaptation Syndrome:

Back 9

a variety of stressors that elicit a similar sequence of body changes.

Front 10

3 stages of General Adap Synd:

Back 10

1. Fight or Flight (epi/norep, neural)
2.Resistance reaction initiated hormonally by corticoids
3. exhaustion: can lead to muscle deterioration, very unhealthy

Front 11

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia:

Back 11

Decrease in cortisol causes increase in Corticotropin releasing hormone, which causes increase in ACTH, CAUSES enlarged adrenal glands

Front 12

High blood sugar:

Back 12

Promotes insulin release from pancreas, which stimulates glucose uptake from blood and stimulates glycogen formation in liver, lowering blood sugar

Front 13

Low blood sugar:

Back 13

tells pancreas to promote glucagon release, glucagon goes to liver and stimulates glycogen breakdown, raising blood sugar

Front 14

Regulation of Heart rate is normally controlled by Parasympathetic ANS. The Cardioinhibitory center which slows the heart rate down. Innervates into both SA and AV nodes. Controlled by the vagus nerve. ACH is involved.

Back 14

Sympathetic ANS takes over when needed: Controls the Cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata. It innervates both nodes and the cardiac muscle. Has no neurotransmitter.

Front 15

Bainbridge reflex is there to make sure BP doesn't drop too low.

Back 15

Endocrine Reg: Epi-fight/flight comes from chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla.
Thyroxin causes a gradual but longer lasting increase in HR/BP/etc

Front 16

exercise can increase End Diastolic Volume of the heart, thus increasing stroke volume and increaseing cardiac output which is = to Stroke volume x heart rate

Back 16

The biggest drop in blood pressure throughout the various blood vessels in the body occurs in the arterioles.

Front 17

Functions of the Lymph System:

Back 17

1. Transport immune cells
2. Fluid balance (blood level)
3. Fat absorption

Front 18

Lympatic Vessels Collect:

Back 18

1: Fluid
2. Cells
3. Waste
4. Proteins
5. Fats

Front 19

Three main regions of lymphoid tissue are:

Back 19

1. Cervical
2. Inguinal
3. Axillary

Front 20

Function of lymphoid tissue is to provide a filtering area for lymph.

Back 20

This is where many invaders are destroyed. There are more afferent then efferent vessels. Bottle neck effect!

Front 21

The innate and adaptive defense systems are two independent yet cooperative systems our body uses to protect us

Back 21

Innate defenses are non-specific. There is two innate defenses, surface barriers such as skin and mucous membrance. Then there is internal defenses like phagocytes.

Front 22

Natural killer cells:

Back 22

Are part of the internal defenses. They are lymphocytes that are non-specific. They don't require activation, they release perforins, and enhance the inflammatory response.

Front 23

T and B lymphocytes both are produced in the red bone marrow. To develop immunocompetence the T cells migrate to thymus and the B cells stay in the red bone marrow.

Back 23

They are immunocompetent but still naive until they encounter their antigen. Once activated they circulate the bloodstream and lymph in search of pathogens

Front 24

Acquired immunity in 4 ways:

Back 24

Naturally Active: Acquired through the environment via an infection or some other contact with the pathogen

Front 25

Natural passive: Through mothers breastmilk, or through the placenta before child birth

Back 25

Artificial Active: Given a vaccine, dead or very weak strand of pathogen so body produces memory B cells against pathogen.

Front 26

Artificial passive would be an injection of some kind of immune serum:

Back 26

When you need the anti-bodies immediately: Example, a snake bite. Your body didnt make the anti-Bodies so theres no memory cells, but it gets Anti-B in there quick to save your life.

Front 27

parietal pleura is the outer layer of lining around the lungs

Back 27

visceral pleure is the inner layer of lining around the lungs

Front 28

And the pleural space is between the visceral and pleural layers and filled with fluid that lubricates. This keeps friction to a minimum

Back 28

Pleurisy is inflammation of pleural space.

Front 29

Functions of the Tongue:

Back 29

1. gripping/repositioning of food
2. mixed food with saliva
3. initiates swallowing/speech

Front 30

Papillae:

Back 30

Involved with gripping/repositioning food, and is the location of taste buds.

