Anatomy Exam One

Front 1

ostalgia

Back 1

pain in a bone

Front 2

osteitis

Back 2

inflammation of a bone

Front 3

osteoarthropathy

Back 3

a trophic disorder of a bone and joint

Front 4

osteochondritis

Back 4

inflammation of both bone and cartilage

Front 5

osteodystrophy

Back 5

defective bone formation

Front 6

osteohalisteresis

Back 6

loss or deficiency of mineral elements of bones

Front 7

osteohypertrophy

Back 7

overgrowth of bones

Front 8

osteolysis

Back 8

softening, absorption, and destruction of bony tissue

Front 9

osteomalacia

Back 9

gradual softening and bending of bones due to impaired mineralization

Front 10

osteomyelitis

Back 10

inflammation of bone marrow and adjacent tissue

Front 11

osteonecrosis

Back 11

the death of bone

Front 12

osteoperiostitis

Back 12

inflammation of periosteum and underlying bone

Front 13

osteophyte (osteophyma)

Back 13

a bony outgrowth

Front 14

osteoporosis

Back 14

reduction of quantity of bone, or atrophy of skeleton

Front 15

arthralgia (arthrodynia)

Back 15

severe pain in a joint

Front 16

arthritis (pl. arthritides)

Back 16

inflammation of a joint

Front 17

arthrocele

Back 17

hernia of synovial membrane through joint capsule; any swelling of a joint

Front 18

arthrochondritis

Back 18

inflammation of an articular cartilage

Front 19

arthrodysplasia

Back 19

abnormal joint development

Front 20

arthrolithiasis

Back 20

articular gout

Front 21

arthropathy

Back 21

any disease affecting a joint

Front 22

arthrophyma

Back 22

an articular tumor or swelling

Front 23

arthrosclerosis

Back 23

stiffness of a joint

Front 24

arthrosis

Back 24

a trophic degeneration of a joint

Front 25

arthrosteitis

Back 25

inflammation of the bony structures of a joint

Front 26

arthrosynovitis

Back 26

inflammation of the synovial membrane

Front 27

desmitis

Back 27

inflammation of ligaments

Front 28

desmopathy

Back 28

disease of ligaments

Front 29

desmorrhexis

Back 29

rupture of ligaments

Front 30

osteoarthritis

Back 30

degenerative joint disease

Front 31

myalgia

Back 31

muscular pain

Front 32

myasthenia

Back 32

muscular weakness

Front 33

myatonia

Back 33

abnormal extensibility of a muscle

Front 34

myoatrophy

Back 34

muscular atrophy

Front 35

myoblastoma

Back 35

a tumor of immature muscle cells

Front 36

myoclonia

Back 36

a disorder characterized by clonic spasm or twitching of a muscle

Front 37

myocytoma

Back 37

a benign neoplasm of a muscle

Front 38

tenalgia (tenodynia)

Back 38

pain referred to a tendon

Front 39

tendinitis

Back 39

inflammation of a tendon

Front 40

tenectomy

Back 40

resection of part of a tendon

Front 41

tenontophyma

Back 41

neoplasm of a tendon

Front 42

tenophyte

Back 42

bony or cartilaginous growth in, or on a tendon

Front 43

tenosynovitis

Back 43

inflammation of the tendon and tendon sheath

Front 44

Muscle cells (fibers)

Back 44

long, cylindrical, multinucleated (several hundreds of nuclei) and striated. Contain striated myofibrils disposed in the long axis of the fibers and are embedded in cytoplasm. The longest cells in the body (up to 30 cm in the horse)

Front 45

Endomysium

Back 45

surrounds each muscle cell (fiber) and continues with the endotendineum

Front 46

Perimysium

Back 46

surrounds several muscle fibers (a fascicle) and continues with the peritendineum

Front 47

Epimysium

Back 47

surrounds the entire muscle and continues with the epitendineum and the periosteum

Front 48

Fasciae

Back 48

connective tissue structures built by the pressure and/or traction of muscles
- superficial, subcutaneous, site for developing cutaneous muscles
- deep, surrounding and protecting muscles

