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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A patient in the ER has been punched in the face. He has sustained damage to all aspects of the piriform aperture. What bones are likely damaged in this patient?
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maxillary and nasal bones surround the piriform aperture. ethmoid and vomer are within it
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A patient has a deviated nasal septum. What bone is likely damaged?
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ethmoid and vomer bone makes the nasal septum
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A patient has been punched in the face. The ethmoid bone has moved superiorly into the brain cavity. What cranial nerve may be damaged?
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Olfactory on the cribiform plate
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A patient's mandible has a closed mental foramen. Sensory innervation from what cranial nerve will be affected?
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V3 (mental nerve)
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A patient has a separation in their skull at the junction between the frontal and nasal bones. What is this location called?
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nasion
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A patient has a crack in their skull at the pterion. All bones at the junction are damaged. What bones are damaged?
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Temporal, frontal, sphenoid, parietal
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A patient has a crack in their skull at the asterion. All bones at the junction are damaged. What bones are damaged?
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occipital, parietal, temporal
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A patient has a crack in their skull at the bregma. All bones at the junction are damaged. What bones are damaged?
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Frontal and both parietal
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A teenager has an ddly shaped head. X-ray shows he has premature obliteration of his cranial sutures. What is the diagnosis?
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Craniosynostosis
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A boxer is seen to have a black eye after a fight. Bleeding of the skin and bruising are caused by a hit to what sharp bony prominence?
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superciliary ridges are sharp and can cause echymosis (black eye) if they penetrate the skin from inside
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A patient has poorly formed turbinates and it is determined to be a problem with the conchae bone development. What bone of the skull is at fault in this disorder?
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conchae, the bony skeleton for the turbinates, are projections off the ethmoid bone
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A patient is punched in the bony prominence of the cheek. What bone was hit?
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zygomatic
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A patient has a weak and damaged squamous suture. What 2 bones are now weakly connected?
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temporal and parietal
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A patient has a weak and damaged lambdoid suture. What 2 bones are now weakly connected?
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occipital and parietal
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A patient with hydrocephalus is seen to have additional bones above his lambdoid suture. What are these bones?
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sutural bones (Wormian bones)
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A patient has a dislocated TMJ. What part of the temporal bone is no longer articulating with the mandible?
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zygomatic arch of temporal bone
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A patient fell backwards onto concrete. What was the first part of their skull to hit the ground?
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Inion (External occipital protuberance) of occipital bone
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A patient has been punched on the sphenoparietal suture. We should be concerned about damage to what artery?
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anterior branch of middle meningeal artery passes right behind pterion. damage can lead to epidural hematoma
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A patient suffers head trauma. A CT scan reveals a large lens shaped pool of blood. What type of bleed is this?
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Epidural hematoma
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A patient with a pterion fracture and epidural hematoma is later seen to have blurry vision. Why?
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Pooling of blood grows with every heartbeat. eventually compresses midbrain in tentorial notch and compresses occulomotor (Edinger westfall nucleus)
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A patient has a pituitary tumor. What bone of the skull will impinge on this growth?
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Sella turcica of sphenoid bone
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A patient has a stenosis of the optic canal. What vessel may be impinged?
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opthalmic artery
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A patient has a stenosis of the foramen rotundum. What CN may be impinged?
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V2
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A patient has a stenosis of the foramen ovale. What CN may be impinged?
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V3
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A patient has a stenosis of the foramen spinosum. What artery may be impinged?
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middle meningeal artery
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A patient is chewing something very sharp and it hits the roof of the mouth. What bone is being hit?
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horizontal process of palatine bone - palatine process of the maxillary bone
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A patient has a stenosis of the stylomastoid foramen. What CN may be impinged?
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facial
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A patient has a pituitary tumor that enters the nearest sinus. What sinus will we enter to operate on the tumor?
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pituitary can enter sphenoid sinus and we can enter there to operate on it
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A newborn baby has a depressed fontanelle. What might we infer about this patient?