Front 31

The intrinsic muscle of the tongue change the shape of it.

Back 31

The extrinsic muscles of the tongue movie it around

Front 32

sight and/or thought of food stimulate the cerebral cortex, which stimulates the hypothal and medulla oblongata, which relays the message to the vagus nerve to increase stomach secretory activity.

Back 32

Stimulation of taste/smell receptors cause the hypothal and medulla oblongata to relay the message to the vagus nerve to increase secretory activity

Front 33

Stomach distension activates stretch receptors to make room in stomach for food. The vagovagal reflex stim medulla which stim vagus nerve to distend the stomach

Back 33

Food chemicals and rising pH in stomach activate chemoreceptors, which release G cells, which cause gastrin to release into blood stream.

Front 34

the presence of low pH, partially digested foods, or fats, or hypertonic solution in duodenum when stomach begins to empty.

Back 34

As peristalsis forces the chyme into the duodenum, the enterogastric reflex is stimulated, thus decr. gastric juice release

Front 35

As chyme enters duodenum, CHO's and Protein are only partially digested, and fat digestion has yet to take place.

Back 35

The chyme is hypertonic and has a low pH. All nutrient absorption takes place in S.I. Electrolytes are actively absorbed; Na paired with glucose. Water is obsorbed by osmosis and always follows solutes.

Front 36

Segmentation is the most common motion of the S.I. It is initiated by intrinsic pace makers. Moves contents toward ileocecal valve while mixing contents.

Back 36

Peristalsis then takes place after nutrients have been absorbed. Meal remnants, bacteria, mucosal cells, and debris are then moved to large intestine.

Front 37

By the 3rd week of development we have a complete digestive system. At 8 weeks our accessory organs are being developed.

Back 37

The GI tract in fetus's are stimulated by swallowing amniotic fluid(your own piss)

Front 38

At birth feeding is the most important baby activity to do.

Back 38

In old age, taste leaves, effectiveness and absorption go down, and loss of motility in the GI tract.

Front 39

Phospholipids:

Back 39

Are a component of myelin sheaths and cell membranes.

Front 40

The liver synthesizes lypoproteins for transport of cholesterol and fats.

Back 40

Liver makes tissue factor (clotting factor).
It synthesizes cholesterol and then uses it to form bile salts.

Front 41

Certain endocrine organs use cholesterol for:

Back 41

forming steroid hormones

Front 42

Cholesterol is important for bile salts, plasma membranes, Vitamin D use, and steroid Hormones.

Back 42

HDL's move cholesterol toward liver and LDL's move it toward peripheral tissues.

Front 43

The brain stores no fuel and its preferred fuel is glucose.

Back 43

Resting skeletal muscle stores glycogen and its preferred fuel is fatty acids.

Front 44

Active skeletal muscle doesn't store fuel and prefers to run on glucose

Back 44

Heart muscle doesn't store fuel and prefers to run on fatty acids

Front 45

Adipose tissue stores triglycerides and prefers to run on fatty acids

Back 45

The liver stores glycogen and triglycerides and will run on ANYTHING!

Front 46

Primary Renal Functions are:

Back 46

1. filters 200 L blood/day
2, regulate volume and chem of blood
3. remove toxins, metabolic waste, and excess ions.
4. Maintain proper water, pH, and salt balances.

Front 47

Secondary Renal Functions Include:

Back 47

1. Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting.
2. Produces Renin which regulates BP.
3. Produces erythropoietin
4. Activates Vitamin D

Front 48

Factors Governing GFR:

Back 48

1. Net filtration P
2. Surface Area of filter
3. Permeability of the filter

Front 49

If the GFR is too high then it holds onto more filtrate

Back 49

If the GFR is too low then it dumps more.

Front 50

Body water content varies depending on age, body mass, gender, and body fat.

Back 50

In infants, body fat and bone mass are low and the % water is high ~73%

Front 51

40% of body weight in ICF
20% of body weight in ECF

Back 51

..

Front 52

dehydration deal with excessive loss of water from ECF; so the ECF osmotic pressure rises, and cells shrink

Back 52

Hypotonic hydration/water intoxication: Na levels stay the same but become diluted by excess water moving into cells so quickly. This causes cell swelling and interferes with neurons.