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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Levator ani
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thin strap like muscle that inserts on cd vertebrae 3-7 and attaches on dorsal pubis and medial ilium
Medial to coccygeus muscle |
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Coccygeus Muscle
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lateral to levator ani arises from ischatic spine and inserts on transverse process of cd vertebrae 2-4
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Pelvic Diaphragm
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Where the levator ani and the coccygeus muscle meet. Through this the genitourinary tract and digestive tract pass
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What are the pelvic nerves?
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Celiacomesenteric Ganglion -> cd mesenteric ganglion->left and right hypogastric->pelvic plexus->pelvic nerve (formed by 3 sacral spinal nerves)
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What type of innervation does the pelvic nerve have and what do the supply?
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Parasympathetic
urogenital organs,decending colon and rectum |
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What type of innervation does the hypogastic nerve have?
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Sympathetic
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What type of innervation does the pelvic plexus have?
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Both sympathetic from the hypogastric and parasympathetic from the pelvic nerve
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What are the four cavities in the pelvic region?
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Pararectal Fossa
Rectogenital Pouch Vesicogenital Pouch (females) Pubovesical Pouch |
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Where is the Pararectal Fossa found?
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Dorsal to the rectum in both sexes.
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Where is the Rectogenital Pouch found?
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Between the rectum and Uterus/Prostate
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Where is the Vesicogenital Pouch found?
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Found only in females and located on ventral sides of uterus and between uterus and bladder
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Where is the Pubovesical Pouch found?
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Between the bladder and pubis
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What is the colliculus Seminalis?
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Where the openings of the ductus deferens where sperm empties into the urethra, found in the middle of the prostate.
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How is the penis of the horse and dog classified?
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Musculocavernous penis
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How is the cow penis of classified?
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Fibroelastic
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When do testes drop in animals?
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Even toed animals -before birth
Odd toes animals-soon after birth |
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What is the layout of penis to scrotum dog, cat, stallion and Bull?
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Dog - penis dorsal to scrotum
Cat -penis ventral to scrotum Stallion- penis dorsal to scrotum (sits horizontal) Bull- penis dorsal to scrotum (sits vertical) |
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Accessory sex glands of the dog,cat,stallion,bull and Boar
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1) All have prostates
2) Only stallion Bull and Boar have Vesicular glands 3)All but dog have Bulbourethral glands |
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What are the arteries supplying the uterus in the Mare?
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Uterine Branch of the Ovarian a
Uterine Branch of the Vaginal a Uterine a off External Iliac |
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What are the arteries supplying the uterus in the Cow?
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Uterine Branch of the Ovarian a
Uterine Branch of the Vaginal a Uterine a off Internal Iliac |
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What are the two main nerves of the udder?
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The genitofemoral nerve and the Perineal nerve
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What is the difference between open and closed castration?
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Whether or not there is an incision in the parietal vaginal tunic.
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What are the locking erectile tissues in the female and male canine?
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Female: vestibular bulbs
Male: bulbus glandis |
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What is the root of the penis of the canine species?
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left and right crura made up of the corpus cavenosum surrounded by the tunica albuginea
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What is the retractor penis muscle?
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Muscle on the ventral surface of the penis from anal sphincter to glans penis
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What is the ischiourethalis muscle?
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muscles that encircles the veins of the penis to make it erect
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What is the Os penis?
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bone in the glans penis that contains a groove called the urethral groove where the urethra passes through.
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What is the blood supply to the stallion penis?
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Artery of the penis- supplies root and comes of off internal pudendal
Middle artery of the penis- supplies majority of the penis, off obturator artery Cranial artery of the penis supplies prepuce and glans external pudendal. all anastamose to the dorsal artery of the penis |
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What is the ovulation fossa in the mare?
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The only place in the mare where ovulation occurs.
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How many mammary glands does the mare have and what are they separated by?
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2
mammary groove |
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What are the differences between cow and horse reproductive organs
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Cervix can close on its own in cow, horse needs mucus plug
Uterine horns are more loop like in cow. |
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What are characteristics of a bull penis?
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Has a fibroelastic penis
prostate is divided into body and disseminate part (not cover/covered by urethra muscle) Main blood supply is the dorsal artery of the penis from internal pudendal has a sigmoid flexure (difficult catheterizing) urethra process extends from glans penis |
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What is the blood supply to the bovine uterus?
