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533 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what encloses the brian and sensory organs
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cranial bones
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how many cranial bones
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8
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how many facial bones
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14
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name the 6 cavities
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cranial
nasal paranasal middle an dinner ear orbits oral and buccal |
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how long ossification before fontanels are complete
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20-24 months
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what are other associated bones with the skull
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hyoid and auditory ossicles
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ossicles
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malleus incus and stapes
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where is an attachment for the meninges?
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crista galli
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what forms the turbinates
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middle and superior concha
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what is suspended from the styloid process and supports tongue and is fractured in strangulation
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hyoid
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how many total vertebrae
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33
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how many movable parts of vertebrae
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26
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openings trhough which spinal nerves pass
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intervertebral foramina
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how many processes on vertebrae
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7
spinous transverse, superior, inferior |
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exaggeration of normal thoracic curve
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kyphosis
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exaggeration of the lumbar curve resulting in prominent abdomen and buttocks
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lordosis
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abnormal lateral curve, most often seen in adolescent females
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scoliosis
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what costal cartilages fuse to form the costal margin
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8th 9th 10th
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when is the xiphoid ossified by
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age 25
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congenital defect where the vertebral lainae fail to fuse
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spina bifida
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vitamin D deficiency in children
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rickets
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demineralization due to vit D deficiency in adults
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osteomalacia
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hypersecretion of growth hormone before ossification of growth plates
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gigantism
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hypersecretion of growth hormone after ossification of growth plates
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acromegaly
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neoplasma
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new substance--> tumor
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benign tumor of bone, often the skull
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osteoma
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painful benign tumors of long bones
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osteoid osteomas
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malignant (very)
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osteogenic sarcoma
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osteoporosis
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weakening of the bones as a result of calcium loss commonly in caucasions and asians
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where two bones interconnect
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articulations
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what are the three funcitonal classifications of articulation
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synarthorsis
amphiarthrosis diarthrosis |
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an immovable joint
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synarthrosis (syn - same)
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**
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fibrous cartilaginous that may fuse over time are synarthrosis
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slightly movable joint
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amphiarthrosis (amphi both sides)
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are amphiarthrosis fibrous and cartilaginous like synarthrosis?
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yes
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freely movable joint or synovial joint
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diarthrosis (dia through)
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what are the three structural classifications of articulations
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fibrous cartiliginous synovial
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what are teh three types of fibrous articulations
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sutures
syndesmoses gomphoses |
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articulating bones are held together by fibrous CT lacking joint cavities
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fibrous articulations
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when are sutures formed by?
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18 mos
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a totally immovable joint created when two separate bones fuse and the boundary disappears as in the ephphyseal lines of mature bones
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synostosis of sutures of fibrous articulations
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fibrous joints that bind the teeth to the sockets a periodontal ligament connects the tooth to the alveolus in the mandible and maxilla
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gomphoses (bolting together)
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what kind of articulation has cartilage that holds together the articulating bones and lack cavities
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cartilaginous
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what are two types of cartilaginous articulations
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symphses and synchodroses
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the articulating bones are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage allows limited movement and cushions the joint
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symphyses
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what are two places where symphyses
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symphysis pubis
intervertebral joints |
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a rigid cartilaginous bridge between articulating bones and some are temporary joints and epiphyseal joints
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synchodroses
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what are three examples of synchondroses
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ephpyseal joints
costochondral joitn between ribs and sternum occipital, sphenoid, temporal, and ethmoid |
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articulating bones are capped with cartilage with ligaments frequently supporthing them these joints have fluid filled cavities
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synovial
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describe the general structure of synovial joints
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enclosed by a joing capsule (articular capsule)
synovial fluid articular cartilage accessory structures |
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cartilage and fat pads are examples of
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accessory structures
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what is the cartilage in the knee
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menisci between the articular surfaces
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localized masses of adipose covered by synovial membranes acting as protective pakcing
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fat pads are accessory structures of synovial articulations
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the joint capsule is continuous with the periostea of the articulating bones
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ligaments
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where some of the collagen of the ligaments is torn, the ligament survives and the joint is not damaged
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a sprain
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what breaks first the bone or the ligament?
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bone
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ligaments are _____ structures of synovial articulations
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accessory
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a small fluid filled pocket of CT filled with synovial fluid form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues
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bursae
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tendon sheaths
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modified tubular shaped bursa that surround tendons crossing bony suraces like the wrist or ankle
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what are 5 types of movements within a joint
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gliding
angular circumduction rotation plantes |
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linear motion similar to holding a pencil upright but allowing it to move across the surface
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gliding
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similar to holding apencil tip inposition, but allowing the shaft of the pencil to change angles relative to the surface
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agular motion
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a type of angular motion, where the tip remain stationary, while the shaft (held at an angle of less than ninety degrees) describes a circle
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cicumductions
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the tip of the shaft remains at the same point, but the shaft rotates on its longitudinal axis
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rotation
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what are three plans of movement
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monaxila
biaxial trixial |
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movement only along one axis
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monaxial
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movment along three axes that is a combination of angular movement and rotation
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triaxial
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what are 6 kinds of synovial joints
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gliding (planar)
hinge pivot ellipsoidal (condyloid) saddle ball and socket |
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allow side to side and back and forth movement with a slight rotation
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glidding or planar synovial joints
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articulating surfaces are nearly flat and slide across one another
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gliding or planar synovial joins
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simplest type of joint movement
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gliding or planar synovial joint
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allow flexion and extension movements
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hinge
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angular motion in a plant allowed, like elbow and ankle
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hinge synovial joint
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allows rotation only
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pipvot synovial joint
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atlas and axis joint and prosimal radial ulnar joint
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pivot synovial joints
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allows flexion extension, ab adduction, and some circumduction possible but NOT ROTATION
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ellipsoidal or condyloid
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what are four examples of ellipsoidal or condyloid
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altlanto occipital
radiocarpal metacarpal-phalangeal metatarsal-phalangeal |
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permits angular motion such as flexion and extention abduction adduction some circumduction but again NO ROTATION
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saddle
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what is the difference between saddle and condyloid
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saddle is freer because the egg is rotated 90 degrees
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example of a saddle joint
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carpometcarpal joint of the pollex
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what are articular faces shaped like?
