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262 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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relatively long preganglionic fibers and short postganlgionic fibers
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sympathetic division of the ANS
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all preganglionic fibers originate in brainstem or sacral part of the spinal cord
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craniosacral division
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long postganglionic fibers and dshort ganglionic fibers
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parasympathetic pathways of the ANS
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ventral and dorsal roots of each sinal segment combine to form a ...
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spinal nerve as it passes through the intervertebral foramen
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preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral gray horns of where to where
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T1-L2
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where are white ramus communicans found
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T1-L2
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is divergence abundant in sympathetic
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yes preganglionic fibers can synapse on up to 32 ganglionic neurons
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what is another name for sympathetic chain ganglia
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paravertebral ganglia
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where do sympathetic chain ganglia or paravertebral gnaglia lie in comparisson to the vertebral column
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laterally
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fibers entering the sympathetic chann ganglia can do one of three things
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synapse
ascend or descend pass through to the collateral ganglia or adrenal medullae |
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what serves the head extremeties body wall and thoracic viscera
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postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic chain gangli
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postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic chain ganglia return to every peripheral nerve as a
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gray ramus communicans
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lie anterior to the vertebral column and are not paired
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collateral ganglia
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what do the collateral ganglia converge to form
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greater lesser and lumbar splanchnic nerves
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what innervates the effectors in the abdominopelvic cavity
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collateral ganglia
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what innervates stomach liver pancreas and spleen celiac region
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greater splanchnic nerve
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what innervates the small intestine and proximal 2/3 of large intestine
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lesser splanchnic nerve
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what innervates the inferior mesenteric ganglion with distal large intestine
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lumbar splanchnic nerve
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what will synapse with ganglionic fibers in the adrenal medulla?
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preganglionic fibers through sympathetic chain ganglia and celiac ganglion
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what is 75% of the ouput of the sympathetic ANS
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epinephrine
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the cervical sympatheic postganglionic fbers will innervate structures innervated by
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3 7 9 10
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in thoracic vscera what do postganglionic fibers innervate
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esophagus and lungs and some to heart unlike preganglionic which do thoracic sympathtic chain ganglia to the upper chest
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what nerve carries 75% of parasympathetic innervation
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vagus from thoracic cavity to distal segments of the large intestine
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what innervates the kidneys bladder and sex organs
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sacral parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of S2-4
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constriction of pupils is
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parasympathetic
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constriction of respiratory airways
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parasympathetic
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sexual arousal and stimulation
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parasympathetic
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are most or a few sympathetic nervous system effetors cholinergic
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FEW-- the sympathetic effectors are mostly adrenergic
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what do adrenergic receptors recieve
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norepinephrine
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what absorbs the nutrients supplied by the digestive system
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blood and lymph
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what are the three elimination sites
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lungs kidneys liver
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what percent of body weight is blood
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8%
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where does erythropoiesis occur
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humerus femus ribs sternum pelvis portions of skull
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neutrophils eosinophils and basophils are all blank that develop in the bone marrow
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granulocytes
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lymphocytes and monocytes are blank that develop in marrow and migrate to lymphoid tissue including the tonsils spleen lymph nodes appendix and thymus where furhter differentiation occurs
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agranulocytes
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what is a hematocrit
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ratio of formed blood element volume cells and platelets to the total blood volume
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hematocrit of females males
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37-48 42-54
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describe the appearance of an erythrocyte
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biconcave discs that have lost their nuclei and mitochondria... the liver and spleen destroy them
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another name for platelets
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thrombocytes-- major portion of blood clot mass
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leukocytes in order of abundance NLMEB
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neutrophils
lymphocytes monocytes eosinonphils basophils |
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increase in number with parasite
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eosinophils stain red with eosin
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base loving granules stain blue with hematoxylin contain histamine
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basophils
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first to response to inflammatory stimulus
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neutrophiles most common WBC
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phagocytize foreign material also called polymorphonuclear cells
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neutrophils
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B cells
T cells Suppressor cells are all types of |
lymphocytes agranulocytes
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these lymphocytes produce antibodies
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B Cells
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what are the two types of T Cells
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cytotoxic and helper which does HIV
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suppresses proliferation of other T Cells
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suppressor cells
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these lymphocytes can differentiate like macrophages and eat foreign materials
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monocytes lymphocytes of agranulocytes
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most abundant and smallest of proteins account for 60% of plasma produced by liver ad give blood the viscosity needed to maintain blood volume and pressure
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albumins
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what three proteins are found in plasma
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albumins
globulins fibrinogens |
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what are the two gypes of globulins
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alpha beta and gamma
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are synthesized by thte liver and assist in transporting lipds including fat soluble vitamins ADEK
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alpha and beta blobulins of the proteins of plasma
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produced by B cells. antibodies. in plasma.