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Uterine branch off ovarian artery
Uterine branch off interal iliac Uterine branch off vagina |
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What is the suburethral diverticulum in the cow?
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common opening for the urethra in the floor of the vestibule
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What is the intercornual ligament?
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ligament between uterine horns that can be used to move uterus during rectal palpation
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How many udders do cows have?
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4
each udder has its own gland |
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What is the pathway of milk in a cow?
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Alveolus-alveolar duct-lactiferous duct-gland sinus-teat sinus-papillary duct-outside
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What are the three ligaments that support the cow udder?
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Symphyseal tendon - dorsal to udder
Lateral laminae Medial laminae |
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What is the blood suppy to the udder?
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it is bilateral
external pudendal divides into cr and cd mammary arteries |
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What is the venous drainage from the mammary gland in the cow?
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Cr mammary gland- cd superfical epigastric- cr superficial epigastric - subcutaneous abdominal vein (milk vein)
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Uterine blood supply in mare VS cow
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Same: uterine branch of ovarian and vaginal artery
cow: uterine artery off internal iliac horse: uterine artery off external iliac |
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What are the sex characteristics of male birds
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Comb
Wattle Snood |
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What is the preen gland?
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Uropygial gland that produces oily
secretion for water proofing |
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What are the types of bird feathers?
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Down (closest to skin)
Contour (covers down) Flight (primary and secondary) |
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What is an ear covert?
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Holes on the side of a bird head covered by feathers
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What are the sights for interosseus catheterization in the Avian species?
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Ulna
Tibia |
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What are sites for venipuncture in the avian species?
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Right jugular vein
cutaneous ulnar vein median metatarsal vein |
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What is clinically significant about the keel in the avian species?
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Can use it for body condition scoring
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What is clinically significance of the pectoral muscles in the avian species?
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can be a site for IM injection
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What is the muscle that aids in the upswing of flight in birds?
What is the muscle that aids in the downswing of flight in birds? |
The supracoracoideus muscle
The pectoral muscle |
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What is different about the heart in the avian species?
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Has two brachiocephalic trunks off aorta with own subclavian and internal corotid
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Why shouldn't we used legs or tail of birds for giving drugs?
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We won't know correct dosage due to the fact that there are three routes the drugs can go;
kidney, rt heart then circulation, liver |
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Chicken vertebral formula
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C13-14, T7, LS11-12, Cd8-10
Pygostyle - fusion of last cd vertebrae Synsacrum - fusion of T L S Cd vertebrae Notarium- fusion of T vertebrae |
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Pathway of air in birds?
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mouth, trachea,carina (syrinx), cd lung sacs, lungs, cr lung sacs, outside
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Digestive pathway in birds
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mouth, esophagus, crop, stomach (proventriculus (chem) & gizzard (physical)), duodenal loop, upper and lower ileum, Merkels diverticulum, cecum, rectum
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What are the 3 parts of the Cloaca?
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Coprodeum-GI
Urodeum- urinary/repro Proctodeum - bursa of fabricius |
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How many lobes does the avian liver have?
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2
right and left (right is bigger) |
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What are the transports of bile in the avian species?
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Common hepatoenteric duct (from R & L hepatic ducts)
Cystoenteric Duct (from gallbladder) |
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What are the avian kidneys like?
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They are trilobed cranial, middle caudal which the blood supply to them is in the name and branch of the abdominal aorta
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How to make an avian egg
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Infundibulim - 20 minutes
magnum -180 minutes isthmus - 60 minutes uterus - 20 hours vagina only ovulate from left ovary, rt regresses with age |
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Where are the avian testes located?
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near the cranial pole of the kidney. only one of the pair of testes is active the other is passive
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What does the External Thoracic Artery supply?
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Superficial Pectorals
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What does the Lateral Thoracic Artery supply?
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Latissimus Dorsi
Deep Pectorals Cutaneous Trunci |
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What does the Subscapular Artery supply?
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Scapula
Subscapularis Teres Major |
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What does the Thoracodorsal Artery supply?
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Teres Major
Latissimus Dorsi |
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What does the Caudal, Circumflex Humeral Artery supply?
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Deltoideus
Coracobrachialis Infraspinatus Triceps Shoulder Joint Capsule |
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What does the Cranial Circumflex Humeral Artery supply?
