Anatomy Exam 3 Winter 2011

Front 1

What nerve innervates the mm. of facial expression?

Back 1

CN 7 (VII)=facial nerve

Front 2

What are the 2 portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle and what is the function of each?

Back 2

palpebral portion-gentle closing of the eyelid like blinking

orbital portion-forceful closing like when someone's about to squirt a mustard packet in your eye....

Front 3

What muscle functions to keep food on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth?

Back 3

the buccinator

Front 4

Which nerve courses through the parotid gland?

Back 4

the facial nerve

Front 5

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the face?

Back 5

the trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Front 6

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve also supplies motor function?

Back 6

the mandibular branch

Front 7

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Back 7

V1=opthalmic
V2=maxillary
V3=mandibular

Front 8

What are the branches of the V1 of trigeminal nerve?

Back 8

supraorbital
supratrochlear
infratrochlear
lacrimal

Front 9

What are the branches of V2 of trigeminal N?

Back 9

infraorbital
zygomaticotemporal
zygomaticofacial

Front 10

What are the branches of V3 of trigeminal N?

Back 10

buccal (not to be confused with the buccal branch of the facial nerve)
mental nerve
auriculotemporal

Front 11

What nerves come from the C2, 3 spinal nerves?

Back 11

lesser occipital, greater occipital, great auricular

Front 12

What artery passes through the mental foramen in the mandible?

Back 12

the mental artery which was the inferior alveolar artery before it passes through the foramen (both are branches of the maxillary artery)

Front 13

Name the branches of the maxillary artery.

Back 13

infraorbital
mental artery
inferior alveolar artery

Front 14

What artery in the face provides anastomoses between the external and internal carotid arteries?

Back 14

the angular artery (from the ophthalmic artery from internal carotid, and the facial artery from the external carotid)

Front 15

What vein travels in the straight sinus?

Back 15

the great cerebral vein

Front 16

What passes through the jugular foramen?

Back 16

the internal jugular vein, CN IX, X, and XI

Front 17

Vertebral level of the hyoid

Back 17

C3

Front 18

innervation of platysma

Back 18

CN VII

Front 19

Innervation of SCM

Back 19

CN XI -spinal accessory nerve

Front 20

What is torticollis?

Back 20

spasm of SCM
-congenital torticollis (wry neck) more common
-spasmodic torticollis-less common, bending and twitching

Front 21

What are the cervical sentinel nodes?

Back 21

the inferior deep cervical nodes along the IJV that can collect lymph from thorax, abdomen, and breast tissue
-site for metastasis

Front 22

Innervation of anterior belly of digastric?
posterior belly?

Back 22

ant.-nerve to mylohyoid
post-facial nerve

Front 23

What is the carotid body?

Back 23

found at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, senses O2 and CO2 levels, signals carried on CN IX

Front 24

What is the carotid sinus?

Back 24

found in proximal internal carotid artery, baroreceptor sensitive to BP, signals carried by CN IX

Front 25

Describe the path of the lingual artery.

Back 25

deep to hypoglossal nerve, stylohyoid, and hyoglossus mm.

Front 26

Describe the hypoglossal nerve.

Back 26

CN XII, motor to tongue, deep to post. belly of digastric, carries C1 branches, btwn external carotid, IJV

Front 27

Are the recurrent laryngeal nerves deep or superficial to the thyroid gland?

Back 27

deep to it
left is lower than right
left loops around aorta

Front 28

Where does lymph in the anterior triangle drain to?

Back 28

drains to the nearest nodes:
Superficial cervical or deep cervical
many nodes in sub triangles are typically palpated

Front 29

At what approximate vertebral levels does the thyroid lie?

Back 29

c5-T1

Front 30

What's a pyramidal lobe in the thyroid?

Back 30

happens in about 50% of the pop., extension of tissue along remnant of thyroglossal duct

Front 31

What is aberrant thyroid tissue?

Back 31

detached tissues along the path of thyroglossal duct, anywhere between the tongue and thyroid gland

Front 32

What is the thyroid ima artery?

Back 32

it is an aberrant artery present in about 10% of pop. , from brachiocephalic artery, surgical concern during tracheotomy, etc.

Front 33

Where does lymph of the thyroid gland drain to?

