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164 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Identify and describe the boundaries of the superficial inguinal ring:
-Formed by a slip in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique m.
-Possesses a cranial and caudal angle
-Caudal angle attaches to iliopubic cartilage at tendon of origin of Pectineus m.
Identify and describe the boundaries of the deep inguinal ring:
-Formed by annular reflection of Transversalis Fascia
-Ventral end of Inguinal ligament, caudal border of internal abdominal oblique m., and lateral border of rectus abdominis m.
-Formed wher the internal abdominal oblique m. and rectus abdominis m. end, not actual hole in any muscle.
Identify and describe the boundaries of the Inguinal Canal:
-Boundary, not an anatomical structure.
-Connective tissue-filled fissure between abdominal muscles and their aponeuroses
-Contains blind extension of peritoneum protruding outside the body wall
Identify and describe the Vaginal Tunic and Spermatic cord:
-In Males
-Pass thru the inguinal canal
Identify and describe the Vaginal Process:
-In Females
-Passes thru the Inguinal Canal
-An extension of peritoneum enters the canal and fills with fat.
Identify and describe the Inguinal Ligament:
-The caudal border of aponeurosis of External abdominal oblique m.
Which sex has higher incidence of inguinal hernias?
In all species except canine, MALES do!
Identify and describe the boundaries of the Vascular Lacuna:
-The base of the femoral triangle
-Bounded cranially by caudal border of interal abdominal oblique m. and Inguinal ligament
-Bounded medially my Rectus abdominis m.
-Separated from superficial inguinal ring by Inguinal Ligament
-Contains the Femoral a.& v. and Saphenous nerve.
On each side, Which 2 Veins form the Brachiocephalic Vein?
Where do they join?
-External Jugular vein and
-Subclavian v.
-Join as they cross superficial to the brachiocephalicus m.
Which 2 veins form the External Jugular v.?
Where do they join?
What does the External Jugular v. drain?
-Linguofacial & Maxillary vv.
-Join at level caudal to Mandibular gland
-Main channel for return of venous blood from the head
What does the Subclavian vein drain?
-Collects blood from the thoracic limb
What 2 veins drain into the Caudal Vena Cava?
Where?
-Left and Right Brachiocephalic vv.
-At the level of the Thoracic Inlet
Where do the left and right Brachiocephalic vv. drain blood from?
-return blood from left and right side of head, neck, and thoracic limb, respectively
Where does the Azygos vein run/terminate?
Collects blood from?
Enters the Cranial Vena Cava last or enters the Right Atria directly
-Collect from all of the dorsal intercostal veins on each side until the 3rd/4th intercostal space and runs along mediastinal space ventrocranially to root of right lung
Identify the major arterial branching pattern from the heart:
Aorta (from Left Ventricle)
-Ascending aorta
-Right Coronary a.
-Left Coronary a.
-Circumflex Branch
-Paraconal interventricular Branch
-Aortic arch
-Brachiocephalic Trunk
-Left common carotid a.
-Right common carotid a.
-Right Subclavian a. (becomes Right Axillary a.)
-Left Subclavian a. (becomes Left Axillary a.)
-Vertebral a.
-Ventral Spinal a.
-Basilar a.
-Costocervical a.
-Superficial Cervical a.
-Internal Thoracic a.
-Descending aorta
-Dorsal intercostal aa.
-Bronchoesophageal a.
-Bronchial aa.
-Thoracic aorta
-Abdominal aorta
Where do Right and Left Coronary aa. supply?
-Heart
Where does the Circumflex branch of the left Coronary a. run and supply?
-Runs in left part of Coronary Groove
-Supplies Subsinuosal Interventricular Branch
Where does the Paraconal interventricular Branch of Left Coronary a. run and supply?
-Runs across Auricular surface in the paraconal interventricular groove
Where does the Right Coronary a. run and terminate?
-Encircles the right side in Coronary groove
-Ends near the Subsinuosal Interventricular Groove
Where does Left subclavian artery run?
-Branches off of Aortic arch and crosses left across ventral surface of esophagus
Where does Vertebral a. run and supply?
-First branch off of Left subclavian a. and extends cranially towards head.
-Crosses the medial surface of first rib and extends dorsally btw. Longus colli and Scalenus mm.
-Runs thru the Transverse Foramina of the 7 Cervical vertebrae.