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saddle
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flex extend, ab adduct, rotation and circumduction
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ball and socket like shoulder and hip
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what are the three separate joints of the knee
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medial tibiofemoral
lateral tibiofemoral patellofemoral (the intermediate joint) |
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thin capsule
prominent fat pads menisci |
articular capsule and joint cavity of the knee
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describe the thin capsule of the knee
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strenghtened by varios ligaments and tendons of the large thigh and leg muscless
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what cusions joint margins, and assists bursae in reducing friction at the joint
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prominent fat pads
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what are the function of the menisci
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act as cushions
conform to the articulatin gsurface shape as the femus changes position provide lateral stability to the joint |
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what are the three supporting ligaments of the knnee
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patellar ligament
poplitela ligaments anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) |
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the tendons form the quadriceps pass over the anterior surface of the jont, with the patella embedded in the tendon. distally, the patellar ligament continues towards its insertion at the tibial tuberosity
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patellar ligament
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the patella is supported medial and laterally by 2 ligamentous bands, the patellar retinaculae
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patellar ligament
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these two ligaments extend between the head s of the tiba and fibula and reinforce the joint posteriorly
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popliteal ligaments
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PCL
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posterior crusciate ligament
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ACL
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anterior cruciate ligament
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cruciate
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latin for cross
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limit the anterior posterior movemnt of the femur and maintain alignment of the tibial and femoral condyles
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ACL PCL
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what reinfoce the medial and lateral joint surfaces and only tighten when the knee is at full extension
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tibial medial and fibular lateral collateral ligaments
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locking
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the entded position the ACL is taunt and the lateral neisscus james between the tibial and femur-- how ACL gets torn
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how many skeletal muscles
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600-700
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how much body weight is muscle
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40%
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four functions of muscle
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heat
movement posture guard entrances and exits |
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the stimulation of individual skeletal msucle fibers maintains a state of muscle contractionn called
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tonus and is important in the movemnt of blood and lymph
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what is the primary source of body heat
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muscles
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do muscles support the viscera
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yes
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what are the four basic characteristics of muslces
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contractility
excitability extensibility elasticity |
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muscle responds to stimulation by contracting lengthwise this gtension can be harnessed by connective tissues
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contractility
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does extensibility mean how far the muscle can stretch?
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no that it can go back to normal after being stretched
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are muscles organs
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yes!
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is elasticity equal to tone
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yes
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the more stationary of proximal point of muscle attachement
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anatomical origin
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the more movable or distal point of muscle attachment
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insertion
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where on the muscle are cuscle fibers present
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belly
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a band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a muscle tothe periosteum of a bone
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tendon
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where do tendons attach the muscle to
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periosteum of bone
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a muscle responsiblefor a specific movement the primary mvoing muscle
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agaonist
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a muscle that opposes the movement of theagonist
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antagonist
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a muslce that assists the action of the prime mover in performing its primary action
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synergist
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flattened sheet like tnedons
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aponeurosis
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effort fulcrum resistance
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class I lever like the splenius capitus of occipital condyle
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fulcrum effort resestance
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class 3 like elbow
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fucrum resistance effort
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class 2 like gastrocneius and toes
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the majority of body muscle fibers
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fast twitch glycolytic fibers (types II or IIb)
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how fast do fast twitch contract
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0.01 sec or less and develop tensions 2 to 3 times as quickly as slow twitch
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t or f fast twitch fibers can split atp more rapidly and er can complete mutliple contractile cycles more rapidly and are the largest in diatmet
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true
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what metabolism od fast twich rely on
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anaerobic causing them to fatigue rapidly have large glycogen reserves and fewer mitochondria
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rename glycolytic fibers
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type Ii or IIb fast twitch
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have a rich capillary network more mitochondria and myoglovin in greater reserves
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slow twitch oxidative fibers type I
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Type I musclesq
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slow twitch
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intermediate in size and contain some myoglobin
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fast twich oxidative type IIa
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is aerobic oxidative or glycolytic
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oxidative
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what type of metabolism do IIa rely on?
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aerobic and anaerobic
