Anatomy Exam 3-Nerves

Front 1

Cervical Plexus

Back 1

C2,3 Greater Auricular
C2,3 Lesser Occipital
C2,3 Transverse cervical
C3,4 Supraclavicular
C1,2,3 Ausa cervicalis
C3,4,5 Phrenic

Front 2

Brachial Plexus

Back 2

C5-Dorsal Scapular
C5,6 Axillary,Suprascapular, Subclavius
C5,6,7 Musculocutaneous, Long Thoracic, Lateral Pectoral
C6,7,8 Thoracodorsal
C8, T1 Ulna, Medial Pectoral
C5-T1 Median, Radial

Front 3

Lumbar Plexus

Back 3

L1- ilioingunial, iliohypogastric
L1,2 genitofemoral
L2,3 lateral cutaneous femoral
L2,3,4 Femoral, obturator

Front 4

Sacral

Back 4

L4-S1 Superior Gluteal
L5-S2 Inferior Gluteal
L4-S3 Sciatic, Tibial
L4-S2 Peroneal (common, superficial, deep)
S2,3,4 Pudendal

Front 5

Three primary brain vesicles (Cranial dilations)

Back 5

1. Proencephalon (forebrain)
2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
3.Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Front 6

Rhombencephalon consists of :

Back 6

1.metencephalon - pons and cerebellum
2.myelencephalon- medulla oblongata

Front 7

Neural plate

Back 7

1.appears during week 3 anterior to primitive pit
2.elevations create neural folds which close to form the neural tube.
a.) initially open at both ends
-cranial neuropore - closes day 25
-caudal neuropore- closes day 27

b.) lumen becomes central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

Front 8

Neural crest gives rise to:

Back 8

Sensory ganglia of spinal nerves (dorsal root ganglion), postganglionic neurons of the ANS, Schwann cells, melanocytes, odontoblasts, meninges, pharyngeal arch mesenchyme

Front 9

Neuroepithelium

Back 9

lines neural tube; gives rise to cells of the mantle layer, neurons, and glial cells.

Front 10

Mantle - Forms ______matter of the spinal cord.

Back 10

The mantle forms the gray matter of the spinal cord.

1.basal plate- ventral; motor
2.alar plate- dorsal; sensory
3.sulcus limitans-separates basal and alar plates
4.roof plate and floor plate-inducers of mesenchyme

Front 11

Marginal layer- forms the _____matter of the spinal cord

Back 11

white matter

1.outer layer
2.nerve fibers from developing neurons of mantle

Front 12

Spinal Nerves consist of :

Back 12

1. fibers from neurons of basal plate (motor) form VENTRAL ROOTS; week 4

2.fibers from dorsal root ganglia (neural crest) grow into cord forming DORSAL ROOT

3. Fibers from dorsal root ganglia grow distally and join ventral nerve roots to form spinal nerve.

Front 13

cauda equina

Back 13

results from differential growth of spinal cord and vertebral column

Front 14

Anomalies of spinal cord:

Spina bifida cystica

Back 14

Neural tissue and/or meninges exposed.

Front 15

Brain Flexures: weeks 4-8

Back 15

1.mesencephalic- "cranial flexure", midbrain
2.cervical- brainstem and cord; at approximately level of foramen magnum
3.pontine

Front 16

Rhombencephalon- hind brain

Back 16

1. distinct basal and alar plates
2.alar plate moves to lateral position
3. sensory and motor areas subdivided into columns (GSA, SVA, GVA etc), supply structures of head and neck primarily, but also neurons of vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 17

Dorsal Rami of the Spinal Nerves

Back 17

1. Also called posterior primary rami
2. Divide (except first cervical, fourth and fifth sacral and coccygeal) into medial and lateral branches
3. Supply muscle and skin of the posterior back and neck.

Front 18

Which dorsal rami of spinal nerves do NOT divide into medial and lateral branches?

Back 18

1st cervical
4th and 5th sacral
coccygeal

Front 19

Dorsal ramus of C1-

What nerve?
Innervates?

Back 19

suboccipitial nerve

1.muscles of the SOT
2.Supplies semispinalis capitits m.