Front 49

Retinacula

Back 49

transversely oriented bands binding down tendons

Front 50

Tendons

Back 50

consist of parallel and longitudinally arranged collagen fibers set in fascicles. The fibers are surrounded by endotendineum, the fascicles by peritendineum, and the entire tendon by epitendineum

Front 51

Tendinous bursae

Back 51

a category of synovial bursae, interposed between tendons and bones and filled with synovial fluid

Front 52

Aponeuroses

Back 52

wider, flat and very thin tendons

Front 53

Tendon sheaths

Back 53

surround the tendons as double layer structures with synovial fluid in between; the two layers are fused by the mesotendineum, allowing the passage of vessels and nerves to nourish the tendons

Front 54

Striated

Back 54

(somatic, voluntary, skeletal)
long and cylindrical muscle cells (fibers), multinucleated (peripheral nuclei), striated fibrils

Front 55

Smooth

Back 55

(visceral, involuntary) short, spindle shape muscle cells (fibers), one nucleus, no striations

Front 56

Cardiac

Back 56

comparable muscle cells (fibers) to the striated muscle. They differ being ramified, bifurcated on one or both extremities and fused with adjacent fibers by intercalated discs, central nuclei

Front 57

Synsarcosis

Back 57

A particular type of joint, which implies only soft tissue, such as muscles and/or adnexa (sarkos = flesh in Gr.). The typical example is the relationship between the thoracic limbs and the body, with no classical type of joint in between

Front 58

Synchondrosis

Back 58

-primary, a cartilage at the junction between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of a long bone during the growth process, the costochondral joints and some joints of the skull; it ossifies
- secondary, a fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc) that does not ossify: the intervertebral joints between the vertebral bodies. The disc consists of a fibrous ring around the nucleus pulposus

Front 59

Symphysis

Back 59

fibrocartilaginous blade between two symmetrical bones (the pelvic symphysis); susceptible to be transformed into a synostosis

Front 60

plane or harmonious

Back 60

between bones with straight and thickened borders, smooth or rough

Front 61

gomphosis

Back 61

(dentoalveolar joint), the roots of the teeth in the alveoli

Front 62

schindylesis

Back 62

a sharp edge (blade) of one bone into a cleft (groove) in the edge of the other

Front 63

foliate (leaf)

Back 63

a combination of the two previous varieties: sqaumous and serrate

Front 64

squamous

Back 64

like fish scales

Front 65

serrate

Back 65

like the teeth of a saw

Front 66

sutures

Back 66

unite the bones formed as a result of the intramembranous ossification, and are found practically only in the skull. There are different varieties of sutures acording to the conformation of the articular surfaces

Front 67

Plane joint

Back 67

gliding movements between small bones

Front 68

Saddle joint

Back 68

only at the cervical vertebrae of birds, like a rider on a turkish saddle

Front 69

Trochoid (pivoting) joint

Back 69

uniaxial, a bone rotating around another one

Front 70

Ginglymus (hinge joint)

Back 70

uniaxial, a trochlea and a cochlea or a suitable cavity

Front 71

Ellipsoidal joint

Back 71

biaxial, an ovoide convex prominence and a cavity

Front 72

Spheroid joint

Back 72

multiaxial, a head and a corresponding cavity

Front 73

Condyloid joint

Back 73

biaxial, a condyle and a suitable cavity

Front 74

Synsarcosis

Back 74

muscles

Front 75

Cartilaginous joints

Back 75

immobile (with the exception of the intervertebral joints)

Front 76

Fibrous joints

Back 76

semimobile

Front 77

Synovial joints

Back 77

mobile

Front 78

girdle bones (cingulum)

Back 78

scapula, coracoid, clavicle (different in mammals than in birds)
ilium, ischium, pubis (coxal bone)

Front 79

stylopodium

Back 79

humerus (arm bone) femur, patella (thigh bones)

Front 80

zeugopodium

Back 80

radius, ulna (forearm bones)tibia, fibula (crus bones)