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what determines the percent of fast and slow
|
gentics by species and individuals
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a single muscle cell
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muscle fibre
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each muscle ifber is surrounded by a cell membrane
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sarcolemma
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cytoplasm of a muscle cell
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sarcoplasm
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membrane complex similar to the endoplasmic reticulum
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sacrcoplasmic reticulum
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closely associate with the transverse tubules, role in controlling the contraction of individual myofibrils
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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narrow tubes continuous with the sarcolemma and extend into the sarcoplasm at right angles to the cell's surface run perpendicualr to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and open to the otside of the cell by the sarcolemma
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transverse tubules
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form pasagewaysin into the muscle fiber to help stimulate and coordinate muscle contractions
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t tubules
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bundles of myofilaments
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myofibrils
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primarily actin and myosin are anchored at each end to the sarcolemma parallel cylindrical
|
myofibrils
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how many myofibrils in the sarcoplasm
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hundreds to thousands
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10000 in each myofibril
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sarcomere
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covers the entire muscle and is continuous with the tendon
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epimysium
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a fibrous CT of varying thickness that covers muscle and attaches ems, urinary, and reporductive tractsto the skin
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fascia
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superficial bland secures the skin to underlying structures like buttocks and abdominal wall
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fascia
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what is an inward extension of superficial fascia which lacks adipose tissue and blends with the epimysium
|
deep fscia surrounds adjacent muscles forming functional compartmentalized groups
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where is smooth muscle found
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arteries, gi tract, respiratory syst
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autonomic is vol or invol
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involuntary like smooth muscles
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what kind of muscle has long spinkle like cells with a single nucleus and lacking striations
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smooth
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how are cells grouped in smooth muscle
|
flattened sheets
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what makes persitaltic waves
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alternate waves of contraction of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle
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what is the ratio of thin to thick in striated muscle
|
2:1
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what is the ratio of thin to thick in smooth muscle
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16:1
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which is stretchier striated or smooth
|
smooth 2 and a half times
|
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why type of juntions do smooth muscles have
|
gap juntions electrical synapses
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why do smooth have gap junctions
|
eletrical synapse allows them to act as a single unit
|
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certain cells stimulate others in mass
|
pacemake activity
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some smooth muscles maintain pressure at most times like the esophageal and urinary bladder sphincters
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tonic
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smooth muscles that function to close off an organ and only reax to let material enter or leave the organ
|
tonic
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circular and longitudinal smooth muscle found in the GI tract, ureters, uterine tubes, and ductus deferens
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rhythemic
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smooth muscle that contract in circular and longitudinal layers to produce perstaltic waves which propel the contents in one directions
|
rhythemic
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have few if any gap junctions therefore cells must be stimulate individually by nerve fibers
|
mutli unit smooth muscle
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where are multiunit smooth muscles
|
iris and ciliary body of the eye, male reproductive, uterus except for birth
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PNS
|
cranial nerves
spinal nerves ganglia |
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touch pain pressure vibration temp proprioception (sense of position of limbs)
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somatic sensory
|
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visceral sensory example
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feeling a bloated stomach
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basic structural unit of the nervous system
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neuron
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soma =
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cell body
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high metabolic activity of neurons
|
nucleolus
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nissl bodies =
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chromatophilic substance
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example where you find bipolar neurons
|
retina of the eye
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multipolar neurons
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most common many dendrites SINGLE axon examples innervate muscle and glands
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motor neurons =
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efferent neurons
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association neurons =
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interneurons
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phsically protect and help nurish neurons, capable of mitosis
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glial cells
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neurolemmocytes =
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schwann cells glial cells of the PNS
|
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functions (5) of the nervous system
|
orient body
coordinate body functions assimilate experiences memory learning and experience program instinctual behavior personality thought sna daspirations |
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give example of instinctual behavior
|
baby able to suckle
|
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CNS
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brain
spinal column |
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PNS
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cranial nerves
spinal nerves |
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conduct sensory impulses to the CNS with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia
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afferent
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where are cell bodies of afferent cells rooted
|
dorsal root ganglia
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sensory receptors wthin dkin bones muscles joints eyes and ears
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somatic part of afferent
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convey impulses from the visceral organs and blood vessels to the CNS for interpretation
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afferent
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tongue and smell in the nasal epithelium are waht kind of sensory of the afferent system
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visceral
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motor commands carried from the CNS to muscles and glands