Front 20

Dorsal ramus of C2-

innervates?

Back 20

1.Supplies the inferior obilque m.
2.Exits inferior to the above m.
3.Medial branch is called the greater occipital n. which pierces the semispinalis capitis m. and supplies the skin of the posterior scalp.
4.Lateral branch supplies the splenius, longissimus capitis, and semispinalis capitis mm.

Front 21

Dorsal rami of the lower 5 cervical nerves:

Back 21

1. Medial branches supply the skin
2. Lateral branches supply the iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis mm.

Front 22

Location of Acetylcholine Cholinergic nicotinic receptors:

Back 22

All postganglionic neurons
Adrenal medullary cells
myoneural junction

Front 23

Location of Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors

Back 23

All parasympathetic neuro-effector organs
Select sympathetic target organs-
1.eccrine sweat glands
2.smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels in skeletal muscle

Front 24

Where are norepinephrine adrenergic alpha 1 receptors located?

effects?

Back 24

1.blood vessels
2.sphincter muscles
3.other sympathetic tissues

effects- a. vasoconstriction
b.constriction
c.stimulation

Front 25

Where are norepinephrine alpha 2 cell receptors located?

effects?

Back 25

1. postganglionic adrenergic axon

effects-autoinhibition

Front 26

Where are norepienephrine beta 1 cell receptors located?

Back 26

1.heart
2.kidney
3.adipose tissue

Front 27

Where are norepinephrine beta 2 cells located?

effects?

Back 27

1.lungs
2.smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels

relaxation, bronchodilation, relaxation, vasodilation

Front 28

Roof plate of mesencephalon-made of ependymal cells covered by vascular mesenchyme

Back 28

1.tela choroidea- ependymal cells plus vascular mesenchyme

2. choroid plexus from vascular mesenchyme- creates CSF

Front 29

Where does the motor nuclei innervating structures of they eye originate?

Back 29

Basal plates of the Mesencephalon

Front 30

What part of the mesencephalon relays for visual and auditory reflexes?

Back 30

alar plates- anterior and posterior colliculi

Front 31

anencephaly

Back 31

failure of closure of cephalic portion of neural tube, resulting in degeneration of neural tissue

Front 32

Somatic efferent cranial nerves

Back 32

CN III, IV,VI, XII

1.arise in brain stem
2.innervate muscles derived from preotic and occipital myotomes

Front 33

Cranial nerves of pharyngeal arches

Back 33

CN V, VII, IX, and X

1.arise from nuclei of brain stem
2.contain sensory and motor components

Front 34

Special sensory cranial nerves

Back 34

CN I, II, and VIII

1.CN I from olefactory bulb
2.CN II from developing neurons of retina
3.CN VIII-
-vestibular nerve from semicircular ducts to nuclei in brain stem
-cochlear nerve from spiral organ of Corti to nuclei in brain stem

Front 35

Adrenal gland of ANS

Back 35

1. Cortex from mesoderm
2. Medulla from sympathetic nervous system (neural crest)

Front 36

Parasympathetic ANS

Back 36

1. preganglionic fibers from neurons in brain stem and sacral spinal cord
2.postganglionic fibers from neural crest migration to site of ganglia

Front 37

Sympathetic ANS

Back 37

1. preganglionic neurons develop within the lateral horn in thoracolumbar region of spinal cord

2. Postganglionic neurons- neural crest cell migration in thorax to form chain of ganglia along vertebral column; migration to site of ganglia

Front 38

A collection of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS:

Back 38

Ganglion

Front 39

A collection of neuron cell bodies WITHIN the CNS:

Back 39

Nucleus

Front 40

Grouping of nerve fibers that interconnect regions of the CNS

Back 40

Tract

Front 41

The structure of GSA, GVA sensory neurons is:

Back 41

pseudounipolar

Front 42

The structure of SSA, SVA special sensory neurons is:

Back 42

bipolar

Front 43

The structure of GSE, GVE motor neurons is:

Back 43

multipolar

Front 44

Refers to movement or sensations from the whole body, especially skeletal muscles, and receptors in the skin, joints and skeletal muscles telling the brain about the environment. (temp, touch, pain, stretch, position, etc)