Back 33

prelaryngeal, pretracheal, or paratracheal to superior deep cervical or inferior deep cervical nodes

Front 34

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system supplies the thyroid gland?

Back 34

sympathetic (vasoconstriction), via all 3 cervical ganglia, fibers course along aa. to gland, secretomotor controlled hormonally

Front 35

What is a goiter?

Back 35

enlarged thyroid gland, lack of iodine, may compress trachea, esophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerves

Front 36

What 2 neurovascular structures do you want to be careful not to damage during a thyroidectomy?

Back 36

thyroid ima, and recurrent laryngeal nerves

Front 37

Describe the parathyroid glands.

Back 37

external to the capsule of the thyroid, 2 superior glands and 2 inferior, endocrine function, positions can be variable

Front 38

Where is subclavian vein in relation to the anterior scalene? Why is this important?

Back 38

it's anterior to the scalene, important for central line placement

Front 39

What is the "venous angle" at the root of the neck?

Back 39

IJV + subclavian = brachiocephalic vein

-collects lymph (thoracic and right lymphatic ducts)
-posterior to sternal end of clavicle

Front 40

At the root of the neck, where is the right vagus nerve in relation to the subclavian artery?

Back 40

anterior to it

Front 41

At the root of the neck, describe the path of the left vagus.

Back 41

between L subclavian, L common carotid arteries, posterior to SC joint

Front 42

Describe the sympathetic trunk in the neck.

Back 42

posterior to carotid sheath, no white rami communicantes, 3 ganglia -superior (C1 C2 level), middle (ant. to inf. thyroid artery), and inferior (stellate ganglion when upper thoracic and lower cervical fuse)-post. to origin of vertebral artery

Front 43

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

Back 43

compression of the brachial plexus and or subclavian artery/vein btwn. the 1st rib and clavicle or within the scalene gap,
may result in :
mm. weakness
tingling
ischemia
distension of superficial veins

Front 44

What is the innervation of the cornea, responsible for the blink reflex?

Back 44

"in by five, out by seven"
V1-sensory limb
CNVII-motor limb (orbicularis oculi)

Front 45

What causes glaucoma?

Back 45

aqueous humor that normally flows from posterior chamber to anterior chamber to iridiocorneal junction to canal of Schlemm gets clogged somewhere and increases pressure on the retina and interferes with vision

Front 46

What is Tenon's capsule?

Back 46

fascial sheath that surrounds the eyeball and allows the eye to move in the socket without friction

Front 47

What nerve innervates levator palpebrae superioris?

Back 47

CN III

Front 48

What nerve innervates the Superior oblique in the eye?

Back 48

CN 4

Front 49

What nerve innervates the lateral rectus in the eye?

Back 49

CN 6

Front 50

What mm. would make the R. eye look medially? (adduction)

Back 50

medial rectus, sup. rectus, inf. rectus

Front 51

What are the abductors of the eye?

Back 51

lateral rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique

Front 52

What are the elevators of the eye?

Back 52

inferior oblique, superior rectus

Front 53

What are the depressors of the eye?

Back 53

superior oblique, inferior rectus

Front 54

TO test oblique mm. in the eye, which direction would you have the pt. look?

Back 54

look in (adduct) the eye then look up or down

Front 55

What direction would pt. look to test rectus mm.?

Back 55

abduct the eye then look up or down (tests sup. and inf. rectus)

Front 56

What is the innervation of the sphincter pupillae? And function?

Back 56

it decreases pupil diameter
parasympathetic

Front 57

What innervates dilator pupillae and what is its function?

Back 57

increases pupil diameter, sympathetic

Front 58

What is the function of the long ciliary nerve?

Back 58

corneal blink reflex
(part of it)

Front 59

What are the 3 branches of V1?

Back 59

supraorbital
supratrochlear
nasociliary(continues as infratrochlear)

Front 60

Intraorbital brances of the internal carotid artery?

Back 60

muscular branches
opthalmic artery
central retinal artery
posterior ciliary arteries
lacrimal artery

Front 61

Extraorbital branches of the internal carotid a?

Back 61

ethmoid branches
supraorbital
supratrochlear
dorsal nasal (joins with angular a of facial a)

Front 62

How does parasympathetic innervation get to the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles of the eye?