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dehydrated (possibly after vomiting or diarrhea
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A newborn baby has an elevated fontanelle. What might we infer about this patient?
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increased intracranial pressure
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A patient with damage to the telencephalon would likely have deficits with to what cranial nerve?
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CN 1
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A patient with damage to the diencephalon would likely have deficits with to what cranial nerve?
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CN 2
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A patient with damage to the mesencephalon would likely have deficits with to what cranial nerves?
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CN 3, 4
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A patient with damage to the pons would likely have deficits with to what cranial nerves?
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CN 5, 6, 7
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A patient with damage to the medulla oblongata would likely have deficits with to what cranial nerve?
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CN 8-12
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A patient with a pituitary tumor presents to you with blurry vision. What is being compressed?
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infundibular stalk sits directly posterior to optic chiasm
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A patient presents to the ER with a partial ptosis. What autonomic system is likely damaged?
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occulomotor sympathetics (Mueller muscle) partial ptosis is inability to lift eyelid
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A patient presents to the ER with a blown pupil. What ganglion contains the parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons that are likely damaged?
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ciliary ganglion; parasympathetics are not able to constrict pupil
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A patient presents with 3rd nerve palsy. Their affected eye is looking down and out due to the unopposed affects of which extra-occular eye muscles? Why are these unaffected?
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superior oblique (CN4) and lateral rectus (CN6) are okay because they are not innervated by CN3
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A patient presents with 3rd nerve palsy. What would you expect their pupils to look like? Why?
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fixed, dilated pupil due to parasympathetic damage in CN3. sympathetics are unopposed
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A patient presents to your office with 3rd nerve palsy. Why do you need to lift his affected eyelid to perform an exam?
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levator palpebrae (skeletal) is dennervated (CN3)
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A patient with a trochlear nerve palsy presents with what symptoms?
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Diplopia and a head tilted down and away from the affected side
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A patient suffers hypersensitivity on his face. What is a common diagnosis?
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trigeminal neuralgia
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A patient suffers severe neck trauma from behind. What cranial nerve is most likely to be injured?
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Trochlear nerve is the only CN to originate form the dorsal brain surface; it is also the thinnest (easily sheared)
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A patient presents to the ER with the inability to laterally move his right eye. What CN is likely damaged?
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abducens innervates lateral rectus
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A patient has lost taste sensation on their anterior 2/3 of their tongue. What nerve is likely damaged?
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Chorda tympani off facial nerve
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A patient suffers from hyperacusis due to their inability to control the stapedius muscle. What CN is affected?
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Facial
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A patient suffers from dizziness, tinnitus and has minor facial paralysis. What foramen is likely blocked? What is a common diagnosis?
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Acoustic Schwannoma blocks the Internal auditory meatus
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A patient has lost all sensation on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. What CN is damaged?
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glossopharyngeal
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A patient is having difficulty innervating their parotid gland. What CN is involved?
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glossopharyngeal
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A patient has lost their gag reflex. What 2 CN are likely damaged?
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glossopharyngeal (afferent); vagus (efferent)
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A patient is having difficulty innervating their parotid gland. What parasympathetic ganglion holds the postganglionic neurons responsible for this?
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otic
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A patient is having difficulty innervating their parotid gland. What parasympathetic ganglion holds the pre-ganglionic neurons responsible for this?
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inferior salivatory nucleus
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After examining a patient's mouth, you notice a uvula deviated left. What nerve is damaged in this patient?
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Right vagus nerve (uvula deviates to opposite side of lesion)
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After examining a patient's mouth, you notice a tongue deviated left. What nerve is damaged in this patient?
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left hypoglossal (tongue deviates to same side as lesion)
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A patient presents with an enlarged cranium. What CSF duct may be blocked by tumor?
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Aqueduct of Sylvius
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A patient has a right spinal lesion (hemisection). We will see motor deficits on which side?