Back 44

General somatic

Front 45

Refers to organs of the body, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands. Motor or sensory from these tissues. Sensory includes pain and stretch primarily

Back 45

General visceral

Front 46

Sight, hearing, and equillibrium

Back 46

Special somatic

Front 47

Smell, taste and special skeletal muscles (traps, SCM)

Back 47

Special Visceral

Front 48

Organs WITHOUT dual innervation

Back 48

adrenal medulla-sympathetic only
arrector pili muscles-sympathetic only
sweat glands-sympathetic only
most blood vessels- mostly sympathetic

*control is achieved by increasing or decreasing the tone (firing rate) of sympathetic neurons

Front 49

C1, 2, 3 Motor to omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid

Back 49

ansa cervicalis

Front 50

Cervical nerves that are NOT part of the cervical plexus:

Back 50

1.Suboccipital nerve- dorsal ramus of C1. Motor to the SOT muscles, NO cutaneuous sensory branch.

2.Greater occipital nerve- dorsal ramus of C2. Sensory to posterior scalp, motor to splenius m.

3.Third occipital nerve- dorsal ramus of C3. Medial branch to sensory to a small area of posterior scalp.

Front 51

Real Texans Drink Cold Beer.

Back 51

Roots- 5

Trunks-3

Divisions- (6) 2 per trunk

Cords- 3

Branches-

Front 52

Roots of the Brachial Plexus

Back 52

Ventral rami of C5-T1

Front 53

Organs WITHOUT dual innervation

Back 53

adrenal medulla-sympathetic only
arrector pili muscles-sympathetic only
sweat glands-sympathetic only
most blood vessels- mostly sympathetic

*control is achieved by increasing or decreasing the tone (firing rate) of sympathetic neurons

Front 54

C1, 2, 3 Motor to omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid

Back 54

ansa cervicalis

Front 55

Cervical nerves that are NOT part of the cervical plexus:

Back 55

1.Suboccipital nerve- dorsal ramus of C1. Motor to the SOT muscles, NO cutaneuous sensory branch.

2.Greater occipital nerve- dorsal ramus of C2. Sensory to posterior scalp, motor to splenius m.

3.Third occipital nerve- dorsal ramus of C3. Medial branch to sensory to a small area of posterior scalp.

Front 56

Real Texans Drink Cold Beer.

Back 56

Roots- 5

Trunks-3

Divisions- (6) 2 per trunk

Cords- 3

Branches-

Front 57

Roots of the Brachial Plexus

Back 57

Ventral rami of C5-T1

Front 58

Cephalgia

Back 58

headache

Front 59

Polycythemia

Back 59

increased mass of RBC

Front 60

Genu Varum

Back 60

Bow-legged

Front 61

anamnesis

Back 61

Recalling past info for a medical history form.

Front 62

cathartic

Back 62

substance that makes you poop more

accelerates defication

Front 63

pathognomonic

Back 63

charactorisitic for a specific disease

Front 64

teleology

Back 64

study of evidences of design or purpose in nature

Front 65

Genu Valgum

Back 65

knock- kneed

Front 66

Antiemetic

Back 66

Keeps you from vomiting

Front 67

Carminative

Back 67

relieves farting

Front 68

edentulous

Back 68

without teeth

Front 69

Corpulence

Back 69

obesity

Front 70

alopectia

Back 70

disease where the hair falls out

Front 71

cardiomegaly

Back 71

abnormal enlargement of the heart from either hypertrophy or dilation

Front 72

lumbodynia

Back 72

pain in lumbar region

Front 73

lumbago

Back 73

pain in lumbar region

Front 74

claudication

Back 74

limpness or lameness

Front 75

xeroderma

Back 75

mild form of ichthyosis- itchy, scaly skin

Front 76

dorsal root is derived from

Back 76

neural crest (go into alar plates)

Front 77

ventral roots come from

Back 77

neural tube. (come out of nerons in basal plate)

Front 78

ependymal cells make

Back 78

CSF

Front 79

choroid plexus

Back 79

between metencephanlon and myelenchephalon- (both part of rhombencephalon.)