Back 62

CNIII preganglionic fibers (VE) to ciliary ganglion (postgang. cells) and then short ciliary nerves (postgang. fibers) to posterior eye

Front 63

How does sympathetic innervation get to the lacrimal gland and the dilator pupillae and the superior tarsal muscle?

Back 63

the nerves follow the opthalmic artery into the orbit to get to the target structure
lacrimal gland via lacrimal artery
dilator pup. via posterior ciliary brs. of opthalmic a.
superior tarsal-are carried in oculomotor nerve

Front 64

Which cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

Back 64

5, 6, 7`

Front 65

Which cranial nerves are associated with the medulla?

Back 65

8-12 (11 actually originates from cervical spinal cord

Front 66

What falls under SA? (what functions)

Back 66

from skin, (touch, pressure, pain) and muscle proprioception
special sense-vision, hearing, balance

Front 67

What falls under VA?

Back 67

from internal organs
special sense-taste, olfaction (smell)

Front 68

Which CN have VE function?

Back 68

3-ciliary ganglion
7-submandibular gland
9-otic ganglion
10-ganglion in wall of target organ

Front 69

What CN are responsible for vision?

Back 69

2 optic nerve (SA)

Front 70

What CN are responsible for hearing and balance?

Back 70

VIII (8)-vestibulocochlear - (SA)

Front 71

What CN are responsible for taste?

Back 71

7, 9, 10 (VA)

Front 72

What CN are responsible for smell?

Back 72

1-olfactory nerve (VA)

Front 73

What foramen does CN VII exit the skull through?

Back 73

exits internally through the internal acoustic meatus and externally through the stylomastoid foramen.

Front 74

What nerves are associated with the cavernous sinus?

Back 74

CN 6 runs through the middle of the sinus with the internal carotid artery, associated with the lateral wall of the sinus is CN 4, V2, V3, and ???

Front 75

Why can TMJ pathology result in an earache?

Back 75

b/c posterior dislocation of the mandible poses an danger to the external auditory meatus (they are very close in proximity so irritation in one can cause pain in surrounding areas)

Front 76

What nerve innervates the auricular mm?

Back 76

CN VII, but functionally these mm. are not very important

Front 77

What cervical levels are represented by the lesser occipital nerve?

Back 77

C2

Front 78

Great auricular nerve levels?

Back 78

C2, C3

Front 79

Sensory innervation to external ear?

Back 79

great auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve, and auriculotemporal nerve (SA)-V3 branch of trigeminal

Front 80

Where does the lymph from the auricle (ear) drain to?

Back 80

anterosuperior 1/3-->superficial parotid nodes to superficial cervical nodes

Posterosuperior 1/3-->mastoid nodes to deep cervical nodes

Inferior 1/3-->superficial cervical nodes

Front 81

Where does sensory for the EAM come from?

Back 81

V3 (auriculotemporal branch) and a little sensory branch off the vagus nerve

Front 82

Why can pain, pathology of EAM refer as a cough or nausea?

Back 82

b/c those are other vagus territories

Front 83

What innervates the inner surface of the timpanic membrane?

Back 83

the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)-SA

Front 84

What nerves innervate the external surface of the timpanic membrane?

Back 84

CN V3 (auriculotemporal)
vagues nerve (CN X)
all considered SA=hearing

Front 85

Where is the middle ear found?

Back 85

petrous portion of the temporal bone

Front 86

What nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?

Back 86

CN V3 (SE)

Front 87

What nerve innervates the stapedius muscle?

Back 87

CN VII (SE)
-it reduces motion of the stapes at oval window

Front 88

What provides sensory innervation of the middle ear?

Back 88

the tympanic plexus (CNIX)
-also provides sensory to internal surface of tympanic membrane, auditory tube and nasopharynx

Front 89

What does the greater petrosal nerve carry?

Back 89

VE to the lacrimal gland

Front 90

What does the tensor veli palatini do?

Back 90

opens the auditory tube when we swallow, it contracts and pulls on the cartilage surrounding the auditory tube to open it= equalizes pressure

Front 91

What is the innervation of the internal ear?

Back 91

vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)
(SA)

cochlear division=auditory
vestibular division=balance

Front 92

What are the 2 types of deafness?