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efferent
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impulses from the CNS travel and cause contraction of skeletal muscles
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efferent somatic
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where are efferent somatic nmmotor neuron cell bodies
|
spinal column
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functional coponent of the nervous system originating in the CNA adn innervate cardiac muscles, glands, and smooth muscle within the visceral organs
|
atuonomic efferent
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what tells glands to make saliva or digestive juices
|
autonomic efferent system
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parts of a neuron (3)
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soma
dendrites axons |
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enlarge portion of the neuron that resembles other cells
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cell body = soma
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nucleus prominent
most of the cytoplasm nissl bodies microtubules all make up |
cell body soma
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chromatophilic substances that are aggregates of fixed and free ribosomes. account for the gray color of areas that contain neuron cells bodies
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nissl bodies
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fliamentous strands of protein that appear to be involved in transporting material within the cell
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microtubules
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branched processes that extend from the cell body to receive stimuli and conuct impulses towards the cell body
|
dendrites
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do dendrites increase surface area and provide contact points for other nuerons
|
yes called dendritic zones
|
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nerve fibers =
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axons
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long cylindrical process that conducts impulses away from the cell body
|
axon
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contain mitochondria microtubules and neurofibrils or cytoskeleton elements
|
axon
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the cytoplasm of the axon contains neurofibrils neurotubules and numerous small vesicles, lysosomes, mitchondria, and various enzymes
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axoplasm
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portion of the cell membrane that covers the axon
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axolemma
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connects the initial segment of the axon to the soma
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axon hillock
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rich in neurofibrils in axon
|
axon hillock
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side branches of the axon that extend a short distance from it for additional stimulation of additional cells or structures
|
collateral branches
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rounded end where one neuron synapses with another
|
end bulbs or synaptic bulbs
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a multilayered membrane sheath composed primarily of phospholipids nearly completely surrounds an axon
|
myelin and myelin sheaths
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|
produced by oligodendrocytes or schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
|
myelin and myelin sheaths
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small juntions in sheaths of myelin produced by adjacent oligodendrocytes
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nodes of ranvier
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gated sodium and potassiumpumps are concentrated at the nodes and allows jump potential in myelinated zxon
|
nodes of ranvier
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8 parts of the axon
|
axoplams
axolemma axon nhillock collateral branches end bulbs/synaptic bulbs synapse myelin myelin sheaths nodes of ranvier |
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most common type of nuerons
|
multipolar ex. motor neurons
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example of multipolar
|
motor neurons
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spindle shaped neuron that has a process at either end
|
bipolar
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found chiefly in ganglia
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unipolar
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found only in the CNS and have no clues to distinuguish axon from dendrites
|
anaxonic
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neurons that transmit impulses from sensory in skin or internal organs towards CNS
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afferent
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motor impulses that originate in the CNS and conducted toa muscle or gland
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efferent
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located between sensory and motos found within the CNS
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interneurons or association neurons
|
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where are neuroglial cells derived from
|
ectoder
|
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name 4 important cells of the CNS
|
oligodendrocytes
astorcytes microglia ependymal cells |
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form myelin around neurons in the CNS
|
oligodendrocytes
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tie clusters of neurons togehter and wrap neurons in the myelin
|
oligodendrocytes
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help regulate the passage of molecules form the blood to the brain blood brain barrier
|
astocytes
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** capillaries in bbb are not leaky like capillaries in other parts of the body
|
yay
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|
** molecules must cross the vascular processes of the astorcytes which are highly selective and almost completely blanket the capillary walls
|
mmhmm
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cells repsonsible for why parkinsons patients take L dopa
|
astroctyes dopamine wont pass BBB
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about 5% of CNS cells that derive form the MESODERM and migrate through the CNS removing foreigna dn degernerated material
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microglia
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only cells in CNS not derived form ectoderm
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microglia are from mesoderm
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|
related to macrophages in CNS and are smaller than toher glial cells
|
microglia
|
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cuboidal to columnar in shape and line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
|
ependymal clles
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what specialized type of cell participate in the secretion of CSF
|
ependymal cells of the CNS
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what are the two cells of the PNS
|
satellit and schwann cells
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|
schwann cells =
|
neurolemmocytes
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produce a covering around every peripheral axon whether it is myelinated or not
|
schwann cells
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|
surround the neuron cell bodies in peripeheral ganglia and regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products
|
satellite
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help isolate the neuron from stimuli and other than those from the synapse in PNS
|
satellite in PNS
|
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|
coverings of the nerve fibers in the PNS
|
endoneurium
perineurium epineurium |
|
|
each individual nerve fiber is enclosed in a connective tissue sheath
|
endoneurium
|
|
|
CT sehath that surrounds a group of fiers called a fasiculus PNS
|
perneurium
|
|
|
CT sehath that surrounds the entire nerve and contains small blood vessels and adipose cells
|
epineurium
|
|
|
Three membranous CT coverings aka
|
meninges
|
|
|
three membranous meninge coverings
|
dura
arachnoid pia |
|
|
outermost layer of dense CT that is in contact with bone
|
dura mater
|
|
|
layers of the cranila dura mater
|
periosteal layer
inner meningeal layers that floows brain contours |
|
|
are the layers in the cranial dura mater fused
|
yes usually but are separate in certain regions froming the dural sinuses which collect blood and drain it into the internal jugular veins
|
|
|
collect blood and drain it into the internal jugular veins
|
dural sinuses of the dura mater of the meninges of the CNS
|
|
|
four locations of the cranial dura to form septa to partition the brain
|
