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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The lymphatic system is composed of what two things?
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1) lymphatic vessels
2) lymphoid tissues and organs |
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What is the role of lymphatic vessels?
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- to transport fluid that has escaped from the circulatory system back to the blood
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What is the role of lymphoid tissues and organs?
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- that have phagocytic cells and lymphocytes (which play an active role in immunity)
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What places do lymphatic vessels not exist that blood capillaries do?
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- teeth
- bones - bone marrow - CNS |
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What 4 things help to make lymphatic vessels very permeable?
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- endothelial cells
- proteins that enter through valves - that fact that cellular debris, pathogens, and cancer cells can enter lymph circulation - lacteals in the mucosa of intestines |
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Where do lymphatic capillaries normally empty back into venous return at?
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- internal jugular veins
- subclavian veins |
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What ways does the body maintain lymph transport?
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- active skeletal muscles
- pulsation of nearby arteries - smooth muscle contraction in the walls of larger lymph vessels - valves that prevent back flow |
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Where are lymphoid cells produced and what is there function?
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- red bone marrow
- to protect body against foreign substances (antigens) |
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What are the two types of T-cells?
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- T- helper cells
- T- killer cells or Cytotoxic T-cells |
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What is the role of T-helper cells?
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- to stimulate production of other antigen-fighting cells
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what is the role of T-killer cells?
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- to directly attack infected cells or foreign cells
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what is the role of B-cells?
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- to give rise to plasma cells that recall when the body has been exposed to a particular antigen
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what do plasma cells produce?
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- antibodies into the blood stream
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What is the role of Lymphoid macrophages?
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- phagocytose foreign substances
- activate T-cells |
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What two types of Lymphoid cells activate T-cells?
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- Lymphoid macrophages
- dendritic cells |
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What do Reticular cells produce?
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- connective tissue network called stroma that supports lymphoid organs
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What are the 5 lymphoid orgains?
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1) lymph nodes
2) spleen 3) thymus 4) tonsils 5) peyers patches and appendix |
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where are lymph nodes located?
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- inguinal (groin)
- axillary (armpit) - cervical (neck) |
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What are the functions of lymph nodes?
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- filter lymph
- phagocytic macrophages to trap and destroy microorganisms - contain lymphocytes to monitor lymph stream for antigens |
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What are the functions of the spleen?
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- lymphoctic proliferation
- splenic macrophages - salvage and store iron from broken down RBCs - store platelets |
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What is the white pulp section of the spleen?
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- composed mostly of lymphocytes
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What is the red pulp section of the spleen?
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- blood sinusoids which disposes of worn out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens
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What are the cells of thymus called during infancy? what do they secrete that activates t-cells?
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- thymocytes
- thymosin - thymopoietin |
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what is immunocompetency?
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- the ability to fight foreign pathogens during an immune response
- t-cells do this |
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What is the only function of the thymus?
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- t- cell maturation
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What three tonsil are part of the lymphatic system?
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- palatine
- lingual - pharyngeal |
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What are the epithelial pockets that trap bacteria in the tonsils called?
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- crypts
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Peyers patches and appendix function to do what?
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- destroy bacterial pathogens before they can be absorbed through the intestinal wall
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What is the system that regulates physiological processes via special chemicals called hormones?
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- endocrine system
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What are some general characteristics of hormones?
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- produced by endocrine glands
- carried via circulatory system to appropriated target tissue - chemically designed to react with specific receptors - function to regulate physiological and metabolic activities |
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Kinetic?
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- cause muscle contractions and in turn glandular secretions
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Metabolic?
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- increase or decrease the rate of certain biological processes
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Behavioral?
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- effects on the Nervous system that can cause behavioral changes
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What are the three main structural classes of hormones?
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- Steroids
- Peptides - Amines |
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Steroids?
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- most metabolic and sex hormones
- lipid like; formed from cholesterol - mainly secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads |
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Peptides?
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- majority of hormones in this class
- formed from short amino acid chains - Mainly secreted from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary |
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Amines?
