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144 Cards in this Set

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Levator ani
thin strap like muscle that inserts on cd vertebrae 3-7 and attaches on dorsal pubis and medial ilium

Medial to coccygeus muscle
Coccygeus Muscle
lateral to levator ani arises from ischatic spine and inserts on transverse process of cd vertebrae 2-4
Pelvic Diaphragm
Where the levator ani and the coccygeus muscle meet. Through this the genitourinary tract and digestive tract pass
What are the pelvic nerves?
Celiacomesenteric Ganglion -> cd mesenteric ganglion->left and right hypogastric->pelvic plexus->pelvic nerve (formed by 3 sacral spinal nerves)
What type of innervation does the pelvic nerve have and what do the supply?
Parasympathetic

urogenital organs,decending colon and rectum
What type of innervation does the hypogastic nerve have?
Sympathetic
What type of innervation does the pelvic plexus have?
Both sympathetic from the hypogastric and parasympathetic from the pelvic nerve
What are the four cavities in the pelvic region?
Pararectal Fossa
Rectogenital Pouch
Vesicogenital Pouch (females)
Pubovesical Pouch
Where is the Pararectal Fossa found?
Dorsal to the rectum in both sexes.
Where is the Rectogenital Pouch found?
Between the rectum and Uterus/Prostate
Where is the Vesicogenital Pouch found?
Found only in females and located on ventral sides of uterus and between uterus and bladder
Where is the Pubovesical Pouch found?
Between the bladder and pubis
What is the colliculus Seminalis?
Where the openings of the ductus deferens where sperm empties into the urethra, found in the middle of the prostate.
How is the penis of the horse and dog classified?
Musculocavernous penis
How is the cow penis of classified?
Fibroelastic
When do testes drop in animals?
Even toed animals -before birth
Odd toes animals-soon after birth
What is the layout of penis to scrotum dog, cat, stallion and Bull?
Dog - penis dorsal to scrotum
Cat -penis ventral to scrotum
Stallion- penis dorsal to scrotum (sits horizontal)
Bull- penis dorsal to scrotum (sits vertical)
Accessory sex glands of the dog,cat,stallion,bull and Boar
1) All have prostates
2) Only stallion Bull and Boar have Vesicular glands
3)All but dog have Bulbourethral glands
What are the arteries supplying the uterus in the Mare?
Uterine Branch of the Ovarian a
Uterine Branch of the Vaginal a
Uterine a off External Iliac
What are the arteries supplying the uterus in the Cow?
Uterine Branch of the Ovarian a
Uterine Branch of the Vaginal a
Uterine a off Internal Iliac
What are the two main nerves of the udder?
The genitofemoral nerve and the Perineal nerve
What is the difference between open and closed castration?
Whether or not there is an incision in the parietal vaginal tunic.
What are the locking erectile tissues in the female and male canine?
Female: vestibular bulbs
Male: bulbus glandis
What is the root of the penis of the canine species?
left and right crura made up of the corpus cavenosum surrounded by the tunica albuginea
What is the retractor penis muscle?
Muscle on the ventral surface of the penis from anal sphincter to glans penis
What is the ischiourethalis muscle?
muscles that encircles the veins of the penis to make it erect
What is the Os penis?
bone in the glans penis that contains a groove called the urethral groove where the urethra passes through.
What is the blood supply to the stallion penis?
Artery of the penis- supplies root and comes of off internal pudendal

Middle artery of the penis- supplies majority of the penis, off obturator artery

Cranial artery of the penis supplies prepuce and glans external pudendal.

all anastamose to the dorsal artery of the penis
What is the ovulation fossa in the mare?
The only place in the mare where ovulation occurs.
How many mammary glands does the mare have and what are they separated by?
2
mammary groove
What are the differences between cow and horse reproductive organs
Cervix can close on its own in cow, horse needs mucus plug