-Supplys muscular branches to cervical mm. and spinal branches at each intervertebral foramen.
-Terminates into Ventral Spinal and Basilar aa.
Where does Costocervical a. run and supply?
-2nd branch off of the L. Subclavian a.
-Crosses the Vertebral a. laterally and extends dorsally to the vertebral end of the 1st rib.
-It supplies structures in the 1st-3rd intercostal spaces, the muscles at the base of the neck, and muscles dorsal to the first few Thoracic Vertebrae
Where does the Superficial Cervical a. run and supply?
-3rd branch off of L. Subclavian a. (at same level as internal thoracic a.) medial to 1st rib.
-courses ventrally and runs thru the thoracic inlet.
-Supplies the base of the neck and adjacent scapular region
Where does the Internal Thoracic a. run and supply?
-3rd branch off of L. Subclavian a. (at same level as Superficial Cervical a.) medial to 1st rib.
-Runs deep to the cranial border of the Transversus Thoracis m.
-Supplies branches to Phrenic n., Thymus, Mediastinal pleurae, and Dorsal Intercostal Spaces.
-Anastomoses with Dorsal Intercostal aa.
-Sends penetrating branches to supply subcutaneous structures
Where do the Dorsal Intercostal aa. run and supply?
Branches of the aorta that run to each intercostal space caudal to the 4th or 5th intercostal space.
-Arteries run close to the caudal border of rib and supply structures in the 4th+ intercostal spaces
Where does the Bronchoesophageal a. run and supply?
-Leaves the right 5th Dorsal Intercostal a.
-Crosses Left face of the Esophagus
-Supplys the Esophagus
Where do the Bronchial aa. run and supply?
-They are the terminal ends of the Bronchoesophageal a.
-Supply the Lung
Describe the blood flow pattern thru the chambers of the heart and lungs:
Cranial/Caudal Vena Cava + Azygos v.+Great Coronary v.
->Right Atrium->Sinus Venarum->Right AV Valve-> Right Ventricle ->Conus Arteriosis->Pulmonary Valve (Semilunar valve)->Pulmonary Trunk->Right/Left Pulmonary aa.
Left Pulmonary a->lung cranial to principal bronchus
Right Pulmonary a.->right lung ventral to principal bronchus
Gas exchange at Capillary-alveoli interface->Pulmonary vv. ->Left Atrium->Left AV Valve->Left Ventricle->Aortic Valve (Semilunar valve)-> Aorta
Major Facets of the Circulatory System:
Blood Vascular System
Lymphatic System
Components of Blood Vascular System:
-Heart = muscular pump that places hydrostatic pressure on blood to cause movement
-Blood Vessels= arteries, veins, capillaries
Major Functions of Circulatory System:
-Transport(veins/arteries) and exchange (capillaries) of elements necessary for cellular function: respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, water, electrolytes, etc.
-Thermoregulation
-Water and Electrolyte Balance = Controlled via blood flow to kidneys
-Body defense and immunity = accomplished by Lymphatic System
Muscle groups innervated by the Radial n.?
-Caudal Brachial mm.
-Craniolateral Antebrachial mm. (Deep Branch)
Autonomous Zones of the Radial n.?
-Craniolateral Forearm (Superficial Branch)
-Dorsal Carpus, Metacarpus, and Dorsal Manus EXCLUDING THE 5th DIGIT
5 Things associated with damage to the Radial n. PROXIMAL to innervation of Caudal Brachial mm.?
1. "high" radial paralysis
2. ability to extend elbow joint ABSENT
3. ability to extend Carpal and Digital Joints ABSENT
4. Cutaneous sensation in autonomous zone ABSENT
5. Justified amputation of limb
5 Things associated with damage to the Radial n. DISTAL to innervation of Caudal Brachial mm. but PROXIMAL to Branching?
1. "Low" Radial Paralysis
2. Ability to extend elbow joint PRESENT
3. Ability to extend Carpal and Digital Joints ABSENT
4. Cutaneous sensation in qutonomous zone ABSENT
5. Animal can SOMETIMES learn to "flip" the paw
5 Things associated with damage to only the Superficial branch of the Radial n.?
1. Not very easily noticed unless animal begins to self mutilate
2. Ability to extend Elbow joint PRESENT
3. Ability to extend Carpal&Digital Joints PRESENT
4. Cutaneous sensation in autonomous zone ABSENT
5. Not Common
4 Things associated with damage only to the Deep Branch of the Radial n.?
1. Not VERY common but POSSIBLE
2. Ability to Extend elbow Joint PRESENT
3. Ability to extend carpal and digital joints ABSENT
4. Cutaneous sensation in autonomous zone PRESENT
Muscle Groups Innervated by the Ulnar n.?