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gamma globulins
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large proteins that play a role in clotting. produced by the liver. called serum
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fibrinogens
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this chamber receives blood from the body
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right atria
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receives blood from the lungs
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left atria
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this chamber pumps blood throughout body
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left ventricle
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what is the smallest chamber by volume
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right atria
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what is the largest chamber by volume
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left ventricle
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passively are the AV vlaves open or closed
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open
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is tricuspid on the right or left side
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right
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lub when closed
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AV
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dub when closed
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semliunar
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what separates the right ventricle form the pumonary trunk
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pulmonary valve
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what separates the left ventricle fromthe aorta
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aortic valve
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in the pumonary circuit blood is pumped from which side of teh heart, oygenated and returned to which atrium
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pulmonary is the right side of heart and returns to left atrium
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loose fitting dense irregular CT that encloses and protects the heart
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fibrous pericardium or serrous membran
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what anchors the heart to its surroundings and prevents overfillin gof the heart with blood
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vibrous pericardium
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what are the two layers of the serrous pericardium
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parietal and visceral
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what are the THREE layers of the pericardium
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fibrous and serrous and pericardial space
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this layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium it is thin and slippery. attaches to the large arteries and turns inferiorly over the external surface of the heart
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parietal layer of the serrous pericardium
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what allows the heart to beat in a near frictionless environment
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parietal and visceral layers of the serrous pericardium
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slit like space brtween the two layers of the seous pericardium that contains serous fluid
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pericardial space
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what can result form pneumonia autoimmune diseases like lupus in the heart
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pericarditis
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what three things make up the heart wall
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epicardium
myocardium endocardium |
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another naem for visceral pericardium
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epicardium
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forms the great bulk of the heart. made of interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue associated CT blood vessels and nerves
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myocardium
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CT fibers of the myocardium form a dense network called
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the fibrous skeletonn o the heart for tendon and muscle insertion
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inner surfaces of the heart including vlaves by simple squamous epithelium
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endocardium
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what kind of respiration is cardiac muscle
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aerobic
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what are the junction in the heart
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desmosome gap
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each atrium has protuding appendages called blankwhcih increase the atrial volume somewhat
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auricles
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what are the combed muscles of the heart
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pectinate
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where does the right atrium receive blood from
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superior and inferior vena cava
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venous blood from the myocardium returns to where
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coronary sinus
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what receives blood from the four pulmonary veins
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left atrium
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irregular ridges of muscle in the heart
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trabeculae arneae
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atria are separated by thing but muscular interatrial...
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septum ventricles are separated by thick muscular interventricular septum
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most prominent goove on the myocardium . the division between the atria and ventricles
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coronary sulcus
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partition between the right and left ventricles is refelkcted on the surface of the myocardium
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interventricular sulci
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cone shaped msucles that support the AV valves. keep valve cusps from everting when ventricles contract
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papillary muscles
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bundles of collagen that run from papillary msucles to the cusps of the AV valves
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chordae tendinae
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this valve separates the right ventricle from the pumonary trunmk
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pulmonary
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isovolumetric contraction
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all valves are closed
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atrial systole
ventircular systole quiescent period |
1/8
1/3 1/2 |
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delivers venous blood from the head neck upper limbs and chest to the superior posterior wall
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superior vena cava
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collects blood from teh myocardium and emptieies into the RIGHT ATRIUM
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coronary sinus
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the superior end of the right ventricle tapers to a smooth cone shaped pouch called the
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conus arteriosus which terminates at the pulmonary valve
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this artery runs from the left side of the heart and divides into the anterior interventricular LAD and circumflex
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left coronary artery
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runs tot eh right side of the heart in the coronary sulcus
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right coronary artery
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continues along the left atrioventricular groove to supply the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle
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circumflex
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supplies the posterior ventricular walls and the apex of the heart running in the posterior interventricular sulcus
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posterior interventricular from the right coronary artery
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what are the three branches of the right coronary artery
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posterior interventricular
marginal nodal branches |
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serves the myocardium of the lateral part of the right side of the heart
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marginal
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branches from he right coronary artery that supplies the cardiac pacemakers
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ndal branches
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are responsible fro establishing hte rate of cardiac contraction. unusual in that thir membranes spontaneously depolarize to threshold
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nodal cells
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in the posterior wall fo the right atrium near he entracne of the superior vena cava
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SA node
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in CNS modulation what does the parasympathetic system release from the postganglionic fibers
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ACh to slow the spontaneous depolarization
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what does the sympathetic system release from the postganglionic fibers in CNS modulation
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NE to accelerate the rate of depolarizaiton
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this node sits at the floor of the right atrium
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AV node
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what happens if the SA node is damage?