Uterine horns are more loop like in cow.
What are characteristics of a bull penis?
Has a fibroelastic penis
prostate is divided into body and disseminate part (not cover/covered by urethra muscle)
Main blood supply is the dorsal artery of the penis from internal pudendal
has a sigmoid flexure (difficult catheterizing)
urethra process extends from glans penis
What is the blood supply to the bovine uterus?
Uterine branch off ovarian artery
Uterine branch off interal iliac
Uterine branch off vagina
What is the suburethral diverticulum in the cow?
common opening for the urethra in the floor of the vestibule
What is the intercornual ligament?
ligament between uterine horns that can be used to move uterus during rectal palpation
How many udders do cows have?
4
each udder has its own gland
What is the pathway of milk in a cow?
Alveolus-alveolar duct-lactiferous duct-gland sinus-teat sinus-papillary duct-outside
What are the three ligaments that support the cow udder?
Symphyseal tendon - dorsal to udder

Lateral laminae
Medial laminae
What is the blood suppy to the udder?
it is bilateral
external pudendal divides into cr and cd mammary arteries
What is the venous drainage from the mammary gland in the cow?
Cr mammary gland- cd superfical epigastric- cr superficial epigastric - subcutaneous abdominal vein (milk vein)
Uterine blood supply in mare VS cow
Same: uterine branch of ovarian and vaginal artery

cow: uterine artery off internal iliac
horse: uterine artery off external iliac
What are the sex characteristics of male birds
Comb
Wattle
Snood
What is the preen gland?
Uropygial gland that produces oily
secretion for water proofing
What are the types of bird feathers?
Down (closest to skin)
Contour (covers down)
Flight (primary and secondary)
What is an ear covert?
Holes on the side of a bird head covered by feathers
What are the sights for interosseus catheterization in the Avian species?
Ulna
Tibia
What are sites for venipuncture in the avian species?
Right jugular vein
cutaneous ulnar vein
median metatarsal vein
What is clinically significant about the keel in the avian species?
Can use it for body condition scoring
What is clinically significance of the pectoral muscles in the avian species?
can be a site for IM injection
What is the muscle that aids in the upswing of flight in birds?
What is the muscle that aids in the downswing of flight in birds?
The supracoracoideus muscle
The pectoral muscle
What is different about the heart in the avian species?
Has two brachiocephalic trunks off aorta with own subclavian and internal corotid
Why shouldn't we used legs or tail of birds for giving drugs?
We won't know correct dosage due to the fact that there are three routes the drugs can go;
kidney, rt heart then circulation, liver
Chicken vertebral formula
C13-14, T7, LS11-12, Cd8-10
Pygostyle - fusion of last cd vertebrae
Synsacrum - fusion of T L S Cd vertebrae
Notarium- fusion of T vertebrae
Pathway of air in birds?
mouth, trachea,carina (syrinx), cd lung sacs, lungs, cr lung sacs, outside
Digestive pathway in birds
mouth, esophagus, crop, stomach (proventriculus (chem) & gizzard (physical)), duodenal loop, upper and lower ileum, Merkels diverticulum, cecum, rectum
What are the 3 parts of the Cloaca?
Coprodeum-GI
Urodeum- urinary/repro
Proctodeum - bursa of fabricius
How many lobes does the avian liver have?
2
right and left (right is bigger)
What are the transports of bile in the avian species?
Common hepatoenteric duct (from R & L hepatic ducts)
Cystoenteric Duct (from gallbladder)
What are the avian kidneys like?
They are trilobed cranial, middle caudal which the blood supply to them is in the name and branch of the abdominal aorta
How to make an avian egg
Infundibulim - 20 minutes
magnum -180 minutes
isthmus - 60 minutes
uterus - 20 hours
vagina
only ovulate from left ovary, rt regresses with age
Where are the avian testes located?
near the cranial pole of the kidney. only one of the pair of testes is active the other is passive
What does the External Thoracic Artery supply?
Superficial Pectorals
What does the Lateral Thoracic Artery supply?
Latissimus Dorsi
Deep Pectorals
Cutaneous Trunci
What does the Subscapular Artery supply?
Scapula
Subscapularis
Teres Major
What does the Thoracodorsal Artery supply?
Teres Major
Latissimus Dorsi
What does the Caudal, Circumflex Humeral Artery supply?
Deltoideus
Coracobrachialis
Infraspinatus
Triceps
Shoulder Joint Capsule
What does the Cranial Circumflex Humeral Artery supply?
Biceps Brachii
Shoulder Joint Capsule
What does the Deep Brachial Artery supply?
Triceps
What does the Bicipital Artery supply?
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
What does the Collateral Ulnar Artery supply?
Triceps
Caudal Elbow
What does the Transverse Cubital Artery supply?
Cranial Elbow and adjacent Muscles
What does the Ulnar Artery supply?
Deep Digital Flexor
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
What does the Cranial Interosseous Artery supply?
Muscles Lying Laterally and Cranially in the the forearm
What does the Caudal Interosseous Artery suppy?
Pronator Quadratus
Palmar Surface of Paw
What does the Deep Antebrachial Artery supply?
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Superficial Digital Flexor
Deep Digital Flexor
What does the Median Artery supply?
The main blood supply to the paw.
What does the Radial Artery supply?
Deep Vessels of the Paw
Where can Venipuncture be performed in the canine Thoracic Limb?
The Cephailic and Accessory Cephalic veins.
What is the Brachial Plexus?
A bundle nerves that innervate that thoracic limb and travel down.