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Right side, below the lesion
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A patient has a right spinal lesion (hemisection). We will see discriminative touch, proprioception, and vibration deficits on which side below the lesion?
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same side; right
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A patient has a right spinal lesion (hemisection). We will see crude touch, temperature and pain deficits on which side below the lesion?
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contralateral; left
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A patient's X-ray shows an occlusion in the internal carotid artery. Luckily, no symptoms were seen due to the anastomoses with which other major artery of the brain?
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vertebral
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A patient has blurry vision and headaches. Nausea and vomting also occur. If we know there is no cancer, where would we suspect an aneurysm?
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Circle of Willis; particularly the basilar artery (sits on the pons)
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A patient is experiencing high pressure in the superior sagittal sinus. Between what layers is the fluid collecting?
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periosteal dura and meningeal dura
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A patient has an anteriorly detached falx cerebri. Where is the damage?
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Crista galli
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A patient has a posteriory detached falx cerebri. Where is the damage?
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tentorial membrane
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A patient has an uncal herniation. What are the 3 most likely symptoms?
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blown pupil, hemiplegia, coma
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A patient has an uncal herniation. Why might we expect a blown pupil?
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compression of the occulomotor nucleii preganglionic parasympathetics. sympathetics from vertebral column are unopposed
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A patient has an uncal herniation. Why might we expect hemiplegia?
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the corticospinal tract is compressed in cerebral peduncles
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A patient has an uncal herniation. Why might we expect a comatose patient?
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distortion of midbrain reticular system (controls alertness)
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A patient has an uncal herniation. Why could this have happened?
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epidural hematoma
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A patient has stenosis of the foramen ovale. What artery may be constricted by this?
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accessory meningeal
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A patient is complaining of severe headaches. What, in the skull, is actually experiencing pain?
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The dura mater. The brain itself has no sensation.
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An older patient is having headaches. There is a cresent shaped fluid mass on the CT scan. Between what layers is blood collecting?
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dura and arachnoid (subdural bleed)
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A patient suffers a burst cerebral aneurysm. Between what layers does blood collect? How does this appear on a CT scan?
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arachnoid and pia. ring of blood around brain on CT
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A patient is seen to have a swollen cavernous sinus. What nerve will be most affected by this?
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Abducens
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A patient has a blockage of the Foramen of Monro. Where will CSF not be able to enter?
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can't get to 3rd ventricle
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A patient has a blocked aqueduct of Sylvius. Where can CSF not go?
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Not go to 4th ventricle
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A patient has a blocked foramen of Magendie. Why can CSF still reach the arachnoid villa?
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There are also lateral foramen of Luscka
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A patient is having trouble maintaining a proper balance of CSF. What 2 parts of the brain are possibly damaged?
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Lateral ventricles (make CSF with choroid plexus) or Arachnoid villi (asborb CSF in superior sagittal sinus)
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You test the corneal reflex on a patient. There is no response. Damage is likely to which CN nerves?
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Trigeminal carries opthalmic afferents; facial controls orbicularis oculi
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Why would you require that a patient with Bell's palsy wear an eye patch and use eyedrops?
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Bells palsy = facial nerve deficits = loss of blinking = dry eyes. dry cornea = permanent damage
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You give a shot of epinephrine to a patient and their "fight or flight" response is stimulated. You notice their eyelid does not respond to the shot. What ganglion may be impaired?
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sympathetics to Mueller muscle are from superior cervical ganglion
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A patient is unable to produce tears. Assuming the facial nerve is fine, what ganglion containing post ganglionic parasympathetics neurons is damaged?
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pterygopalatine ganglion
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A patient is punched in the eye and suffers a blowout fracture. The medial wall of the orbit is fractured. What bone is broken? What sinus is exposed?
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ethmoid, ethmoid sinus
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A patient is punched in the eye and suffers a blowout fracture. The floor of the orbit is fractured. What bone is broken? What sinus is exposed?