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli falx cerebelli diaphragma sellae |
|
|
separates R and L cerebral himspheres
|
falx cerebri
|
|
|
separates the cerebellum fro the cerebrum
|
tnetorium cerebelli
|
|
|
separates the R and L cerebellar hemishperes
|
falx cerebelli
|
|
|
forms the roof of the sella turcica
|
diphragma sellae
|
|
|
what is the spnal dura mater
|
dural sheath
|
|
|
delicate net like membrane in the middle layer of the meninges
|
arachnoid
|
|
|
tightly bound to the convolutions of the brain and spinal cord
|
pia mater
|
|
|
what kind of ct is pia mater
|
modified loose CT
|
|
|
lateral extensions of the pia along the spinal cord attach to the dura denticulate ligaments
|
think wet toilet paper
|
|
|
three spaces of the CNS to know
|
epidural
subdural subarachnoid space |
|
|
area around the dura mater where anesthesia can be fiven
|
epidural space
|
|
|
where does an epidural hemorrhage occur
|
between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura usually associated with severe head injury
|
|
|
epidural hemorrage 1% head injries and 100% mortality if untreated
|
eek
|
|
|
area between dura and aracnoid
|
subdural space CNS
|
|
|
2% of head injuries usually from small vein or dural sinus
|
subdural hemorrhage
|
|
|
located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater contains CSF
|
subarachnoid space
|
|
|
how many ventricles are in the brain
|
4 spaces in the CNS as well as the central canal of the spinal cord
|
|
|
reduces impacts to brain by spreading force over larger area
|
CSF
|
|
|
produced from plasma by the choroid plexus: extensive vascular folds of the pia mater in the floor of the lateal ventricles and the roof of the third and fourth ventricles
|
CSF
|
|
|
how much CSF per day in mL
|
500-800
|
|
|
are capillaries ofthe choroid pelxus permeable or not
|
yes highly but the ependymal separate the capillaries from the CSF and produce the CSF by active transport and passive diffusion
|
|
|
is there a free interchange between the interstitial fluid of the brian and the CSF
|
yes
|
|
|
what is contained in csf
|
glucose urea WBC ions
|
|
|
bundles of myelinated zxons within the CNS; aggregations of dendrites and myelinated axons that form tracts within the CNS like cords of a computer
|
white matter
|
|
|
region of the CNS composed of nonmyelinated nerve tissue: usually nerve cell bodie snad dendrites of bundles of nonmyelinated zxons and neuroglia liek processing chips
|
gray matter
|
|
|
computer cords
|
white matter
|
|
|
processing chips
|
gray matter
|
|
|
collection of nerve fibers in the PNS
|
nerve
|
|
|
an aggregation of nerve cell bodies outsid eht eCNS
|
ganglion
|
|
|
an aggregation of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS
|
nucleus
|
|
|
a prominent fold or ridge of neural tissue on the surface of the cerebrum
|
gyrus
|
|
|
a groove on the surface of the cerebrum also used for bone and heart structures
|
sulcus
|
|
|
how many neurons
|
100 billion
|
|
|
what makes up the primary brain vesicles
|
prosencephalon
mesenchephalon rhombencephalon |
|
|
secondar brain
|
telencephalonn
diecephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon |
|
|
when does secondary brain form
|
6 weeks
|
|
|
when doe primary brain form
|
3 weeks
|
|
|
telencephalon
|
cerebrum-- cortex, gray and white matter, and basal nuclei
|
|
|
diencephalon
|
thalamus, hypothalamus, eithalamus
|
|
|
mesencephalon
|
midbrain, brainstem
|
|
|
betencephalon
|
brain stem, pons, cerebellum
|
|
|
meyelencephalon
|
brain stem, medulla oblongata
|
|
|
where telencephalon
|
lateral ventricles
|
|
|
where diencephalon
|
third ventricle
|
|
|
where mesencephalon
|
cerebral aquaduct
|
|
|
where metencephalon
|
fourth ventricle
|
|
|
where myelencephalon
|
central canal
|
|
|
derived from the mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon of the 6 week embryo
|
brain stem
|
|
|
connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
|
survives from brain injury, see enlargement of the central canal superiorly where it becomes the 4th ventricle
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
|
all ascending and descending tracts must go through here
|
medulla oblongata
|
|
|
derived from the metencephalon
|
pons
|
|
|
extends from the medulla to the mesencephalon
|
pons
|
|
|
tracts from the midbrain to the cerebellum and spial cord and nuclei of cranial nerves are here
|
pons
|
|
|
the short section between the diencephalon and pons
|
midbrain
|
|
|
contains the mesencephalic aqueduct (aqueduct of sylvius) which connects 3 and 4 ventricles
|
midrain
|
|
|
ascending and descending nerve fiber layers massive tracts
|
midbrain cerebral peduncle
|
|
|
derived from the embryonal diencephalon
|
diencephalon
|
|
|
surrounds the 3rd ventricle
|
thalamus where sensory and motor pathways are
|
|
|
where are moto and sensory pathways
|
thalamus
|
|
|
link between neurological and endocrine systems
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
what makes us victims of our hormones
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
what are the 5 cerebral hemispheres
|
frontal lobes
parietal lobes temporal lobes occipital lobes insula |
|
|
area anterior to the central sulcus
|
frontal lobe
|
|
|
lobe from the central sulcus to the parieto occipital sulcus
|
parietal lobes
|
|
|
lobe the region inferior to the lateral sulcus
|
temporal lope
|
|
|
region posterior to the paieto occitial suclus
|
occipital lobe
|
|
|
are there hemispheres in the cerebellum
|
yes 2 divided into anterior and posterior lobe by the primary commissure
|
|
|
what divides the cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobes
|
primary commissure
|
|
|
what is the midline narrow band of the cortex of the cerebellum
|
vermis
|
|
|
what is the silver lining that separates the lateral ventirles
|
septum pellucidum
|
|
|
do the lateral ventricles directly communicate wiht each other
|
no
|
|
|
what is located in the lateral ventricles what foramen
|
interventricular
|
|
|
primary motor center
|
precentral gyrus
|
|
|
walls of the third ventricle
|
thalami
|
|
|
where is the third ventrical
|
between the thalami in the diencephalon
|
|
|
what does the cerebral aqueduct or mesencephalic aqueduct of the third ventricle connect
|
3 and 4 ventricles
|
|
|
what begins with the pons and cerebellum and exyends to the inferior portion of the medulla
|
fourth ventricle
|
|
|
what contains the lateral and medial apertures or foramina
|
fourth ventricle
|
|
|
** fluid exits the 4th ventricle to connect with the central canal of the spinal cord and also through 3 foramina to the subarachnoid space where it will be absorbed
|
confusing!
|
|
|
four important vessels that supply to the barin
|
common carotid arteries
intestinal carotid arteries vertebral arteries basilar artery |
|
|
left common carotid branches directly from the blank
|
aorta
|
|
|
right common carotid is a branch of the blank
|
brachiocephalic artery
|
|
|
what can be palpated on either side of the trachea
|
common carotid arteries
|
|
|
what does the common carotid artery divide into
|
external and internal at the leven of the larynx
|
|
|
this artery divides into 3 branches opthalmic, anterior cerebral artery, and midlde cerebral artery and its sinus contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
|
intestinal carotid arteries
|
|
|
these arteries arise from the subclavian arteries at the base of the neck and pass superiorly through the transverse formaina of the cervical vertebrae, and enters the skull through tht e foramen magnum
|
vertebral arteries
|
|
|
what arteries unite to form the basilar arter
|
vertebral arteries
|
|
|
where are basilar arteries formed
|
at the level of the pons
|
|
|
what branches are in the basiclar arteries
|
inferior and superior cerebellar arteries .... basilar arteries terminates by forming two posterior cerebral arteries
|
|
|
artery that supplies the frontal and parietal lobes
|
anterior cerebral artery
|
|
|
artery that supplies the midbrain and the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemishperes
|
middle cerebral artery
|
|
|
posterior cerebral artery
|
formed by the basilar artierors
|
|
|
a connection between branches of the anterior cerebral arteries and forms part of the circle of willis
|
anterior communicating artery
|
|
|
a connection between branches of the posterior cerebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries forms a part of the circle of willis
|
poster communicating artery
|
|
|
the interconnection between the internal caroti and basilar arteries, reducing chances for serious vascular interruption formed by the anterior and posterior communicating arteries
|
circle of willis
|
|
|
poorly defined, interconnected network of brain stem nuclei headquartered in the mesencephalon
|
reticular formation
|
|
|
where is the reticular formation
|
brain stem
|
|
|
what are the important nuclei of reticular formation
|
portions located in the spinal cord, medulla olblongata, pons, mesencephalon, parts of the thalamus and hypothal
|
|
|
function is somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, cortical alertness
|
reticular formation of the brain stem
|
|
|
adjust muscle tension to maintain balance and posture. relyas signals from the eyes and ears to the cerebellum to integrate motor coordination
|
reticulospinal tract of somatic motor control of the reticular formation of the brain stem
|
|
|