Caudomedial Antebrachial mm. WITH MEDIAN N.
Autonomous Zones of Ulnar n.?
-Caudal Forearm
-Palmar aspect of Manus does receive sensory info from palmar manus, but too much overlap with Median N. to be useful clinically
-Digit 5
2 Things associated with damage to Ulnar n.?
1. Cutaneous sensation in autonomous zone ABSENT
2. Reduced ability to FLEX Carpal & Digital Joints
Muscle Group innervated by Median n.?
Caudomedial Antebrachial mm. WITH ULNAR N.!
Autonomous zones of Median n.?
-None Individually
-Some with overlap with Ulnar n. on PALMAR Manus
1 Thing associated with damage to Median n.?
-Reduced ability to FLEX Carpal & Digital Joints
Muscle groups innervated by Axillary n.?
-Flexors of Shoulder Joint (NO SINGLE MUSCLE GROUP!)
1. Teres major
2. Teres minor
3. Deltoideus
4. Part of Subscapularis
1 Thing associated with damage to Axillary n.?
-Clinically nothing, very little is seen because there are LOTS of muscles that FLEX the shoulder Joint
Muscle Group innervated by the Musculocutaneous Nerve?
Cranial Brachial mm.
Autonomous zone of Musculocutaneous n.?
Medial Forearm
2 Things associated with damage to Musculocutaneous n.?
1. Ability to FLEX Elbow Joint ABSENT
2. Seen BEST when animal attempts to JUMP up on something
Muscles innervated by Suprascapular n.?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
2 Things associated with Damage to Suprascapular n.?
1. Prominent scapular spine present (after 7-10d)
2. Lateral instability of shoulder joint (more noticeable in large dogs)
Muscles innervated by subscapular n.?
Subscapularis m.
Muscles innervated by Thoracodorsal n.?
Latissimus dorsi m.
What is anastomosis? What is meant by collateral circulation?
-Communication or connection of vessels thru connecting channels
-Collateral circulation occurs due to these connections; in Coll. Circ., the circulation is estab. or maintained to a region by collateral vessels when one blood supply is obstructed or abolished.
-B/c of this process, there is no one vessel that goes to any ONE area.
Describe associate/companion arteries and veins:
-Normally a given arter has a companion vein which drains area of the body that artery supplies
-Not every vein has a companion artery
Which veins DONT have companion arteries?
-Cephalic v.
-Lateral saphenous v.
LATERAL MUSCLES OF SCAPULA & SHOULDER:
-Actions:
-Arterial Supply:
-Nerve Supply:
-Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus
-Stabilizers, flexors, & Extensors of Shoulder
-Superficial Cervical a.
-Suprascapular n.
CAUDAL MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER:
-Actions:
-Arterial Supply:
-Nerve Supply:
-Deltoideus, Teres major, Teres minor mm.
-Flexors of the Shoulder
-Subscapular a.
-Axillary n.
CRANIAL MUSCLES OF THE ARM:
-Actions:
-Arterial Supply:
-Nerve Supply:
-Biceps brachii & Brachialis mm.
-Flexors of Elbow & Extensors of Shoulder
-Superficial Cervical, Axillary, & Brachial aa.
-Musculocutaneous n.
CAUDAL MUSCLES OF THE ARM:
-Actions:
-Arterial Supply:
-Nerve Supply:
-Triceps brachii mm.
-Extensor of Elbow
-Axillary & Brachial aa.
-Radial n.
CRANIAL MUSCLES OF FOREARM:
-Actions:
-Arterial Supply:
-Nerve Supply
-Carpal Extensors
-Digital Extensors
-Brachial a.: Common Interosseous a.
-Radial n.
CAUDAL MUSCLES OF FOREARM:
-Actions:
-Arterial Supply:
-Nerve Supply:
-Carpal Flexors
-Digital Flexors
-Brachial a.: Common Interosseous, Deep Antebrachial aa.
-Median & Ulnar nn.