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- derived from amino acid tyrosine
- secreted by adrenal medulla and thyroid |
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What are the two most common examples of mechanisms of hormone action?
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- steroid hormones and direct gene activation
- lipid insoluble hormones and second messenger signaling. |
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What glands are included in the endocrine system?
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- pituitary gland
- adrenal gland - thyroid gland - pancreas |
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What is another name for the posterior pituitary?
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- neurohypophysis
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What nerve fibers and cells compose the posterior pituitary?
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- pituicytes
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Where are the neurohormones that are released from the PP synthesized?
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- hypothalamus
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How does the hypothalamus deliver the hormones to the PP?
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- via axons of he nerve plexus called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
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What are the two neurohormones released by the PP?
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ADH
oxytocin |
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What is the role of oxytocin?
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- cause milk ejection from breast during nursing
- causes uterine contractions during labor |
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What is another name for the AP?
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- adenohypophysis
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When does the AP release the hormones it synthesizes?
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- when is receives a signal from the hypothalamus
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How do releasing hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the AP by way of what?
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- hypothalamic-hypophyseal system
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What hormones do the AP release?
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- Growth hormone
- Thyroid Stimulation Hormone - Adrenocroticotropic hormone - Gonadotropins - Prolactin |
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Where are growth hormone produced?
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- somatotrope cells
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What regulates the release of growth hormones?
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- Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone and Growth Inhibiting Hormone from the hypothalamus
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Where are TSH hormones produced?
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- thyrotrope cells in the AP
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What triggers the release of TSH?
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- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone from the hypothalamus
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What does the TSH stimulate the thyroid to release and what is its functions?
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- thyroid hormones
- control metabolism |
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What are ACTH hormones produced by?
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- corticotrope cells in AP
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What triggers the release of ACTH?
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- Corticotropin Release Hormone from the hypothalamus
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What does ACTH stimulate?
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- adrenal cortex to release corticosteriod hormones
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What is the most important corticosteriod hormone?
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- glucocorticoids with help the body resist/ cope with environmental stressors
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What are the two types of gonadotropins and what are they produced by?
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- LH/ FSH
- gonadotrope cells in the AP |
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What triggers the release of gonadotropin?
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- Gonadotropin releasing hormones
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What are prolactin hormones produced by
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- lactotrope cells in AP
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What regulates prolactin
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- prolactin releasing hormone and prolactin inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus
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What do prolactins cause in females/ males?
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- breast development and milk secretions
- stimulating production of LH receptors on interstitial cells of leydig |
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What cells in the adrenal medulla secrete epi/norepi during sympathetic neurons?
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- chromaffin cells
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What does the "fight of flight" response cause?
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- blood sugar levels
- blood vessel constrict - heart beat faster - respiratory rate increases - digestive processes are slowed |
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What are the three layers around corticular cells?
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- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasciculata - zona reticularis |
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What do the zona glomeruolsa produce?
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- mineralcorticoids (function to control Na and K levels)
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What do the zona fasciculata produce?
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- glucocorticoid (influence metabolism)
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What do zona reticularis layer produce
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- small amounts of sex hormones called gonadocorticoids
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What is the thyroid gland made of?
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- hollow follicles whose cells produce thyroglobulin
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What 2 things does thyroglobulin produce when it binds with iodine?
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- Thyroxine (t4) and triiodothyronine (t3) called thyroid hormones
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What do hyposecretions of the thyroid hormone result in?
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- decreased glucose metabolism
- increased cholesterol in blood - decreased HR - decreased BP - sterility in makes - decreased lactation in females |
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What do hypersecretions of the thyroid hormone result in?
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- weight loss
- increases glucose catabolism - loss of muscle mass - increase HR - increased BP - impotence in males - sterility in females |
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Pancres act as what two things?
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- exocrine (duct secretions)
- endocrine glands (ductless secretions) |
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What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
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- secrete digestive juices produced by acinar cells
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What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?
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- insulin secretions from beta cells
- glucagon secretions from alpha cells |