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AV node can overtake pacemaker responsibilities
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SA to AV to Bundle of His also known as
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atrioventricular bundle to left and right bundle branches to purkinje
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cells convey the impulses very rapidly to the ventricular myocardium
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purkinje fibers
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these fibers extend toward the apex of the heart and radiate across the inner surfaces of both ventricles
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left and right bundle fibers
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what account for approximately 25% of cardiac volume
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large mitochondria
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depolarization of atrial fibers by the SA node
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p wave
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indicates the depolarization of the ventricles. blood is being ejected from the heart
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QRS complex
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poruced by ventricular repolarization
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t wave
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portion of nasal cavity enclosed by flexible tissue of nose
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vestibule
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forms the floor of the nasal cavity and is made of maxillary and palatine bones
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hard palate
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this searates the oral from the nasal cavities
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hard palate
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extends posteriorly from teh hard palate separating the superior nasopharynx from the rest of the pharynx
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soft palate
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where nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx
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internal nares
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another name for the internal nares
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choana
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what are the three main epithelial tissues in the nose
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non deratinized stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized stratified squamous pseudostratified ciliated columnar |
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what supplies blood to the nose
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sphenopalatine artery a branch of the maxilalry artery
anterior ehtmoidal arteries a branch of the opthalmic artery |
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branches from the greater petrosal nerve from the facial nerve to the nasal glands and lacrimal glands
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parasympathetic
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from the internal carotid plexus are distributed with the parasympathetic
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sympathetic
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funnel shaped passageway that connects the nose and the mouth with the larynx and esophagus
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pharynx
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positioned directly behind the nasal cavity above the soft palate
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nasopharynx
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what connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear cavities
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auditory tubes
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what is another name for pharyngeal tonsils
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adenoid
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what extends between teh soft palate and the base of the tongue at the hyoid bone
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oropharynx
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this blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing
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uvula
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this extends inferiorly formt eh hyoid to the larynx
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larynopharynx
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type of epithelium in nasopharynx
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respiratory
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type of epithelium in oropharynx
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statified squamous
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type of epithelium i laryngopharynx
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stratified squamous epithelium
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what is the vascular supply of the pharynx
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external thyroid arteries
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what is the innervation of the pharynx
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pharyngeal plexus formed by the pharyngeal branches of the vagus and glossopharyngealnerve and sympathetic branhes from the superior cervical gnaglion form XI
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largest cartilage forms most of the atnerior and lateral walls of the larynx inferiourly articulates with the cricoid cartilage
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thyroid
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a complete ring that is elarged posteriourly portects the glottis and the entrance to teh trachea
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cricoid
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what are the three cartilages of the larynx
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thryoid
cricoid epiglottis |
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shoehorn shaped cartilage supported by ligamentous attachments tot eh anteior and superior borders of the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone.