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maxillary, maxillary
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A patient is punched in the eye and suffers a blowout fracture. The roof of the orbit is fractured. What bone is broken? What structure is exposed?
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orbital part of frontal bone; frontal lobe of brain
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A patient is punched in the eye and suffers a blowout fracture. Why is Exopthalmos is seen as a symptom?
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bleeding in the orbit can cause the eye to protrude
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A patient feels a pain in his orbit and starts to lose vision. What artery may be clogged by an embolus?
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retinal artery or posterior ciliary arteries off opthalmic artery off the internal carotid
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A patient feels a pain in his orbit and starts to lose vision. Assuming there is a clot in the central retinal artery, how can blood anastomose to the retina under extreme conditions?
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external and internal carotids anastomose via the angular artery that connects the infraorbital (external) to opthalmic (internal)
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A patient has melanoma on his face near his nose. Why is this a particularly dangerous spot for melanoma?
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This is the danger zone because veins from this area have no valves and go right to the cavernous sinus of the brain.
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A patient suffers damage to his levator palpebrae muscle after he is stabbed in the orbit. What nerve was also most likely damaged by the blade?
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frontal nerve (V1) lies on levator palpebrae
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While testing the eyes of a patient, you have them look medially and down. What muscle are you testing?
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superior oblique
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While testing the eyes of a patient, you have them look medially and up. What muscle are you testing?
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inferior oblique
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In a patient with trochlear palsy, where do we expect the eye to look when the patient is asked to stare straight ahead?
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eye looks upward
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A patient with a trochlear nerve palsie has his head tucked down and his chin is on his right clavicle. Which trochlear nerve is damaged (right or left)?
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left
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A patient has been having los of vision recently and it is determined that his outer retinal layers have become ischemic. What layer of choroid is damaged?
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choriocapillaris
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A patient has damage to their parasympathetic ciliary ganglion. Describe the permanent position of the Zonule fibers and the lens.
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ciliary body cannot be innervated so zonule fibers are constantly tight and lens is flat for distant vision
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A patient is has no accommodation reflex. Where are the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons located for this reflex?
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Edinger Westfall Nucleus
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A patient with a blown pupil cannot move what part of their eye?
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Iris is immobilized. pupil is the space between the iris projections of the vascular coat layer of eye
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A patient has brown eyes. Where is the pigment located?
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Posterior surface of the iris
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A patient with Horner's syndrome cannot innervate what type of muscle cells to dilate their pupils?
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the dilator pupillae muscle is made of myoepithelium (not smooth muscle)
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A normal person has a transparent lens. What properties of the lens make sure of this?
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dehydrated, very impermeable, avascular (gets nutrients form humor)
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An older patient is diagnosed with presbyopia. Even if the parasympathetics pathway of the occulomotor nerve is intact, why can he still not have an accomodation reflex?
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Lens has lost its flexibility; even with proper innervation, it cannot physically thicken its shape
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A patient with Horner's syndrome cannot innervate what type of muscle cells to dilate their pupils?
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the dilator pupillae muscle is made of myoepithelium (not smooth muscle)
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A normal person has a transparent lens. What properties of the lens make sure of this?
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dehydrated, very impermeable, avascular (gets nutrients form humor)
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An older patient is diagnosed with presbyopia. Even if the parasympathetics pathway of the occulomotor nerve is intact, why can he still not have an accomodation reflex?
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Lens has lost its flexibility; even with proper innervation, it cannot physically thicken its shape
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A diabetic patient complains of loss of vision. Your diagnosis is immediately cataracts. Why?
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High glucose levels in blood can get into the lens. water is drawn in by osmosis
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A patient complains of distorted vision. It is found to be caused by excessive light reflection in the retina. What layer of the retina is damaged?