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Biceps Brachii
Shoulder Joint Capsule |
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What does the Deep Brachial Artery supply?
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Triceps
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What does the Bicipital Artery supply?
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Biceps Brachii
Brachialis |
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What does the Collateral Ulnar Artery supply?
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Triceps
Caudal Elbow |
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What does the Transverse Cubital Artery supply?
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Cranial Elbow and adjacent Muscles
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What does the Ulnar Artery supply?
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Deep Digital Flexor
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris |
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What does the Cranial Interosseous Artery supply?
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Muscles Lying Laterally and Cranially in the the forearm
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What does the Caudal Interosseous Artery suppy?
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Pronator Quadratus
Palmar Surface of Paw |
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What does the Deep Antebrachial Artery supply?
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Superficial Digital Flexor Deep Digital Flexor |
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What does the Median Artery supply?
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The main blood supply to the paw.
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What does the Radial Artery supply?
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Deep Vessels of the Paw
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Where can Venipuncture be performed in the canine Thoracic Limb?
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The Cephailic and Accessory Cephalic veins.
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What is the Brachial Plexus?
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A bundle nerves that innervate that thoracic limb and travel down.
It's made up of cervical spinal nerves 6-8 and thoracic spinal nerves 1-2. |
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What does the Cranial Pectoral Nerve supply?
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Superficial Pectoral Muscle
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What does the Caudal Pectoral Nerve Supply?
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Deep Pectorals Muscle
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What does the Suprascapular nerve Supply?
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The Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus muscle
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What does the Subscapular Nerve supply?
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The Subscapularis Muscle
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What does the Musculocutaneous Nerve supply? *
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Biceps Brachii m
Brachialis m Coracobrachialis m * |
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What does the Axillary Nerve supply? *
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Deltoideus m
Teres Major m Subscapularis m Teres Minor m * |
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What dies the Thoracodorsal Nerve supply?
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Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
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What does the Radial Nerve supply?*
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Triceps m
Tensor Fascia Antebrachii m Anconeus m Extensor Carpi Radialis m Common Digital Extensor m Supinator m Lateral Digital Extensor m Ulnaris Lateralis m * |
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What does the Median Nerve supply?*
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Pronator Teres m
Pronator Quadratus m Flexor Carpi Radialis m Superficial Digital Flexor m Sensory to Palmar surface of Paw * |
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What does the Ulnar Nerve supply?
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
DDF m Sensory to Palmar Surface of Paw * |
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What are the 5 muscles that contain cutaneous somatic afferent neurons as well as somatic efferent neurons?
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Musculocutaneous m
Axillary m Radial m Medial m Ulnar n |
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How many lymph nodes does the equine have in their thoracic limb and what are they?
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3
Superficial cervical (prescapular) Axillary Cubital |
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Where do you take a pulse on the equine limb?
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Medial Palmar Artery
*found just under the suspensory ligaments* it is also the main blood supply to the distal thoracic limb |
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What nerves are fused in the Thoracic limb for the equine?
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The median and the musculocutaneous.
*it is the median and the ulnar in the dog* |
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What nerve can be damaged due to a lack of an acromion process in the equine species?
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The suprascapular nerve
causes sweeney if damaged |
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What is the ligament of the ergot?
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It runs like an upsidedown V off of the ergot, it doesn't have much of a function but it is to not be confused with the median/lateral palmar digital nerves
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What are nerve blocks used for and where do you start on a horse?
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4 step process used to determine the muscle causing lameness, start at the hoof and make your way up to the carpus.
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What is the Palmar digital nerve block?
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A nerve block done at the pastern joint that blocks the Medial and Lateral palmar digital nerves.
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What is the Abaxial (sesamoidean) nerve block?
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A nerve block done just below the Fetlock joint that blocks the Medial and lateral palmar digital nerves.
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What is the Low-4-point nerve block?
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A nerve block done just above the fetlock joint that blocks the medial and lateral palmar nerves as well as the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
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What is the High-4-point nerve block?
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A nerve block done just below the carpus that blocks the medial and lateral palmar nerves as well as the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves
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Where does the external iliac artery leave the abdominal artery before turning into the femoral artery?