what controls vasomotr and cardiac centers
|
cardiovascular control of the reticular formation of the brain stem
|
|
|
define cortical alrtness
|
sleep and conscientiousness
|
|
|
stimulation of the ___ stimulates the entire cerebral corte
|
RAS reticular activating system
|
|
|
RAS
|
reticular activating system
|
|
|
ignoring inconsequential stimuli while remaining sensitive to others
|
habituation or the reticular formation of the brain stem
|
|
|
where do analgesic pathways block transmission of signals
|
reticular formation of the brain stem
|
|
|
respiratory rhythmicity centers of the reticular formation
|
set basic rate for respiratory movements
|
|
|
pyramids of the reticular formation
|
critical in motor system are on the anterior inferior surface of the medulla where the corticospinal fibers come close to the surface and the lateral tract fibers cross here
|
|
|
oval enlargement on lateral sides of the reticular formations relay info fromthe spinal cord, cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and brain stem to the cerebellar cortex
|
olives of the reticular formation
|
|
|
these important structures of the reticular formation simulates info and relay from spinal cord, cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and brain stem to the cerebellar cortex
|
olives of the reticular formation
|
|
|
where primary neurons from the lower extremities synapse with secondary neurons on their way to the thalamus
|
nucleus gracilisof the reticular formation
|
|
|
where primary neurons from the upper extremities synapse with secondary neurons ont ehir way to the thalamux
|
nucleus cuneatus of the reticular formation
|
|
|
cardiovascular and repiratory centers
|
autonomic nuclei reflex centers of the reticular formation
|
|
|
what cranial nerves don't go through the spinal cord
|
9-12
|
|
|
funciton of the pons
|
important connecting area
transverse myelinated fibers from the cortex to the cerebellum pass through the middle cerebellar peduncle longitudinal fibers connect the midbrain to the medulla |
|
|
what cranial nerves are important respiratory centers in the medulla
|
cranial nerves 5-8
|
|
|
what formation of the brain corresponds with cranial nerves 5-8
|
pons
|
|
|
function contains nuclei that process visual and auditory informationand generate refleive responses to these stimuli
|
midbrain or mesencephalon
|
|
|
rename midbrain
|
mesencephalon
|
|
|
a pair of cylindrical structures composed of ascending and descending fibers that connect the cerrebrum to other regions of the brain
|
cerebral peduncles of the midbrain
|
|
|
forms roof of the mesencephalon and contains the corpora quadrigeminna
|
tectum of the midbrain
|
|
|
rename corpora quadrigemina
|
epithalamus
|
|
|
where is the cerebral aqueduct
|
midbrain connects 3 and 4ventricles
|
|
|
nucleus in the midbrain in charge of involuntary motor commands
|
red nucleus
|
|
|
in the midbrain thought to inhibit forced involuntary movments and porduces dopamine
|
substantia nigra
|
|
|
what does the dopamine of the midbrian do
|
inhibits the excitatory motor neurons
|
|
|
what is the second largest structure of the brain
|
cerebellum smooth movement
|
|
|
primary functions are adjusting postural muscles of the body and programming and fine tuning voluntary and involuntary musclese by regulation pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
makes rapid automatic adjustments to maintain balane and equilibrium
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
central constricted area that separates the cerebellar hemispheres in the cerebellum
|
vermis
|
|
|
lie anterior and inferior to the cerebellar hemisphere important in the maintenance of blanace and eye movement control
|
flocculonodular lobes
|
|
|
have 2 lobes anterior and posterior divioded by the primary fissure and assist in planning execution and coordination of limb and trunk movements
|
cerebellum hemispheres
|
|
|
tracts that link the cerebellum with nucei in the mesencephalon, diencephalon,a nd cerebrum
|
superior cerebellar peduncle
|
|
|
tracts that cross the ventral surface of the pons and connect the cerebellar hemisphere with sensory and motor nuclei in the pons
|
middle cerebellar peduncle in the cerebellum
|
|
|
tracts that allow communication between the cerebellum and the nuclei in the medulla oblongata and carry ascneding and descending cerebellar tracts from the spinal cord
|
inferior cerebellar peduncle
|
|
|
located in the region of the telencephalon largest part of the brain
|
cortex
|
|
|
cortex counts for what % mass of the brian
|
80
|
|
|
what is the cortex domposed of
|
gray matter c
|
|
|
what does gray matter consist of
|
neuron cells bodies
|
|
|
fold and groves called convolutions characterize wwhat part of the brain
|
cortex
|
|
|
why are convolutions formed
|
developing cortex enlarges rapidly during fetal development, out of proportion to the underlying white matter
|
|
|
a deep grvooe that incompletely separates the cerebral hemispheres
|
fissure longitudinal fissure
|
|
|
what are the three major fibers of the cerebrum
|
assocation commisural and projection fibers
|
|
|
confied to each cerebral hemisphere and conduct impulses within the hemisphere
|
association fibers of the cerebrum
|
|
|
arcuate fibers are the shortest and arc from one gyrus to another making an arc
|
association fibers of the cerebrum
|
|
|
connect the frontal lobe to other lobes of the same cerebral hemisphere
|
longitudinal fasiculi of the association fibers of the cerebrum
|
|
|
connect the neurons and gyri between areas of similar structure and function in the two hemisheres
|
commisural fibers of the cerebrum
|
|
|
what kind of fiber is the corups callosum and anterior commissure
|
commisural fibers of the cerebrum
|
|
|
form the ascneding and descending tracts from the cerebrum to other parts of the brain: the midbrain, brainstem, cerebeelum, as well as the spinal corn in gross dissection called the internal capsule
|
projection fibers
|
|
|
specialized masses of gray matter located deep within the white matter of the cerebrum
|
basal nuclei
|
|
|
what helps you balance when you're not thinking about it
|
basal nuclei of the cerebrum
|
|
|
primary functions control unconscious movements of skeletal muscle and coordinates learned movement patterns and controls muscle tone important compoonents of the extrapyramidal system
|
basal nuclei of the cerebrum
|
|
|
he most superior of the nuclei and follows the curve of the lateral ventricle, they do not initaite movement but once it is underway they sdetermine pattern and rhythm
|
caudate nucleus of the cerebrum
|
|
|
putamen and globus pallidus adjusts muscle tone especially in the appendicular muscles for example when you pick up something the globus pallidus positions the shoulder and stabilizes the arm as you consciously move your forearm wrist and hand
|
lentiform nucleus
|
|
|
refers to the striped appearance of the nuclei and it encompasses the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus
|
corpus striatum
|
|
|
includes hte nuclei and tracts along the border between the cerebrum and the diecephalon
|
the limbic system
|
|
|
what three basal nuclei are responsible for parkinsons
|
cuadate
lentiform corpus |
|
|
function establishment of emotional states and related behavioral drives
|
limbic system
|
|
|
what system is going when there is an angry mother bear
|
limbic system
|
|
|
what links the conscious functions of the cerebral cortex and the unconscious and autnomic functions of toher parts of the brain
|
limbic system
|
|
|
facilitates memory storage and retrieval memory by order
|
limbic system
|
|
|
important in central processing of olfactory information and includes components of the cerebrum diencephalon and the mesencephalon
|
limbic system
|
|
|
describe the structure of the limbic system
|
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus amygdaloid nucleus |
|
|
what resembles a sea horse and plays a role in learning and long term storage
|
hippocampus latin for sea horse
|
|
|
what are the three functional areas of the brain
|
motor sensory association
|
|
|
what area controls the voluntary motor functions
|
motor are
|
|
|
what area provides for conscious awareness of snesation
|
sensory area
|
|
|
what area integrates info and prposeful action
|
association area
|
|
|
located in the precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe and directs voluntary movements it allows control precise or skilled voluntary movements
|
primary motor cortex
|
|
|
if tremor is in the movement cerebrum or cerebellum
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
if tremor occurs when at rest cerebrum or cerebellum
|
cerebrum
|
|
|
just anterior to the precentral gyrus and is an association area for the primary motor cortex
|
premotor cortex
|
|
|
responsible for coordination of learned motor activities especially ofa repetitious or patterned nature also for planning movements like amoving hand around objects to grasp something that is hidden
|
premotor cortex
|
|
|
conttrols voluntary eye movemnts located partially i and anteror to the premotor cortex
|
frontal eye fields
|
|
|
lies anterior to the inforerior area of the premotor cortex... stimulates other areas in the frontal lobe and coordinates skeletal muscle movments in the laryn and pharynx
|
broca's speech area
|
|
|
does broca's know what to say or how to say it
|
how to say it
|
|
|