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epiglottis
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narrow opening from the pharynx open when the vocal folds are relaxed
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glottis
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what muscles of the pharynx are responsilbe for elevating the larynx and lcosing the epiglottis during swallowing
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extrinsic
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what muscles of the larynx are responsible for phonation
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ntrinsic
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what is the vascular supply to the larynx
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superior thyroid arteries a branch of the extwrnal carotid and from the inferior thyroid arters branches of the thyrocervical branch of the subclavian artery
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the recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve innervates the muscles of teh blank
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larynx
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the junction that reinforces the trachea when it splits at t7
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carina
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what are the four layers of the trachea
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mucosal layer
submucosal layer cartilaginsous layer adventicia |
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dense and loose connective tissue that binds the trachea to mediastinal tissue contains variable amounts of adipose tissue
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adventicia
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innervation is the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers inthe vagus nerves and postganglionic sympathetic fibers and afferent fiberf rom brain to vagus nerve
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trachea
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which bronchus is slightly larger
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right
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where do the primary bronchi enter the lungs
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hilus
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bunch of grapes
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alveolar sac
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grape
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alvelolus
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what is beneath the epithelium
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squamous pulmonary epithelia
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each libe reives an arteriole and venule what kind of epithelium
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capillary epithelium
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what is teh primary source of converting enzymes which convert to circulating angiotensin I to angiotensin II
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capillary epithelium
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what helps with the regulating of blood volume and blood pressure
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capillary epithelium
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fusion of the basal laminae of the aklveolar epithelium and adjacent capillaries
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alveolar capillary membrane
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what simple squamous epithelia cells are thin and delicate and line the wall of each alveolus
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type I cells- pulmonary epithelial cells
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another name for type i cells
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pulmonary epithelial cells
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rename type II cells
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septal cells
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these cells wsecrete surfaction an oily phospholipid
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type II aka septal cells
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ths secretion reduces the surface tension which would otherwise cause the alveoli to collapse
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surfactant which is secreted by type II septal cells
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what cells are like detergent in water that reduce tnesion so alveoli don't stick
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surfactant
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the mediastinal surface of the lungs is slightly concqanve and contains the
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hilum
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where is the base of the lungs
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the inferior surface
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what is the superior surface of the lungs
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apex also called the costal surface of the lung
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what are the divisions of the two pleural membranes also referred to as serous membranes
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parietal
visceral |
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this lines the thoracic walls and the thoracic surface of the diaphragm
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parietal of the serous membranes of the pleural membrane
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this is a continuation of the parietal pleura and adheres to the outer surface of the lung extending into the interlobular fissures
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visceral pleura of the serous membranesof the pleural membranes
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what allows sliding of the lungs
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parietal and visceral pleura
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a triangular weedge occupying the anterior base of the lung
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middle lobe
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what are the important landmarks of the right lung
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T5 and the 6th rib
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this line begins at the oblique fissure near the midaxillary line and extends anteriorly
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horizontal fissure
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the upper right and middle veins join to form one
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pulmonary vein
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usually one artery on the right and two on the left that arise from the orta they accompany the intrapulmonary bronchioles to the level of the respiratroy bronchioles
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bronchial arteries
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venous blood from the first few divisions of the bronchi is carries to the
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hemiazygos vein or azygos
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what are smaller divisions of the lung drained by
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pulmonary veins
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what is the innervatio of the lungs
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preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerves synapse with ganglion cells in the pulmonary plexus in front or and behind the root of the lung
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postganglionic sympathetic fibers arise from the upper 4-5 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and reach the lungs by direct nerves
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innervation of the lungs
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sensory fibers of the vagal origin innervate
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lungs
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what is the difference between lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia
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lobar involves the entire lobe while broncho effects only a portion of a lobe
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what thing increases vasoconstriction blood pressure aldosterone salt retention by kidney and ADH
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angiotensin
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what do vasoconstriction salt retention by kidneys and ADH all do to blood pressure
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increase it as it occurs when angiotensin II is made in the kidneys
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what epithelium is in the endothelial layer of the walls of the arteries and veins
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simple squamous epithelium
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this layer is found in the thickest arteries and contains variable amounts of connective tissue and elastic tissue and is located between the other TI layers
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connective tissue layer
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in this layer the arteries recoil like stretched rubber and reduce the pulsatile flow of blood. the walsl are not very thick but are very resilient
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tunica media
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smaller muscular arteries have less elasstin but thicker or thinner layer of SM
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thicket the source of greatest resistance to flow
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do veins have more or less smooth muscle and elastin than their corresponding arteries
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less
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parasympathetic or sympathetic stimulation produces vasoconstrction or venoconstriction
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sympathetic
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this layer is very thick mostly collagen and helps to stablize the vessels
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tunica externa or tunica adventicia
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rename tunica externa
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tunica adventicia
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what are the three kinds of arteries
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elastic
muscular anatamosis |
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aorta subclavian common carotid common iliac
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elastic
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external carotids brachial arteries femoral arteries
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muscular arteries
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direct communications between the arterioles and venules. common in visceral organs and joints especially where position or posture could compromise blood flow
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arteriovenous anastamosis