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Through the vascular lacuna
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What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
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The sartorius (cranially)
vastus medialis/rectus femoris (laterally) Adductor and pectineus (caudally) |
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What are the seven branches coming off the femoral artery?
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Superficial circumflex iliac
Lateral circumflex iliac Proximal caudal femoral Saphenous Descending genicular Middle caudal femoral Distal caudal femoral |
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What is the clinical significance of the lateral and medial saphenous vein?
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sites for venipuncture
lateral: dog Medial: cat |
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What does the caudal epigastric artery supply?
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Caudal rectus abdominus m
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What does the external pudendal artery supply?
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Gracilis m and external repro organs
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What does the medial circumflex femoral artery supply?
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Adductor m
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What does the lateral circumflex femoral artery supply?
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Quadriceps, Tensor fascia latae, Superficial and middle gluteal, hip capsule joint
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What does the proximal caudal femoral artery supply?
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Pectineus, adductor, gracillis m
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What does the saphenous artery supply?
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skin on medial side of stifle
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What does the cranial branch of the saphenous artery supply?
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dorsal crural muscles and dorsal paw
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What does the caudal branch of the saphenous artery supply?
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caudal crus and hock, plantar paw
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What does the descending genicular artery supply?
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Medial surface of stifle
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What does the middle caudal femoral artery supply?
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Adductor and semimembranosus
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What does the distal caudal femoral artery supply?
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biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gastrocnemius, SDF and DDF
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What does the popliteal artery supply?
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Gastrocnemius and popliteus
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What does the cranial tibial artery supply?
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Peroneus longus, LDE, cranial tibial
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What does the dorsal pedal artery used for?
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arterial catheter placement
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What are the 3 places to take a pulse on the canine pelvic limb?
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Femoral artery
Cr branch of saphenous artery Dorsal pedal artery |
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What does the obturator nerve supply?
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The external obturator, pectineus and adductor m
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What does the femoral nerve supply?
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Sartorius
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What does the Saphenous nerve supply?
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Sartorius, skin of medial side of leg and paw
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What does the pudendal nerve supply?
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Internal repro organs
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What does the caudal rectal nerve supply?
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External anal sphincter
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What does the perineal nerve supply?
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Muscles of penis or vestibule
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What does the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris supply?
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Sensory to glans or vulva
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What does the caudal cutaneous femoral nerve supply?
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Skin of proximal caudal thigh
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What does the caudal gluteal nerve supply?
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Superficial gluteal
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What does the cranial gluteal nerve supply?
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Middle gluteal, deep gluteal and tensor fascia latae
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What does the sciatic nerve supply
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internal obturator, gamelli, quadratus femoris
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What does the lateral cutaneous sural nerve supply?
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Skin of lateral crus
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What does the caudal cutaneous sural nerve supply?
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Skin of caudal crus
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What does the common peroneal nerve supply?
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Cranial tibial, peroneous longus, long digital extensor
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What does the superficial peroneal nerve supply?
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Skin of dorsal paw
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What does the deep peroneal nerve supply?
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The skin of the dorsal paw
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What does the Tibial nerve supply?
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The gastrocnemius, SDF, DDF and popliteus
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What is the main blood supply of the hoof in the equine pelvic limb?
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Dorsal metatarsal artery III
(great metatarsal artery) |
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What happens with damage to the peroneal nerve in equine?
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horse will attempt to stand on the dorsal surface of hoof called knuckling over
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What can causes damage to the obturator nerve in cattle and what is the result?
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giving birth to an oversized calf passing through the pelvis
results in splaying out do to inability to abduct the limb |
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What are the pelvic limb nerve blocks in the horse?
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Plantar digital
Abaxial Low-6-point High-6-point |
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What is a Plantar digital nerve block?
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A nerve block done at the pastern joint that blocks the medial and lateral plantar digital and the medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves
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What is a abaxial (sesamoidean) nerve block of the pelvic limb?
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A nerve block just below the fetlock that blocks the medial and lateral plantar digital and the medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves
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What is the Low-6-point nerve block?
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A nerve block just above the fetlock where the medial and lateral plantar, the medial and lateral metatarsal and the medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves are blocked
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What is the High-6-point nerve block?
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A nerve block just below the carpus where the medial and lateral plantar, the medial and lateral metatarsal and the medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves are blocked
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