most complex brain area and has extensive communications with other cortical areas and the limbic system performs abstract funcitons such as predicintg consequences of future actions
|
prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
what part removes tension and anxiety when severed insane asylum style
|
prefrotnal cortex
|
|
|
contains the primary sensory cortex and receives somatic information from touch pressur pai teaste and temperature receptors
|
post centrla gyrus
|
|
|
identifies the part of the body that is stimulated like spatial discrimination
|
psot central gyrus
|
|
|
lies just anterior to the postcentral gyrus and integrates different sensory inputs including texture temperature and pressure to asemble an understanding of it
|
somatosensory
|
|
|
what are the areas of the frontal lobes
|
primary motor cortex
premotor cortex frontal eye fields broca's prefrontal cortex |
|
|
what are the parietal lobes areas
|
post central gyrus and somatosensory
|
|
|
what areas are in the temporal lobes
|
primary auditory cortex
auditory association area |
|
|
located along the superior margin of the temporal lobe impulses from the ear are related to pith rhythm and loudness
|
primary auditory cortex
|
|
|
permits association of the sound stiumulus
|
auditory association area
|
|
|
a scream music thunder and memories of sounds are sotred here
|
auditory associaiton area
|
|
|
what areas are in the occipital lobes
|
primary visual cortex
visual associationn area |
|
|
present on the extremem posterior tip of the occipital lobe but most of it is buried medially receives info from the retinas
|
primary visual cortex
|
|
|
surround the primary visual cortex and coveres much of the occipital lobe the area interprets visual stimuli, color form and movement and past experiences to compare and recongnize sights
|
visual association area
|
|
|
primary functions are to provide switching and relay centrers for sensory and motor pathways
|
thalamus
|
|
|
ascending sensory information from the spinal cord and cranial nerves except the olfactory are processed here before it is relayed to the cerebrum
|
thalamux
|
|
|
a relay station that coordinates the pyramidlal and extrapyramidal systems and constitutes about 4/5 of the diencephalon
|
thalamus
|
|
|
thalamus hypothal and epithal
|
diencephalon
|
|
|
enlargement between C3 and T2
|
cervical
|
|
|
nerves from this region serve the upper extremities
|
cervical
|
|
|
enlargement that lies between T9 and T12 serving the lower extremity
|
lumbar enlargement
|
|
|
since the embryonic spinal cord develops more slowly than the vertebral column
|
the nerves emerge from the spinal cord at a higher level
|
|
|
nerves that radiate tmerinally from the terminal end of the spinal cord at the level of L1
|
cauda equina
|
|
|
conus medullaris
|
terminal end of the spinal cord
|
|
|
fibrous strand of pia mater that extends inferiourly from the conus medullaris to the coccyx
|
filum terminae anchor the spinal cord in place
|
|
|
composed of nerve cell bodies, neuroglia, and interneurons
|
gray matter centrally located
|
|
|
contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
|
dorsal gray horns
|
|
|
contain neurons concerned with somatic motor control
|
ventral gray horns
|
|
|
are found in thoracic and superiios lumber segments contain viscereal motor neurons
|
lateral gray horns
|
|
|
continuous with the ventricels and contains CSF
|
central canal
|
|
|
transverse bar of the ray matter H and conects the paired horns
|
gray commissure
|
|
|
contains axons that cross from one side to the other before reaching a destination within the gray matter
|
gray commissure
|
|
|
how many gray commisures
|
two one anterior and one posterior to the central canal
|
|
|
consists of myelinated tracts of sensory and momtor neurons
|
white matter
|
|
|
white matter lateral to the anterior and posterior horns
|
lateral white columns funiculi
|
|
|
funiculi
|
lateral white columns
|
|
|
lie between the ventral gray horns connected by the ventral white commissure located o either side of the anterior median fissure
|
ventral white columns
|
|
|
sandwiched between the dorsal gray horns on either side of the posterior median sulcus
|
dorsal white columns
|
|
|
31 sets of spinal nerves nerve root numbers correlate with the vertebra immediately following them expect there are eight cervical nerve roots
|
ventral and dorsal spinal roots
|
|
|
each spinal segment is associated with a pair of ___ _____ ____ that contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons
|
dorsal root ganglia that contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons
|
|
|
each sinpal segment is associated with ventral roots which contain the axons of ___ ____ ____ ____ ____
|
somatic and visceral motor neurons
|
|
|
a spinal nerve is formed as the fibers from the posterior and anterior roots ____
|
converge
|
|
|
motor commands carried from the CNS to muscles and glands
|
efferent spinal tracts
|
|
|
what are the two types of efferent motor commands carried from the CNS to muscles and glands
|
somatic autonomic or visceral motor
|
|
|
impulses from the CNS travel throughthe somatic motor fibers and cause the contraction of skeletal muscles have their cell bodies in the spinal column
|
somatic
|
|
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part of the autonomic nervous system- a functional component ofthe nervous system orginate in the CNS and innervate cardiac muscle, glands, and smooth muscle within the visceral organ
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autonomic or viseral motor afferent DEscending spinal tracts
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is efferent descendign or ascending
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DEscending
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the cell body is located in a motor nucleus of the spinal cord or brain stem. its axon extens to the effector muscle
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lower motor neuron
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the cell body lies in a CNS processing center. activity in the upper motor neuron can excite or inhibit the lower motor neuron
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upper motor neuron
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destruction or damage to the lower motor neuron produces a
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flaccid paralysis
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damage to an upper motor neuron resilts in
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muscle rigidity, flaccidity, or uncontrolled contractions
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how are the specific descending pathways grouped
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according to place of origin as either corticospinal or extrapyramidal
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corticospinal or pyramidal tracts go from where to where
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cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons
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where are the upper motor neuron cells bodies located
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primary motor cortex
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where do 85% of fibers decussate (cross)
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in the pyramids of the medulla oblongata to form the lateral corticospinal tract
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lateral corticospinal tract
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pyramids of the medulla oblongata provide conscious control over limb muscles
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is the lateral coritcspinal tract ascending or descending
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de
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15% of the fibers that do not cross until they are at the level of the ventral root where the fiber will exit
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anterior corticospinal tract of the descending spinaltracts
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what does anterior corticospinal do
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provide conscious control over axial muscles
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unconscious motor pathways in the descending spinal tracts
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extrapyramidal
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what are two extrapyramidal specific tracts
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rubrospinal
medullary reticulospinal |
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red nucelus of the mexsencephalon receives extensive inputs from the cerebral nuclei, cerebellum, and the reitucal formation
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talking about rubrospinal
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relatively small but maintain subconsious motor control and motor tone. allows the cerebellum to coordinate movement cross at the mesencephalon
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rubrospinal
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major extrapyramidal tracts
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medullary reitculospinal