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outer pigmented epithelium
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A patient is unable to store and release vitamin A in the eye. What cells of the retina are likely damaged?
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pigmented epithelium cells
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A patient's retina is unable to maintain the photoreceptor lamellae by phagocytosing turn-old membrane. What cells of the retina are damaged?
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pigmented epithelium
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A patient with bad vision is seen to have myelinated nerves in the retina. This is not normal. What structure was likely damaged?
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optic papilla/lamina cribosa prevent oligodendroglia from entering the eye
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A patient is seen to have damage to the choriocapillaris layer of choroid. What retinal layers will likely become ischemic?
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PIgmented layer and rods/cones layer
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A patient has distorted vision on the Amsler Grid. Upon examination, there are no new blood vessels growing under the retina. What is your diagnosis?
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Dry Age Related Macular Degeneration
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A patient is diagnosed with a detached retina. What layers of the retina are separated?
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pigmented layer separates from the photoreceptor layer
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A patient is diagnosed with Wet ARMD. Between what layer are new blood vessels contributing to Drussen formation?
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Bruch's membrane and outer pigmented layer of retina
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A patient has pain in the eye and blurred vision. The optic disc/papilla is bulging into the eye. What is the diagnosis?
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Papiledema
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A patient has pain in the eye and blurred vision. The optic disc/papilla is bulging into the cranium. What is the diagnosis?
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Optic cupping
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A patient is diagnosed with low intraocular pressure due to lack of humor production. What structures are defective in the eye?
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Ciliary body processes
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A patient suffers from loss of vision due to blockage of the Canal of Schlemm. The iris appears normal. What is the diagnosis?
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Open angle glaucoma
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A patient suffers from loss of vision due to blockage of the Canal of Schlemm. The iris is seen to be damaged. What is the diagnosis?
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closed angle glaucoma
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A patient has intra-occular bleeding and the humor is contaminated with blood. What procedure should be performed? What should replace the vitreous humor?
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Vitrectomy; Saline solution
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A patient is seen to have a blown pupil. After examining the occulomotor nerve through an eye exam, why might a clinican want to examine the trigeminal nerve?
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Even though the Trigeminal nerve itself does not contribute parasympathetic fibers, the parasympathetic fibers travel with branches of it. occulomotor parasympathetics (ciliary ganglion) travel with V1.
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You are testing a patients pupillary reflex by shining a light in their eye. What are you checking?
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parasympathetics to the eye; pupil should constrict
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You are testing a patients pupillary reflex by shining a light in their eye. You notice their other eye's pupil also constrict. What is that reflex called?
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Consensual reflex
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A patient is unable to make tears via the parasympathetic pathway. What postganglionic parasympathetic ganglion is likely damaged?
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pterygopalatine ganglion supplies postganglionics to the lacrimal gland
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A patient is unable to make tears via the parasympathetic pathway. What preganglionic nerve is likely damaged?
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Greater petrossal nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetics to the pterygopalatine ganglion
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A patient has stenosis of the foramen lacerum. What nerve may be impinged?
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Nerve to pterygoid canal (made up of deep petrossal and greater petrossal nerve)
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A patient has stenosis of the foramen lacerum. What nerve may be impinged? Is is sympathetic or parasympathetic?
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Nerve to pterygoid canal contains sympathetics (deep petrossal) and parasympathetics (greater petrossal)
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A patient is unable to taste on the anterior 2/3 of their tongue. Describe the pathway of the afferent neuron from the nervus intermedius to the tongue.
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nervus intermedius sensory neurons in geniculate ganglion- chorda tympani branches out - passes tympanic membrane - exits petrotympanic fissure- joins lingual nerve (V3)- branches to tongue
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A patient is having trouble producing saliva. Describe the route of the parasympathetics from the inferior salivatory nucleus to the parotid gland
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glossalpharyngeal parasympathetics in inferior salivatory nucleus- tympanic nerve - pass jugular foramen- tympanic plexus- lesser petrosal - down foramen ovale- synapse in otic ganglion- post ganglionics travel with auricotemporal nerve (V3) to parotid
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A patient is having difficulty producing tears. Describe the path of the parasympathetic fibers involved with lacrimal gland innervation.