DORSAL SURFACE OF PAW:
-Arterial Supply:
-Nerve Supply:
-Superficial Brachial a. & Dorsal Carpal Rete
-Radial n.
PALMAR SURFACE OF PAW:
-Arterial Supply:
-Nerve Supply:
-Median & Caudal Interosseous aa.
-Median & Ulnar nn.
DORSAL SURFACE OF DIGITS OF THORACIC LIMB:
-Superficial Arteries, Veins & Nerves:
-Deep Arteries & Veins:
Proximal:
-Dorsal Common Digital a.v.n.
-Dorsal Metacarpal a.v.
Distal:
-Axial or Abaxial Dorsal Digital a.v.n.
-Abaxial Dorsal Digital n. V.
PALMAR SURFACE OF DIGITS OF THORACIC LIMB:
-Superficial Arteries, Veins & Nerves:
-Deep Arteries, Veins, & Nerves:
Proximal:
-Palmar Common Digital a.v.nn.
-Palmar Metacarpal a.v.nn. I-IV
Distal:
-Axial or Abaxial Palmar Proper Digital a.v.n.
Where is the axis of the paw located?
Passes between Digits III & IV
As a rule, Which are the largest digital vessels?
The Palmar Axial Proper Digitals
List 4 Different Routes that Blood in the Cephalic Vein might take to reach the Heart:
1. Cephalic v->External Jugular v.->Brachiocephalic v.
->Cranial Vena Cava->Heart
2. Cephalic->Axillobrachial-> Omobrachial->External Jugular
->Brachiocephalic->Cranial Vena Cava->Heart
3. Cephalic->Axillobrachial-> Axillary->Subclavian-> Brachiocephalic->Cranial Vena Cava->Heart
4. Cephalic-> Median Cubital->Brachial->Axillary-> Subclavian ->Brachiocephalic->Cranial Vena Cava->Heart
What cord segment are the Radial n. Derived from?
C7
C8
T1
T2
What cord segments are the Brachial Plexus derived from?
C6
C7
C8
T1
T2
Where is the location of the Superficial Inguinal Lnn. & What do they drain?
Lie adjacent to the Caudal Superficial Epigastric a.&v. & Cranial to their origin from the External Pudendal a.&v.; Afferent lymphatics of these nodes drain the Mammae, Prepuse, Scrotum, & Ventral abdominal wall as far Cranially as the umbilicus; They course thru the Inguinal Canal to reach lymph nodes in the Sublumbar region
What 4 main arteries supply the abdominal wall with blood?
-Cranial Abdominal a. (Craniodorsal)
-Cranial Epigastric a. (Cranioventral)
-Caudal Epigastric a. (Caudoventral)
-Deep Circumflex Iliac a. (Caudodorsal)
Pressure & Oxygen Tension of blood During Systole in:
-Right Atrium:
-Right Ventricle:
-Left Atrium:
-Left Ventricle:
-Right Atrium: Low O2, Low P
-Right Ventricle:25mmHg
-Left Atrium: High O2, Low P
-Left Ventricle:125mmHg
Pressure & Oxygen Tension of blood During Diastole in:
-Right Atrium:
-Right Ventricle:
-Left Atrium:
-Left Ventricle:
-Right Atrium: Low O2,Low P
-Right Ventricle: 0mmHg
-Left Atrium:
-Left Ventricle: 0mmHg
Describe Events associated with creation of 1st audible heart sound:
-Closure of AV Valves
-Signals onset of Systole
-Normal heart sounds are caused, primarily, by the sudden slowing of a moving column of blood; the energy of that blood column is transferred to the surrounding structures causing them to vibrate.
Describe Event associated with creation of 2nd audible heart sound:
-Closure of Semilunar Valves
-Signals End of Systole
Normal orientation & axis of the heart within the Thoracic Cavity:
-Btw the 3rd & 6th Intercostal Spaces in the Ventral 2/3 of the Thoracic Cavity
-Apex angles Slightly towards the left of the axis ventrally
-Base angles Slightly to the Right of the axis dorsally
PMIs for:
-Pulmonary Valve:
-Atrial Valve:
-Left AV Valve:
-Right AV Valve:
-Low, L. 3rd IC Space
-High, L. 4th IC Space
-Low, L. 5th IC Space
-Low, R. 3rd-5th IC Spaces
3 Regional Divisions of the Peritoneum within Abdomen:
-Visceral
-Parietal
-Connecting
Visceral Peritoneum Location:
-Single Layer on the surface of Abdominal Organs
Parietal Peritoneum Location:
-Single layer that ines the inner aspect of the abdominal cavity
Connecting Peritoneum Location:
-Double-Layered portions of Peritoneum that join various organs to eachother and/or to the body wall.