It's made up of cervical spinal nerves 6-8 and thoracic spinal nerves 1-2.
What does the Cranial Pectoral Nerve supply?
Superficial Pectoral Muscle
What does the Caudal Pectoral Nerve Supply?
Deep Pectorals Muscle
What does the Suprascapular nerve Supply?
The Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus muscle
What does the Subscapular Nerve supply?
The Subscapularis Muscle
What does the Musculocutaneous Nerve supply? *
Biceps Brachii m
Brachialis m
Coracobrachialis m
*
What does the Axillary Nerve supply? *
Deltoideus m
Teres Major m
Subscapularis m
Teres Minor m
*
What dies the Thoracodorsal Nerve supply?
Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
What does the Radial Nerve supply?*
Triceps m
Tensor Fascia Antebrachii m
Anconeus m
Extensor Carpi Radialis m
Common Digital Extensor m
Supinator m
Lateral Digital Extensor m
Ulnaris Lateralis m
*
What does the Median Nerve supply?*
Pronator Teres m
Pronator Quadratus m
Flexor Carpi Radialis m
Superficial Digital Flexor m
Sensory to Palmar surface of Paw
*
What does the Ulnar Nerve supply?
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
DDF m
Sensory to Palmar Surface of Paw
*
What are the 5 muscles that contain cutaneous somatic afferent neurons as well as somatic efferent neurons?
Musculocutaneous m
Axillary m
Radial m
Medial m
Ulnar n
How many lymph nodes does the equine have in their thoracic limb and what are they?
3
Superficial cervical (prescapular)
Axillary
Cubital
Where do you take a pulse on the equine limb?
Medial Palmar Artery

*found just under the suspensory ligaments* it is also the main blood supply to the distal thoracic limb
What nerves are fused in the Thoracic limb for the equine?
The median and the musculocutaneous.

*it is the median and the ulnar in the dog*
What nerve can be damaged due to a lack of an acromion process in the equine species?
The suprascapular nerve

causes sweeney if damaged
What is the ligament of the ergot?
It runs like an upsidedown V off of the ergot, it doesn't have much of a function but it is to not be confused with the median/lateral palmar digital nerves
What are nerve blocks used for and where do you start on a horse?
4 step process used to determine the muscle causing lameness, start at the hoof and make your way up to the carpus.
What is the Palmar digital nerve block?
A nerve block done at the pastern joint that blocks the Medial and Lateral palmar digital nerves.
What is the Abaxial (sesamoidean) nerve block?
A nerve block done just below the Fetlock joint that blocks the Medial and lateral palmar digital nerves.
What is the Low-4-point nerve block?
A nerve block done just above the fetlock joint that blocks the medial and lateral palmar nerves as well as the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
What is the High-4-point nerve block?
A nerve block done just below the carpus that blocks the medial and lateral palmar nerves as well as the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
Where does the external iliac artery leave the abdominal artery before turning into the femoral artery?
Through the vascular lacuna
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
The sartorius (cranially)
vastus medialis/rectus femoris (laterally)
Adductor and pectineus (caudally)
What are the seven branches coming off the femoral artery?
Superficial circumflex iliac
Lateral circumflex iliac
Proximal caudal femoral
Saphenous
Descending genicular
Middle caudal femoral
Distal caudal femoral
What is the clinical significance of the lateral and medial saphenous vein?
sites for venipuncture