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Facial nerve/superior salivatory nucleus contains preganglionics- greater petrossal emerges from geniculate ganglion- joins deep petrossal nerve to form nerve of pterygoid canal (Vidian)- passes foramen lacerum- synapses with pterygopalatine ganglion- postganglionics in zygomatic- zygomaticotemporal nerve - lacrimal gland
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A patient loses sensation in their External auditory meatus. What nerve is likely damaged?
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auricotemporal
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A child in your office has otitis media. When placing a tube to drain the fluid, what nerve are we trying to avoid?
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chorda tympani
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A patient places their head on a pillow and hears no pulse. What artery might be occluded?
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internal carotid runs right near ear. can hear it pulsing if we put ear against solid
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A patient has a damaged oval window. What nerve plexus will be damaged?
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tympanic plexus (goes to pterygopalatine ganglion via lesser petrosal)
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Why might it be particularly dangerous for a rock star to have a damaged V3 nerve and/or facial nerve?
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hyperacusis can occur with dennervation of tensor tympani and stapes
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A patient with otitis media does not seek treatment and the infection spreads into the middle ear cavity. Where is the fluid likely collecting? What is this called?
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Mastoid air cells and antrum; mastoiditis
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A patient is having difficulty with proprioception. If the semicircular canals are not able to detect the motion of the head, what part of the canals are damaged?
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crista ampullaris and neuroepithelial cells (combine to form maculae)
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A patient is having difficulty with proprioception and orienting the heads position. What parts of the vestibulocochlear apparatus are damaged?
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Utricle (horizontal) and Saccule (vertical) detect head position
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A patient is diagnosed with vestibular nystagmus. You notice his eyes move slowly to the right and snap left. The ear on which side is damaged?
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right; ipsilateral affect
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A patient is diagnosed with pathalogical nystagmus. What pathway leads to this junction between vestibular and extra-occular nuclei?
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medial longitudinal fasciculus
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A patient is having difficulty hearing high frequency sounds. Would damage be on more proximal or distal parts of the cochlear membrane?
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proximal part is high frequency
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A patient has an acoustic Schwannoma. What 2 CN are likely to be affected?
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CN 7, 8 near internal acoustic meatus
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A patient has pain in his middle ear on his tympanic membrane. What nerve innervates this side of the tympaniic membrane?
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glossopharyngeal innervates inner membrane (auriculotemporan does outer membranel)
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A patient has stenosis of the mandibular foramen. What nerve may be inpinged?
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inferior alveolar nerve (off V3)
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A patient has stenosis of the incisive foramen. What nerve may be inpinged?
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nasopalatine (off V2) sensory
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A patient is admitted into a hospital for angina pectoralis. Where could you administer nitroglycerine in the mouth to work quickly?
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floor of the mouth is very permeable, thin; also deep lingual veins under the tongue
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A smoking patient has white patches in the oral mucosa. What do you suspect is the diagnosis?
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Leukoplakia, or squamous cell carcinoma
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A patient's vermillion zone of the lips has a very dull appearance. What arteries could be blocked to cause both upper and lower lip to become ischemic?
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facial artery off infraorbital off maxillary off external carotid
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A patient has a swollen right submental lymph node. Where might we expect a tumor?
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medial lower lip
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A patient has lost sensory innervation of their upper lip. What cranial nerve may be damaged?
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V2
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A patient has lost sensory innervation of their upper lip. What cranial nerve may be damaged?
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V2
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A patient has a blockage of the Stetsen's Duct. What symptoms will we see in them?
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dry mouth due to no secretions from parotid
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A patient has pain of the upper row of teeth. What nerve is being stimulated?