-These have specific names and include:
- those which contain Vessels (Omenta & Meso)
-And those Withouth Vessels (Ligaments&Folds)
Describe the limits of the abdomen (abdominal cavity) on a skeleton/cadaver:
Formed by:
-Muscles of Abdominal wall
-Ribs
-Diaphragm
-Lined by Parietal Peritoneum
Differentiate abdominal cavity from peritoneal cavity:
Peritoneal Cavity is a Closed Space lined by a Serous Membrane & has NO organs in it!
Identify&Describe the basic relationship of L1-L4 spinal nerves to the Abdominal Muscles:
-Trunk of L1-L4 pass thru Aponeurosis of origin of Transversus abdominis m.
-Medial Brs. descend Parallel to e/o btw. Internal abdominal oblique m. & Transversus abdominis m. to Rectus abdominis m. (Supplies them & underlying Peritoneum)
-Lateral Brs. perforate Internal abdominal oblique m. & descend btw. the Oblique mm.
-Supplies these mm., perforates External abdominal oblique m. & terminates subcutaneously as Lateral Cutaneous br. to the Abdominal wall in that region
What is the major Superficial Component of L4?
What is its cutaneous area (Autonomous Zone)?
-Lateral Cutaneous Femoral n.
-Cranial & Lateral Surfaces of the Thigh
Describe Structure&Function of the Gubernaculum & how it relates to the body wall?
-Attach to Bottom of Testis/Ovary in Quadrant Pelvic Viscera
-Covered on each side by Parietal Peritoneum
-Extends thru Deep Inguinal Ring btw. Internal&External Abdominal Oblique mm. by Rectus Abdominis m. Thru Inguinal Canal, Superficial Inguinal Ring&Vaginal Ring into Scrotum/Vaginal Process
Stages of Testicular Descent:
Stage 1:
1.Cellular Proliferation
2.Increased Secretion of ECM
-Increase Diameter (Gub)
-Decrease Resistance (Gub)
Stage 2:
-Increased Intra-Abdominal Press
-Occurs rapidly
When do the Testis pass thru the Inguinal Canal in:
-Dog/Cat:
-Horse:
-Ruminants:
-1st Wk of Life (in Scrotum by 6 wks of age)
-At Birth
-Well before Birth
What are the Gubernaculum Remnants in the Male?
-Proper Lig. of the Testis
-Lig. of the Tail of Epididymis
What are the Gubernaculum Remnants in the Female?
-Suspensory Lig. of the Ovary
-Proper Lig. of the Ovary
-Round Lig. of the Uterus
Which 3 Main Branches of the Abdominal Aorta are Unpaired?
-Celiac a.
-Cranial Mesenteric a.
-Caudal Mesenteric a.
Define Portal System:
Consists of a Capillary bed interposed between veins returning blood to the heart
List the 3 branches of the Aorta that Contribute the Blood to the "First" Capillary bed:
-Celiac a.
-Cranial mesenteric a.
-Right Phrenic a.
Which 2 Veins form the Portal Vein?
-Cranial mesenteric v.
-Caudal mesenteric v.
Which organs does the Portal Vein Drain?
-Stomach
-Small Intestine
-Cecum
-Colon
-Pancreas
-Spleen
Why can Blood from the organs drained by the Portal Vein not simply drain directly into the Caudal Vena Cava?
-The Portal v. takes blood to the Liver.
-The Liver hasa Capillary bed of Sinusoids thru which the blood passes before it exits thru large Hepatic vv. to enter the Caudal Vena Cava
What major organ of the Digestive System does not drain thru the Hepatic Portal v.?
Rectum
Identify 4 major vessels on the surface of the stomach & their positions:
-Right&Left Gastric aa.
(Lesser Curvature)
-Right&Left Gastroepiploic aa.
(Greater Curvature)
Preferred site for performing a gastrotomy to avoid damaging the 4 major vessels of the Stomach?
Middle of Body
(Perhaps Fundus?)