lateral: dog
Medial: cat
What does the caudal epigastric artery supply?
Caudal rectus abdominus m
What does the external pudendal artery supply?
Gracilis m and external repro organs
What does the medial circumflex femoral artery supply?
Adductor m
What does the lateral circumflex femoral artery supply?
Quadriceps, Tensor fascia latae, Superficial and middle gluteal, hip capsule joint
What does the proximal caudal femoral artery supply?
Pectineus, adductor, gracillis m
What does the saphenous artery supply?
skin on medial side of stifle
What does the cranial branch of the saphenous artery supply?
dorsal crural muscles and dorsal paw
What does the caudal branch of the saphenous artery supply?
caudal crus and hock, plantar paw
What does the descending genicular artery supply?
Medial surface of stifle
What does the middle caudal femoral artery supply?
Adductor and semimembranosus
What does the distal caudal femoral artery supply?
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gastrocnemius, SDF and DDF
What does the popliteal artery supply?
Gastrocnemius and popliteus
What does the cranial tibial artery supply?
Peroneus longus, LDE, cranial tibial
What does the dorsal pedal artery used for?
arterial catheter placement
What are the 3 places to take a pulse on the canine pelvic limb?
Femoral artery
Cr branch of saphenous artery
Dorsal pedal artery
What does the obturator nerve supply?
The external obturator, pectineus and adductor m
What does the femoral nerve supply?
Sartorius
What does the Saphenous nerve supply?
Sartorius, skin of medial side of leg and paw
What does the pudendal nerve supply?
Internal repro organs
What does the caudal rectal nerve supply?
External anal sphincter
What does the perineal nerve supply?
Muscles of penis or vestibule
What does the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris supply?
Sensory to glans or vulva
What does the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve supply?
Skin of proximal caudal thigh
What does the caudal gluteal nerve supply?
Superficial gluteal
What does the cranial gluteal nerve supply?
Middle gluteal, deep gluteal and tensor fascia latae
What does the sciatic nerve supply
internal obturator, gamelli, quadratus femoris
What does the lateral cutaneous sural nerve supply?
Skin of lateral crus
What does the caudal cutaneous sural nerve supply?
Skin of caudal crus
What does the common peroneal nerve supply?
Cranial tibial, peroneous longus, long digital extensor
What does the superficial peroneal nerve supply?
Skin of dorsal paw
What does the deep peroneal nerve supply?
The skin of the dorsal paw
What does the Tibial nerve supply?
The gastrocnemius, SDF, DDF and popliteus
What is the main blood supply of the hoof in the equine pelvic limb?
Dorsal metatarsal artery III
(great metatarsal artery)
What happens with damage to the peroneal nerve in equine?
horse will attempt to stand on the dorsal surface of hoof called knuckling over
What can causes damage to the obturator nerve in cattle and what is the result?
giving birth to an oversized calf passing through the pelvis
results in splaying out do to inability to abduct the limb
What are the pelvic limb nerve blocks in the horse?
Plantar digital
Abaxial
Low-6-point
High-6-point
What is a Plantar digital nerve block?
A nerve block done at the pastern joint that blocks the medial and lateral plantar digital and the medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves
What is a abaxial (sesamoidean) nerve block of the pelvic limb?
A nerve block just below the fetlock that blocks the medial and lateral plantar digital and the medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves
What is the Low-6-point nerve block?
A nerve block just above the fetlock where the medial and lateral plantar, the medial and lateral metatarsal and the medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves are blocked
What is the High-6-point nerve block?
A nerve block just below the carpus where the medial and lateral plantar, the medial and lateral metatarsal and the medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves are blocked