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this has a poorly defined tunica adventicia and controls blood flow between arteries and arterioles
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arterioles
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thoroughfar channels metarterioles and true capillaries describe the structure of what
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capillary beds
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central or preferred canal a relatively direct communication between an arteriole and venule
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thoroughfare channel
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those in which adjacent endothelial cells are thightly joined together by tight junctions and desmosomes. as in muscles lungs and adipose
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continuous
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three types of true capillaries
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continuous
fenestrated discontinuous |
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occur in kidneys endocrine glands and intestines. they have wide intercellular pores covred by mucoprotein
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fenestrated
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found in bone marrow liver spleen
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discontinuous or sinusoids
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another name for discontinuous
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sinusoids
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vessels that drain one group of capillaries and deliver blood to a second group o f capillaries
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hepatic portal circulation
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veins that drain blood from the capillaries in the intestines spleen pancreas stomach and gallbladder drain blood into the hepatic portal veins and then capillaries in the liver. these are called
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sinusoids
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look up table 21.11
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ok
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drains small intestine and hfirst half of the colon
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superior mesenteric vein
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this vein is made up of the pancreatic vein left gastorepiploic vein from stomach and inferior mesenteric vein from the distal colon
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splenic vein
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where does the splenic vein go to
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hepatic portal vein which goes to the liver to the inferior vena cava to the heart
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describe hypothalamic or hypophyseal circulation
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neurons in the hypothal secrete hormones in the region of the median eminence where they entera netweork of primary capillaries and venous drains through the atnerior pituitaryq
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capillary exchange between maternal and fetal blood occurs within the
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placenta
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vein in fetus carries oxygenated or deoxygenated
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oxygenated
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where do arteries carry the deoxygenated blood back to in the fetus
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placenta
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is foramen ovale in fetus or adult
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fetus fossa ovalis is after birth
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90% or the blood in the pulmonary trunk of the fetus flows through the
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ductus artereolus into the aorta
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what does ductus arteriosus become after birth
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ligamentum arteriosum are birth
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pulmonary turnk is abnomally narrow
interventricular septum is incomplete aorta originates where the interventricular septum normally ends the right ventricle is enlarged |
tetralogy of fallot
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arteriosclerosis aneurysm hypertension are all what kinds of problems
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vascular
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MI arrhythmia angina pectoris heart murmurs are all what kind of problems
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cardiac
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aortic arch
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ABCS
arch brachiocephalic common carotid subclavian left |
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right common carotid
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OAM
opthalmic anterior cerebral middle cerebral |
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external carotid
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SALFOPMS
superior thyroid anterior cerebral lingual facial occipital ppharyngeal middle cerebral superior |
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right subclavian vertebral artery
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vertebral to basilar to osterior cerebral to posterior communicating
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right subclavian
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VBAIT
vertebral thyrocervical internal thoracic axillary brachial artery |
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brachial artery
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deep brachial
radial ulnar |
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thoracic aorta
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PMSIE
pericardial mediastinal superior phrenic intercostals esophageal |
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abdominal aorta
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CSISRG
celiac trunk superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric suprarenal renal gonadal |
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celiac trunk
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left gastric
splenic common hepatic |
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internal iliac
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superior gluteal
obturator |
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external iliac becomes
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femoral
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femoral artery
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deep femoral
becomes popliteal artery |
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popliteal artery
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posterior tibial
fibular artery anterior tibial dorsalis pedis |
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superficial veins of the upper extremity
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cephalic
basilic |
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thorax
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azygos
hemiazygos |
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runs superiorly along the posterior abdominal and thoracic walls on the right side of the vertebral column
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azygos
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drains left thorax
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hemiazygos of the thorax
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superficial veins of the lower extremity
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great saphenous
small saphenous comes up laterall |
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the osmotic pressure resulting from the presence of suspended plasma proteins
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colloid osmotic pressure which opposes bp
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close ended tubes in the intercellular space of most tissues that are large in diameter have thin walls and endothelial cells overlap
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lympathic capillaries
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what give lympathic capillaries a beaded appearance
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valves
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regions of lymph nodes that contain phagocytic cells that help purify fluid
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popliteal
inguinal lumbar cubital axillary thoracic cervical |
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form a protective ring aroudn the openings between the nasal and oral cavities and the pharynx
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palatine tonsils
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assists in filteringblood producing lymphocytes and destroying old RBC
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spleen
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red pulp
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destroys RBCs
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germinal cetners for lymphocyte production
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white pulp
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located in anterior thorax
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thymus
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prominent lympathic capillaries in the small intestine which transport absorbed lipis
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lacteals
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drain lower extermities
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lumbar trunk
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drains intestinal tract
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intestinal trunk
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drains upper extremities
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subclavian trunk
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drains lungs and chest
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bronchomediastinal trunk
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drains head and neck
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jugular trunk
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what carries lymph toward the lympathic trunks in the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities. rhythmic contraction possible to help move lymph
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lympathic vessels
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drains 3/4 of body into left subclavian vien near base of the left internal jugular vein
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left thoracic duct
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collects lumbar and intestinal trunks at the base of the thoracic duct
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cisterna chyli
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drans right upper 1/4 of body and only drains right bronchomediastinal trunk right jugular and right subclavian trunks
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right thoracic duct
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