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orignate in the reticulr formation and subconsciously regulate reflex activity are uncrossed
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medullary reiculospinal fot he descending spinal tracts
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conduct sensory impulses to thee CNS snesory neurons have their cells bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia
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afferent ascnding spinal tracts
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sensory receptors within the skin boes muscles joints and eyes and ears
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comatic sensory receptors of the afferent spinal tracts
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convey impulses from visceral organs and blood vessels to the CNS for interpretation tongue and smell in the nasal epithelium are also visceral snesory
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visceral sensory of the ascending spinal tracts
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in the afferent spinal tracts these delvier the sensory information to the CNS
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first order sensory neurons
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where are the cell boies of the first order sensory neurons of the afferent tract
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dorsal root ganglion
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the interneuron that synapses with the first order neurons cell body in the spinal cord or brainstem
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second order neurons
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pathways ending in the cerebral cortex
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thrid order neurons
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2nd order neuron synapses on a 3rd order neuron in the _____
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thalamus where it is carried to the appropriate sneosry area of the cerebrum
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spinothalmic pathways begin as axons of first order neurons carrying course sensations of touch presure pain and temp
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anterolateral pahtways
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they enter the spinal cord and synpase in the posterior gray horns. the second order neurons cross to the contralateral side where they ascend
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anterolateral pathways
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medial lemniscus pathways that carry highly localized information
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posterior column includes fasiculus gracilis and fasiculus cuneatus
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carry the proprioceptive info concerning position of muscles tendons and joints to the cerebellum responsibel fro fine motor coordination
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cerebellar pathways
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first order neurons synapse on interneurons in the posterior horn. second order neurons cross at level of entry and ascend to the superior cerebellar peduncle and the cerebellar cortex
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anterior spinocerebellar pathways
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PRIMARY FUNCTION PROVIDES SWITCHING AND RELAY CENTERS FOR SENSORY AND MOTOR PATHWAYS
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THALAMUS
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ascending sensory info from the spinal cord and cranial nerves EXCEPT olfactory is processed here before it is relayed to the cerebrum
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thalamux
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relay station that coordinates the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systesm 4/5 of the diencephalon
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thalamus
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relays auditory info to the primary auditory cortex from the inner ear
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medial eniculate nucleus
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relay stations for the parietyal lobe and have an impact on emotional states and integration of sensory information
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lateral geniculate nucleus
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realy info between the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
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ventral nuclei
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part of the limbic system associated with the thalamus nnuclei
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anterior nuceli
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forms floor of the third ventircle
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hypothal
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important functions include regulation of visceral activites, hormonal and emotional control and instinctual functions
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hypothal
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direct morot patterns associated with rage, pleasure pain and sexual arousal
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control of involuntary somatic motor activities of the hypothal
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control of autonomic function
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hypothal
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coordinate nervous and endocrine activites
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hypothal
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production of emotions and behavioral drives and coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions
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hypthal
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regulation of body temp water and electrolyte balance and circadian rhythms
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hypothal
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why your emotions can run your hormones and why your hormones can run your emotions
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hypothal
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control of autnomic function and coordinate of nervous and endocirine activites
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hypothal
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control of involunatry somatic motor activies like rage pleausre pain and sexual arousal
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hypothal
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production of emotions and behavioral drives and and coordination betwene voluntary and atuonomic functions
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hypothal
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regulation of body temp and water and electorlyte balance
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hypothal
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circadian rhythms
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hypothal
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secretes oxytoxin which stimulates smooth muscle contracitons in the uterus and mammary glands
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paraventricular in hypothal
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coordinated the day and night cycles in hypothal
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suprachiasmatic
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regulates body temp via autonomic centers in the the medulla
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preoptic nuclei in hyptothal
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releases hormones that control endorrine cells fo the anterior pituitary gland in hypthol
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tuberal area
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regulates water loos at the kidney by secreting ADH pee less in nthe hypothal
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supraoptic
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control feeding reflexes in the hypothal
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mamillary bodies
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control medullary nuclei that regulate heart rate and blood pressure in hypothal
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autonomic centers
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Oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah ha
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olfactory
optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal |
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mnemonic for sensory motor or both in CN
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some say marry money but my brothers says bad business marry money
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CN cerebrum
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I
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