Front 81

autopodium

Back 81

basipodium, metapodium, acropodium

Front 82

basipodium

Back 82

carpal bones (radial, intermediate, ulnar, accessory, I – IV)
tarsal bones(talus, calcaneus, central bone, I – V)

Front 83

metapodium

Back 83

metacarpal bone
metatarsal bones

Front 84

acropodium

Back 84

phalanges (I – III), proximal and distal sesamoid bones, dorsal sesamoid bones

Front 85

Vertebral column (vertebrae)

Back 85

cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis C3-C7)
thoracic vertebrae (T1-T13)
lumbar vertebrae (L1-L7)
sacral vertebrae (os sacrum)
caudal (coccygeal) vertebrae (17?)

Front 86

Skull

Back 86

neurocranium

viscerocranium(splanchnocranium)

Front 87

Axial segment

Back 87

Skull
Vertebral column (vertebrae)
Sternum (sternebrae)
Ribs (sternal, asternal, floating) and cartilages

Front 88

Appendicular segments

Back 88

stylopodium, girdle bones (cingulum), zeugopodium, autopodium, basipodium, metapodium, acropodium

Front 89

Nonarticular prominences

Back 89

- styloid process (ulna) - stilletto
- mastoid process (temporal) - breast-shaped
- coronoid process (ulna) - ring-shaped
- coracoid process (scapula) - crow’s beak-shaped
- pterygoid process (sphenoid) - wing-shaped
- protuberance (occipital) - prominence
- tuberosity (ilium) - rough prominence
- tubercle (scapula) - small prominence
- spine (ilium) - sharp thornlike process
- crest (humerus) - ridge
- line (tibia)

Front 90

Articular prominences

Back 90

- head (humerus, femur) – spherical, rounded articular extremity
- condyle (radius) – segment of a cylinder
- trochlea (talus) - pulley
- articular process (mandible) – prominence, projection or outgrowth

Front 91

Articular depressions

Back 91

- glenoid cavity (scapula) - articular depression of scapula
- acetebular fossa (coxal) - cotyloid cavity, the cup-shaped depression of the coxal bone
- cochlea (tibia) - two deep and parallel cavities separated by a tall prominence (different from the cochlea of the temporal bone)

Front 92

Nonarticular depressions

Back 92

- sulcus (sphenoid) - groove
- incisure (ischium) - notch
- fossa (atlas) - depression
- fossula (temporal) - small depression
- foramen (sacrum) - perforation or aperture
- duct (maxilla) - canal
- fissure (sphenoid) – narrow and deep groove or cleft
- vascular sulcus or groove (for arteries on the inner surface of cranial bones)

Front 93

Most common and economical types of levers

Back 93

Types I and III
I= PSR
III=SPR

Front 94

Long bones parts

Back 94

- diaphysis with or without a medullary canal
- epiphyses
- metaphyses
- physeal cartilages

Front 95

Long bones types

Back 95

a. proper long bones (with a medullary canal)
b. long bones secondarily broadened, with a small medullary canal
c. elongated bones, with no medullary canal

Front 96

six categories of bones

Back 96

long, short, irregular, pneumatic, sessamoid, heterotopic

Front 97

diaphysis

Back 97

is the body or shaft of the proper long bones, centered by the medullary canal

Front 98

epiphyses

Back 98

are the extremities of the proper long bones

Front 99

metaphyses

Back 99

are the flared ends of the diaphysis, where calcified cartilage is replaced by bone

Front 100

physeal cartilage

Back 100

(physis) is the plate of growing and calcifying cartilage between the epiphysis and the metaphysis

Front 101

bony tissue

Back 101

consists of organic and inorganic substances and the matrix

Front 102

Organic

Back 102

- ground substance, which is in a continuous process of mineralization
- fibers (collagenous)
- cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts)

Front 103

Inorganic

Back 103

(mineral salts)

