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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 main groups of digestive system
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gi tract proper(alimentary canal)
accessory structures |
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GI tract proper is made up of a ______________ which contains what?
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a contiunuous tube which includes the mouth, esophagues, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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the continuous tube has what kind of contact with food?
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direct contact
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The accessory structures ____________ and ___________ secretions
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produce and store
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name 4 organs that make up the acessory structures of the digestive system.
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liver, pancreas, salivary glands, and gallbladder
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What is amphipathic molecule?
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A molecule with hyrophobic and hydrophobic potions
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A shrinking of red blood cells when in a hypertonic solution(more solute)
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crenation
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marrow is/isn't part of an osteon.
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ISN'T!
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Name four structures that make up an osteon.
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Central canal, lamellae, lacunae, osteocyes.
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What conditions exist in a resting muscle fiber?
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myosin heads are attached to ATP
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Name four processes of digestion
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ingestion
digestion absorption defaction |
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Name two types of digestion
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mechanical
chemical |
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chemical digestion is?
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saliva, acids, enzymes=catabolic reactions
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mechanical digestion is?
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grinding, churning, mixing
*smooth muschle contractions |
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name the four layers of the GI tract
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1. mucosal layer
2 submucosal layer 3. muscularis layer 4. serosa layer |
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Explain absorption
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passage into blood and lymph
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defacation
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elimination of unused foodstuffs and bacteria
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mucosa layer....name 3 layers
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epithelium
lamina propria muscularis mucosae |
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epithelium is made of what tissue
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non keratinized stratified squamous
epithelial tissue is tightly bound |
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lamina propris is made of what tissue?
what else? what's absorbed here? |
connective tissue
blood and lymphatic vessels nutrients absorbed here |
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muscularis mucosae is made of
__________ __________ folds. AND it increases.... |
smooth muscle folds
increases surgace area |
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submucosa layer of gi tract
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HIGHLY vascular... lots of blood vessels
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muscularis layer is made up what two types of muscle
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skeletal muschle
mostly smooth muscle |
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In the muscularis layer name the structures made of skeletal muscle.
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mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus:swallowing!!
external anal sphincter...voluntary control over defecation |
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in the muscularis layer, name the structures that are made up of smooth muscle
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GI tract proper=involuntary
myenteric plexus |
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myenteric plexus
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gut motility
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name the two layers of the serosa layer
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the superficial layer
the adventitia/visceral peritoneum |
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In the peritoneum of the serosa layer there is two layers which are
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Peritoneum
peritoneal cavity |
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peritoneum has two layers?
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visceral layer covers organs
parietal layer which lines the walls of the body |
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the peritoneal cavity is what?
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potential space containing a bit of serous fluid
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mechanical job of the mouth....
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mastication
bolus |
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chemical job of mouth
what is only absorbed into blood? |
salivary amylase
monosaccharides |
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name a complex polysaccharide
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starch
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saliva causes polysacharides to turn into...
salivary amylase continues to act in stomach for |
disaccharides
about an hr |
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lingual lipase=
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breakdown of lipids
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3 stages to swallowing
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1 voluntary stage
pharyngeal stage esophageal phase |
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voluntary stage is...
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bolus moved to back of oral cavity by tongue
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pharyngeal stage is...
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in oropharynx, repiratory passageways close, until passes laryngopharynx
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esophogeal phase is...
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passes involuntarily into stomach
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the esophagus includes the esophageal _________ which does what?
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hiatus which pierces the diaphragm
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esophagus is made up of what tissue?
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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muscularis
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upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle
middle 1/2 is mixed lower 1/3 is smooth |
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physiology
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upper sphincter relaxed
peristalsis lower sphincter relaxes |
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loss of tone
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acid reflux
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what kind of tissue makes up the stomach?
what two types of cells? |
simple columnar
*mucous surface cells *mucous neck cells |
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Gastric Pits
name 4 cells... |
neck cells
chief cells parietal cells G cells |
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neck cells=
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mucous
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chief cells
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pepsin and lipase
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parietal cells
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HCL
Intrinsic factor...b12 absoption |
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G cells
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gastrin-hormone
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mechanical function of stomach
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mixing waves
bolus converted into chyme pylorus: pyloric sphincter |
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chemical function of the stomach
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HCL-denatures
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pepsin-
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proteins to peptide fragments
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pepsinogen
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inactive form secreted
becomes activated by low pH of stomach |
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name 4 parts of the small intestine
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duodenum
jejunum ileum plicae circulares |
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duodenum is...
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retroperitoneal
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jejunum is...
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empty and more proximal
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ileum is...
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twisted and joins the large intestine at ileocecal valve
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plicae circulares are...
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permanent folds that increase surface area of the small intestine
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villi are
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fingerlike projections
increase surface area vessels in each villus |
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vessels in each villus... desecrive the 4 structures
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arterioles
venules capillary beds lacteal (lymph capillary) |
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name the four cells that are organized into intestinal glands or crypts of lieberkuhn in the small intestine
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absoptive cells
goblet cells enteroendocrine cells paneth cells |
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absorbtive cells
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microvilli increases surface area
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goblet cells
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mucus
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enteroendocrine cells secrete
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secretin
cck GIP |
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paneth cells are
they secrete which.... |
phagocytic
lysozyme kills bacteria |
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the small intestine has weak peristalsis in comparison to the stomach...why?
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chyme remains for 3 to 5 hours
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segmentation
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local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices
*this action contricts the intestine into segments |
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carbs are broken down by
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pancreatic amylase
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pancreatic amylase break carbs into
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into monosaccharides
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proteins are broken down in the stomach by what enzyme?
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pepsin
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proteins are broken down in the pancreas by what two enzymees?
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trypsin and chymotrypsin
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name three enzymes that break down lipids
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bile-emulsify from liver
pancreatic lipase salivary lipase |
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absorbtion is done mostly by
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diffusion and facilitated diffusion
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carbohydrates are absorbed as
and by |
monosaccharides
facilitated diffusion and active transport |
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proteins are absorbed by and in
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active transport
in the duodenum or jejunum |
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lipids are absorbed by
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micelles...little spheres
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water absorbtion
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with elctrolytes and nutrients to maintain osmotic balance
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large intestine has two layers of what?
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smooth muschle
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responsible for condensation
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teniae coli of the large intestine
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what make up the pouches of the large intestine?
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haustra
tonic contractions |
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absorbtion of large intestine
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most importantly: water
no nutrients are absorbed here concentration of feces |
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defecation
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sretch receptors in rectum
causes emptying defecation reflex... external anal sphincter=voluntary |
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name 3 phases of digestion
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cephalic phase
gastric phase intestinal phase |
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the cephalic phase:
increased... what controls it? |
increased gastric motility and secretion from glands
hypothalamus=sight, thought, taste of food |
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gastric phase
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waves of peristalsis
release of gastrin(from chief cells in stomach) increased motility of GI tract proper HCL release by parietal cells ( begin to denature proteins) |
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intestinal phase
name three hormones |
GIP= inhibits secretion and motility
secretin=decreased gastric secretion CCK=inhibits emptying |
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enterogastric reflex
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inhibition of gastric output with disention of small intestine
mediated by medulla *inhibits parasympathetics *stimulates sympathetics |
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3 functions of the nephron
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filtration(of blood in the glomerular capillaries)
reabsorption (of products of blood returned to tubule) secretion |
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kidney functions includes
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filtration of blood
reabsorption from tubules secretion of waste products back into tubules=formation of concentrated or dilute urine excreted from body |