Rationalize why a dog typically is not splenectomized simply by ligating the main splenic artery (and vein) & then removing the spleen:
Branch of Splenic a. supplying Spleen is Left Gastroepiploic a. & Short Gastric aa. branching from it are the main sources of blood to Left side of Stomach.
-If Main Splenic a. is ligated, no blood to Rt. side of Stomach
-Must ligate each tiny branch of Splenic & L.Gastroepiploic aa. at level of Spleen to avoid this problem.
List the components of the Digestive System in the order that they would normally be encountered by ingesta:
Oral cavity->Pharynx (Oropharynx->Laryngopharynx)
->Esophagus->Stomach-> Pylorus->Cr. Duodenum->Cr. Duodenal Flexure-> Descending Duodenum-> Caudal Duodenal Flexure-> Ascending Duodenum-> Duodenojejunal Flexure-> Jejunum->Ileum->Ascending Colon (Cecum is diverticulum off of Ascending Colon)->Right Colic Flexure->Transverse Colon->Left Colic Flexure-> Descending Colon->Rectum-> Anal Canal->Anus
State the general direction that ingesta moves w/in each segment of the Alimentary Canal:
Thru:
-Esophagus=Caudally
-Stomach=Ventrally to Right
-Descending Duodenum= Caudally&Slightly to Left
-Ascending Duodenum=Cr.
-Jejunum=Caudally mainly
-Ileum=Cr. & Slightly to Right
-Ascending Colon=Cranially
-Transverse Colon=To Left
-Descending Colon=Caudally
-Rectum=Caudally
Where is the Auricular Surface of the heart surgically accessible?
The Atrial Surface?
-Facing Left Thoracic Wall
-Facing Right Thoracic Wall
Where is the Cranial and Caudal Vena Cava surgically accessible?
-Right Thoracic Wall
Where is the Cardiac Notch?
What forms it?
Surgical Significance?
-at 4th & 5h intercostal spaces
-formed by Cranial and Middle lobes of right lung, allows easies access to right ventricle.
Where would you go to remove heartworms?
-Vena Cavas are accessible on right side
Where would you go to perform surgery on patent ductus arteriosis?
Pulmonary trunk and aortic arch are accessible on left side
PAM 345:
-Pulmonary at 3rd ICS
-Aortic at 4th ICS (HIGH)
-Mitral at 5th ICS
Cutaneous Branches from L1-L3 Supply:
Skin of:
i. Caudolateral abdominal wall
ii. Caudoventral abdominal wall
iii. Thigh in region of stifle jt
Ventral Branches of L1-L4 supply:
-Ventral and Lateral Regions of the Thoracic and abdominal wall
Medial branches of L1-L3 supply:
i. Internal abdominal oblique m.
ii. Transversus abdominis m.
iii. Rectus abdominis m.
iv. Underlying Peritoneum
Lateral branches of L1-L3 Supply:
Internal and external abdominal oblique mm.
Lateral Cutaneous branches of L1-L3 supply:
-Cutaneous abdominal wall in the region
SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL LN.
-Location:
-Drain:
-adjacent to caudal superficial epigastric vessels, cranial to them branching from the external pudendal vessels
-Drain:
-Tail, Ventral Pelvic area
-Ventral half of abdom. wall
-(caudal abdominal and
inguinal mammae)
-Medial thigh, stifle jt&crus
-Part of genital tract
Where does the right testicular/ovarian v. drain?
Into caudal vena cava
Where does the left testicular/ovarian v. drain?
Into the left renal v.
Describe a simple schematic of the Hepatic Portal System starting with blood leaving the heart:
Blood leaves heart -> abdominal aorta-> Celiac, Cranial Mesenteric, Caudal Mesenteric aa.-> GI Tract (Capillary bed #1)-> Cranial Mesenteric, Caudal Mesenteric, Splenic, and Gastroduodenal vv.-> Hepatic Portal v.-> Hepatic Sunusoids (Capillary Bed #2)-> Hepatic vv. (internal in Liver)-> Caudal Vena Cava
Identify & describe which 2 Veins form the Portal Vein:
Cranial and Caudal Mesenteric vv.
Describe which organs the portal vein drains (general) and where does it take the blood?
Portal vein carries blood to liver from abdominal viscera
Where is the Portal Vein contained/located and where does it enter cranially?
Contained in the Hepatoduodenal Lig and enters the Liver at the base of caudate process of the caudate lobe.