Back 92

conductive or
sensorial-problem with the cochlea or cochlear division of CN VIII

Front 93

What are the 2 branches the facial nerve gives off just after exiting the stylomastoid foramen?

Back 93

the posterior auricular branch (motor to occipitalis), and the nerve to the post. belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid

Front 94

What causes Bell's palsy?

Back 94

inflammation of the facial nerve

Front 95

What's the only other nerve other than trigeminal that provides somatic sensory to the face?

Back 95

great auricular

Front 96

What 2 veins join to form the external jugular vein?

Back 96

the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein

Front 97

What vein passes through the superior orbital fissure?

Back 97

the superior opthalmic vein

Front 98

What nerve passes through the foramen ovale?

Back 98

the lesser petrosal nerve

Front 99

What artery does the middle meningeal artery come from?

Back 99

the maxillary artery, and the middle meningeal supplies much of the dura

Front 100

What supplies sensory innervation to the dura of the posterior fossa?

Back 100

branches of C2 and C3
(trigeminal branches supply the dura of the ant. and middle cranial fossa)

Front 101

What are the choroid plexus cells?

Back 101

they are located in each ventricle in the brain and they produce CSF

Front 102

What are the arachnoid villi?

Back 102

they are structures which form valves allowing CSF to enter superior sagittal sinus

Front 103

What is a communicating hydrocephalus?

Back 103

blockage within the subarachnoid space external to the brain

Front 104

WHAT ARE THE 'FOUR' BASIC TYPES OF 'TISSUES' IN THE HUMAN BODY?

Back 104

1. EPITHELIAL - SURFACE COVERING
2. CONNECTIVE - SUPPORTING
3. MUSCULAR - CONTRACTING
4. NERVOUS - CONDUCTION

Front 105

What are the 3 named portions of the internal carotid artery?

Back 105

petrous portion
cavernous portion
intracranial portion

Front 106

What are bridging veins and what would a tear in one likely result in?

Back 106

they are veins that collect from superficial cerebral veins (on surface of the brain) and drain to a nearby dural sinus
-a tear in one would likely lead to a subdural hematoma (or intradural)

Front 107

Describe the pathway of deep venous drainage in the brain.

Back 107

cerebral vein and basal vein drain into the great cerebral vein -->straight sinus to transverse sinus to sigmoid sinus to internal jugular vein

Front 108

What is the functional designation of V1 of the trigeminal?

Back 108

SA

Front 109

What are the 3 branches of V1 in the orbit?

Back 109

frontal which then branches into supraorbital and supratrochlear, lacrimal, nasociliary (continues as infratrochlear) and also has long and short ciliary branches

Front 110

Describe the pathway for parasympathetic innervation of the sphincter pupillae and the ciliary mm.?

Back 110

CN III pregang. fibers to ciliary ganglion to short ciliary nerves to posterior eye

Front 111

HOw do sympathetics get to the dilator pupillae?

Back 111

they follow the opthalmic artery and its posterior ciliary branches

Front 112

How do sympathetics get to the lacrimal gland?

Back 112

they follow the opthalmic artery and its lacrimal branch

Front 113

How does sympathetic innervation get to the superior tarsal muscle?

Back 113

nerve fibers jumb onto the oculomotor nerve to get there

Front 114

What ganglion does the facial nerve pass through in the middle ear?

Back 114

the geniculate ganglion (a sensory ganglion)
VA-tongue
SA-EAM, deep concha

Front 115

What does the greater petrosal nerve do?

Back 115

from facial nerve, it provides VE to the lacrimal gland (preganglionic PS)

Front 116

Ganglia associated with CN 7?

Back 116

submandibular and pterygopalatine

Front 117

How could infection spread from the cranial cavity to the mediastinum?

Back 117

through the carotid sheaths

Front 118

What is the retropharyngeal space?

Back 118

an interfascial potential space between visceral pretracheal and prevertebral layers of deep cervical fascia
-permits independent movement of viscera/vertebrae
-opens to mediastinum, closed at cranium

Front 119

What splits the posterior triangle into the occipital and subclavian (omoclavicular) triangles?

Back 119

the inferior belly of the omohyoid

Front 120

What is the relationship of the spinal accessory nerve (CNXI) to the SCM?

Back 120

the nerve is deep to the muscle

Front 121

What does phrenic nerve course along?

Back 121

the anterior scalene