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Superior alveolar (V2)
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A patient has pain of the lower row of teeth. What nerve is being stimulated?
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Inferior alveolar (V3)
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A patient is seen to have weak layers of dentin. What cells are deficient?
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odontoblasts
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A patient is diagnosed with scurvy. What part of the tooth is being damaged?
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collagen 1 of periodontal ligament
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A patient is experiencing pain from their tooth. Where in the tooth are the pain nerves found?
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root canal and pulp cavity
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A patient is chewing their food and they bite down on a hard piece of fruit core. What layer of the tooth contains receptors that will reflexively cause the mouth to open?
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periodontal ligament
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A patient is given braces to adjust their teeth. These will work due to the flexibility of what tooth layer?
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alveolar bone is woven bone
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As a pathologist looking at slides of teeth, you notice a bright pink layer around the tooth. What cells create this matrix?
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odontoblasts create the pre-dentin that stains bright pink
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Under a microscope you notice long thin strands of thin fibers in the dentin tooth layer. What are these fibers called? What are they?
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Tomes fibers; odontoblast processes for communication with each other
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A child has lost half of his teeth. Do you expect to find any Ameloblasts in their oral cavity?
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yes, the teeth that are still growing will have some to make enamel for the new teeth
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A patient has a poorly developed thyroid gland. What part of the tongue do we expect to be disformed?
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thyroid is derived from foramen caecum
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A patient has a blocked Wharton's duct. What gland will be unable to secrete its product?
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submandibular gland
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A patient looses sensation in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. What nerve may be damaged?
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glossopharyngeal
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A patient has the right side posterior portion of the tongue depressed and the left is raised. What nerve is damaged?
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right Vagus cannot innervate palatoglossis to lift right tongue
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To examine the integrity of the vagus nerve, what 2 places in the mouth will you examine?
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Uvula and posteriolateral tongue
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A patient is having difficulty protruding their tongue. What muscle and nerve may be damaged?
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genioglossus; hypoglossal
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A patient is having difficulty swallowing, which tongue muscle will have the most influence on this action?
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styloglossus
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When examining a patients tongue, they stick it out and the tongue points to the left. What muscle is being tested? What nerve?
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genioglossus; hypoglossal
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You examine the lateral posterior portions of the tongue to asses the vagus nerve. What muscle are you directly watching?
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palatoglossus
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During yawning, a patient cannot open the tympanic tube. What nerve may be damage?
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v3 innervates tensor veli palatini
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A patient is having difficulty swallowing. What cranial nerve is mostly affected?
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Vagus, also V3 (tensor veli palatini)
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A patient suffers damage to the C1 spinal nerve. What oral cavity muscle will be affected?
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geniohyoid is innervated by C1
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A patient is stabbed in the masseter muscle. The blade passes through the muscle into which fossa?
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infratemporal fossa
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During repositioning of the TMJ, the patient could have damage to what nerves?
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facial and auriculotemporal nerve are very close to TMJ
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A patient is having difficulty chewing. What branches of what cranial nerve innervate muscles of mastication
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V3 branches
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A patient contracts both their left lateral and medial pterygoid muscles. What direction should their chin move?
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right
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A patient has the mumps. What artery is like to become compressed?
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Mumps = parotid swelling. maxillary arises within the parotid
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A patient has a lesion directly after the otic ganglion. What fossa is this lesion in?
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Infratemporal fossa
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A patient has a lesion of the V2 nerve after it exits the skull. in what fossa is the lesion?
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Pterygopalatine fossa
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A tumor is growing in the pterygopalatine fossa. What major artery can become compressed?
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maxillary artery
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A tumor is growing in the infratemporal fossa. What major artery can become compressed?
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maxillary artery
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A patient has been diagnosed with Meinere's disease. Why would they experience vertigo and hearing loss?
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There is an increase in endolymph and pressure on the otoliths and they are constantly stimulated
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