What does the Gastroduodenal vein drain?
-Pancreas
-Stomach
-Duodenum
-Greater Omentum
What does the Splenic v. drain?
-Spleen
-Stomach
-Pancreas
-Greater Omentum
-Left Gastric v.
What does the Cranial Mesenteric v. drain?
-Jejunum
-Ileum
-Caudal Duodenum
-Right Lobe of Pancreas
What does the Caudal Mesenteric v. drain?
-Cecum
-Colon
Where does the Splenic v. enter the Hepatic portal v.?
From Deep leaf of Greater Omentum, dorsal to Stomach
Where does the Gastroduodenal v. enter the Hepatic Portal v.?
From Right side ne Pancreas Body, Cranial to Splenic v. Branch
What do the "Celiac vv." drain?
Drain areas from where the Celiac a. Supplies
Why does Venous blood from abdominal organs drain thru the liver?
Because the Liver is rich in nutrients from GIT?
3 Functions of the Liver:
-Processing and initial metabolism of nutrients
-Detoxification
-Storage of some metabolites (glycogen, lipids)
PORTAL SYSTEM SHUNTS:
-Describe venous blood flow in the embryo:
-Umbilical v. and portal v. both bypass the liver and empty directly into caudal vena cava
What is a Fetal Remnant Shunt?
Failure to close one of the normal shunt patterns (found in the liver)
What is a Portosystemic Shunt?
Venous blood is able to bypass liver via external shunt from portal v. to caudal vena cava (may cause neurological damage due to high amine concentration)
Describe Gastric Dilation-Volvulus Syndrome:
BLOAT
-Air accumulates in GIT-> Stomach Twists on axis and fundus rotates ventrally to right side (Gastric Torsion)
What are some implications of Gastric Dilation-Volvulus Syndrome?
-Esophagus gets twisted off; also causes twisting of the associated thick-walled aa. and thin-walled vv.
-Vein will occlude first-> Venous Congestion->Wall of stomach expands-> Can cause death of tissue
-Spleen might also be twisted
TESTICULAR THERMOREGULATION:
-3 Mechanisms of cooling:
-Scrotum outside body
-Sweat glands in scrotal skin allow for radiational cooling
-Pampiniform plexus allows transfer of heat from warmer Testicular a. leaving body cavity to cooler Testicular v. leaving scrotum
TESTICULAR THERMOREGULATING:
-2 Mechanisms of heating:
-Cremaster m. contracts and pulls testes closer to ventral body wall
-Tunica Dartos m. contract causing the skin to crinkle, pulling testes clower to body wall.
What is the path of spermatozoa thru male reproductive system?
Seminiferous tubules-> Rete Testis-> Efferent ducts-> Duct of epididymis-> Ductus Deferens-> Urethra-> Female Tract
What makes up the Genital Fold?
-Same as Broad Lig. of Uterus in female
-2 Deferent Ducts joined by Peritoneal Trigone just befor entering prostate
VESICOGENITAL POUCH:
-Location:
-Boundaries:
-Extension of Peritoneal cavity found ventral to Genital Fold
-Deferent ducts bound dorsally and bladder bounds ventrally
COLLICULUS SEMINALIS
-What is it?
-What empties into it?
-Dorsal Protrusion into Urethral lumen
-Ductus Deferens on either side
COCCYGEUS M.
-Origin:
-Insertion:
-Action:
-Ischiatic Spine, Crosses Sacrotuberous Lig. and extends to lateral surface
-Transverse Processes of Cd2-Cd5
-Presses the tail against the anus and genital parts; involved in drawing tail btw rear legs
LEVATOR ANI M.
-Origin:
-Insertion:
-Action:
-Medial edge of Ilium and Pelvic Symphysis, surrounds genitalia and rectum as is basses dorsally (Cranial and medial to coccygeus m.)
-Hemal Process of Cd7
-Presses tail against anus and genital parts; compression of the rectum
ANAL CANAL
-Muscles (2):
-Internal Sphincter m. = extension of the inner circular layer of smooth m. of rectum
-External Sphincter m. = Skeletal m. surrounding anus
RECTOCOCCYGEUS M.
-Origin:
-Insertion:
Action:
-Lies along dorsal midline; extends from sides of rectum
-Cd5-Cd6
-Raises tail during defecation/parturition; aids in defecation
Which muscles compress the rectum?