Front 104

matrix of bone

Back 104

ground substance + fibers + inorganic bone salts

Front 105

The bony tissue is epresented by

Back 105

-Compact (cortical) bone (in the diaphises and at the periphery of spongy bone)
-Spongy (trabecular, cancellous) bone (in the epiphyses and the rest of the bones)
-Diploe (the spongy tissue between two thin blades of compact bone)

Front 106

osteoblasts

Back 106

young bony cells that produce the matrix
protected by lacunae (connected by canaliculi)
mature into osteocyts

Front 107

three kinds of lamellar systems

Back 107

“interstitial”, between the osteons, “external”, at the periphery of bones under the periosteum, and “internal”, surrounding the medullary canal, under the endosteum. Between these lamellar systems the bones consist of osteons.

Front 108

types of bone marrow

Back 108

red, yellow, gray

Front 109

red bone marrow

Back 109

(hematogenous and osteogenous)
- the site of producing blood cells in adult animals
- fills the little cells of the spongy tissue

Front 110

yellow bone marrow

Back 110

soft, fatty substance filling the medullary canal of long bones in adult animals

Front 111

gray bone marrow

Back 111

(or gelatinous)
- normally in the bones of the skull
- in very old or cachectic animals in the long bones

Front 112

intramembranous ossification

Back 112

Osteoblasts begin to secrete the organic matrix, which gradually will be mineralized
Osteoblasts become osteocytes and are enclosed in the lacunae
The small pieces of bone are called “centers of ossification”; they expand in all directions joining each other forming “trabeculae” and becoming trabecular, spongy, or cancelous bone
When the whole mesenchyme is replaced by bone, the spongy bone becomes compact bone
The bone formation is accompanied by bone resorption, which is carried out by the osteoclasts

Front 113

endochondral ossification

Back 113

Primary center of ossification
- the perichondrium surrounding the cartilaginous model becomes periosteum
- the cartilage degenerates; the blood vessels from the periosteum and associated cells become the “periosteal bud” and then, the primary center of ossification
Secondary centers of ossification
- the centers of ossification of the epiphyses of the long bones are called secondary centers of ossification (the epiphyseal cartilage of the newborn is well supplied by blood - imbibition in adult)
Growth of bones
- in length (through the epiphyses)
- in width and circumference (through the periosteum)

Front 114

mesenchyme

Back 114

an embryonic connective tissue without fibers during early development, the embryonic tissue with great differentiating potential

Front 115

Complementary/protecting and nurturing structures of bones

Back 115

1. Articular cartilages (different when cover articular heads or cavities)

2. Periosteum
- superficial layer becoming the fibrous layer of the joint capsules
- deep layer, osteogenic, and anchored to the bone by arciform (Sharpey) fibers from the superficial layer; it stops at the periphery of articular cartilages

3. Endosteum
- a thin layer of lining cells at the periphery of medullary canal

4. Nurturing structures
Blood vessels
Nerves
(both penetrating the bone through nutrient foramina and running within the central canal of the osteons)

Front 116

radiograph brighness of various substances

Back 116

darkest to brightest: air, fat (light gray), water (white), bone, metal

Front 117

Differences between the feline and canine thoracic limb

Back 117

Long bones are straighter (cat)
Acromion larger (cat)
Clavicle (cat)
Supratrochlear foramen (cat)
What goes thru here? (brachial artery & median nerve)
Distal ulnar physis:
flat (cat)
cone-shaped (dog)
vertebrae are rectangular in cat square in dog
Pelvis – flat (cat); flared (dog)
Shape of patella – teardrop in cat

Front 118

Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy – “double physeal sign”

Back 118

Disease of young, rapidly growing, large or giant breed dogs

Front 119

forces that can be exerted on bone

Back 119

• Bending
• Rotation
• Shear
• Compression
• Distraction

Front 120

Ways to counter-act forces exerted on bone

Back 120

1. Plate + Screws
2. Screws
3. IM pin
4. Cross Pins
5. Interlocking Nail
6. External Skeletal Fixator
7. Cerclage Wire
8. Hemicerclage Wire
9. Pin + Tension Band Wire
10.External coaptation