Coccygeus and Levator Ani mm.
Which muscles extend the rectum?
Rectococcygeus m.
PARARECTAL FOSSA:
-Dorsal Border:
-Ventral Border:
-Body Wall (Spinal Cord)
-Rectum
RECTOGENITAL POUCH:
-Dorsal Border:
-Ventral Border:
-Rectum
-Uterus/Prostate
VESICOGENITAL POUCH
Female:
-Dorsal Border:
-Ventral Border:
Male
-Dorsal Border:
-Ventral Border:
Female:
-Uterus
-Urinary Bladder
Male:
-Genital Fold
-Urinary Bladder
PUBOVESICAL POUCH
-Dorsal Border:
-Ventral Border:
-Bladder
-Body Wall and Pubis
The caudal extensions of peritoneum are continuous with eachother. TRUE/FALSE
TRUE
CRANIAL THORACIC MAMMAE:
-Arterial Supply:
-Venous Drainage:
-Lymphatic Drainage:
-Innervation:
-Ventral Cutaneous Brr. of Intercostal aa.
-Cranial Superficial Epigastric, Internal Thoracic vv.
-Axillary LN
-4th,5th,6th Lateral Cutaneous nn.
CAUDAL THORACIC MAMMAE:
-Arterial Supply:
-Venous Drainage:
-Lymphatic Drainage:
-Innervation:
-Ventral Cutaneous Brr. of Intercostal aa. (some from Cranial Superficial Epigastric aa.)
-Cranial Superficial Epigastric, Internal Thoracic vv.
-Axillary LN
-6th/7th Lateral Cutaneous nn.
CRANIAL ABDOMINAL MAMMAE:
-Arterial Supply:
-Venous Drainage:
-Lymphatic Drainage:
-Innervation:
-Cranial Superficial Epigastric aa.
-Caudal Superficial Epigastric vv.
-Axillary or Superficial Inguinal LNN.
-Inguinal n.; Ventral Branches of L1-L3 Spinal nn.
CAUDAL ABDOMINAL MAMMAE:
-Arterial Supply:
-Venous Drainage:
-Lymphatic Drainage:
-Innervation:
-Caudal Superficial Epigastric aa.
-Caudal Superficial Epigastric vv.
-Superficial Inguinal LNN.
-Inguinal n.; Ventral Branches of L1-L3 Spinal nn.
INGUINAL MAMMAE:
-Arterial Supply:
-Venous Drainage:
-Lymphatic Drainage:
-Innervation:
-Caudal Superficial Epigastric aa.
-Caudal Superficial Epigastric vv.
-Superficial Inguinal Lnn.
-Inguinal n.; Ventral Brr. of L1-L3 Spinal nn.
Identify & List the 4 Major Organs of the Urinary System:
-Kidneys
-Ureters
-Bladder
-Urethra
Trace a Drop of Urine:
Filtered in Kidney-> Tubules-> Collecting Ducts-> Renal Pelvis-> Ureter->Stored in Bladder-> Urethra (empties either thru Penis or into Vestibule)
KIDNEYS
-System:
-Location:
-Function:
-Urinary System
-Against Sublumbar mm.
-Filter waste products from blood to form urine
KIDNEYS
-Trace steps from Blood Entering to Urine Leaving:
-Renal a. & is filtered thru Glomerulus in Renal Cortex-> Down into Medulla via Proximal Convoluted Tubule
->Descending Tubule-> Loop of Henle-> Ascending Tubule->
Straight Collecting Duct runs thru Medulla, Unites with other Tubules and empties into Renal Crest in Renal Pelvis-> Ureter
URETERS
-System:
-Origin:
-Boundaries:
-Ventral:
-Dorsal:
-Insertion:
-Function:
-Urinary System
-Origin: Renal Pelvis of Kidney
-Boundaries:
-Ventral: Peritoneum
-Dorsal: Psoas mm., Internal Spermatic vessels or utero-ovarian a.
-Insertion: Neck of bladder in Lateral Lig. of Bladder & reaches dorsolateral surface just caudal to neck
-Function: Carry urine from kidney to bladder
Which Ureter is longer? (Right or Left)
Right Ureter b/c right kidney is more cranial
Do Ureters run dorsal or ventral to the Deep Circumflex Iliac a./v.?
External Iliac a.?
Ventral