Front 80

basal plates- motor nuclei innervating structures of the eye

alar plates- anaterior and posterior colliculi; relays for visual and auditory reflexes

Back 80

Mesencephalon

Front 81

Lamina terminalis

Back 81

site of closure of anterior neuropore

Front 82

Cranial Nerves

Back 82

Somatic Efferent -CN III, IV, VI, XII

Nerves of pharyngeal arches
CN V, VII, IX, X

Special sensory- I, II, VIII

Front 83

Postganglionic fibers come from

Back 83

neural crest

Front 84

Microglia

Back 84

Phagocytic cell of CNS

Front 85

ganglionic gliocytes

Back 85

supportive cells of ganglis PNS

Front 86

Visceral=

Back 86

autonomic nervous system, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Front 87

Spinal nerves contain what kind of nerves?

Back 87

GSE, GSA, GVE, GVA

Front 88

PNS components

Back 88

Cranial and Spinal nerves
-visceral nerves and plexuses
-enteric system of nerves
-neuroglial cells (only some, not all)
ALL dervied from neural crest and outgrowth

Front 89

Distal end of spinal cord

Back 89

conus medullaris

Front 90

filum terminale

Back 90

pia mater (extends further than cord)

Front 91

funiculi

Back 91

means cord or column

Front 92

How many spinal nerves?

Back 92

31 pairs

Front 93

bell-magendic law

Back 93

dorsal root of spinal nerve carries sensory info, ventral root carries motor info.
SAME DAVE

Front 94

Recurrent meningeal nerve innervates

Back 94

-Posterior aspect of IVD
-Posterior longitudinal ligament
-anterior epidural vein
-anterior aspect of the dura
-periosteum of posterior aspect of vertebral bodies

typically more than one branch (2)

Front 95

what forms plexuses? (4 of them)

Back 95

ventral ramus

Front 96

Rami communicantes

Back 96

ANS

White rami communicantes connects spinal nerve to the paravertebral ganglia

gray rami connects the paravertebral ganglia to the spinal nerve

Front 97

31 pair of spinal nerves

Back 97

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

Front 98

Somatic nervous system

Back 98

Innervates skin and most skeletal muscle, from somites

Dermatomyotomes
Dermatomes
Myotomes

Front 99

Visceral (autonomic) Nervous System

Back 99

sympathetic and parasypathetic

sympathetic- T1-L2
parasympathetic- cervical and sacral

Front 100

Sympathetic innervation of Thoracic and Cervical Viscera

Back 100

(T1,T3, some T4,T5)-head
(T1-T4)-heart and lungs
(T3-T6)-upper limbs
(T4-T9)- abdominal viscera
(T8-L1)-adrenal gland
(T11-L2)-urinary bladder and prostate
(T10-L2)-pelvic viscera and reproductive organs
(T7-L1)-lower limbs

Front 101

Sympathetic GVE fibers to lymphoid tissues

Back 101

T-lymphocytes, macrophages

Lymph nodes

Spleen( contains 3x as many sympathetic fibers as kidneys)

GIT- ANS division located in wall of gut, regulate GIT secretions and motility (GIT=gastral intestinal tract)

Front 102

Two interconnected plexuses within the walls of the GIT:

Back 102

1. Myenteric plexus
2. submucous nerve plexus

each one formed by:
ganglia- house nerve cell bodies and associtated cells
bundles of nerves which pass between ganglia and to surrounding tissues

Front 103

80% of norepi released is re-uptaked back into axon, broken down by_____

20% remaining in synaptic space is broken down by _____

Back 103

MAO-monoamine oxidase

COMT- catechol-O-methyl transferase

Front 104

Adrenergic receptors:

Back 104

alpha- 1.blood vessels 2. presynaptic, autoinhibitory

beta 1.heart 2.lungs

Front 105

Supraclavicular branches of brachial plexus

Back 105

1.dorsal scapular
2.long thoracic
3.suprascapular

Front 106

Damage to Long Thoracic nerve

Back 106

C5,6,7,
Serratus anterior m.
"winged scapula"

Front 107

Damage to axillary nerve

Back 107

C5,6 shoulder injuries, paralysis of deltoid m. and teres minor

Front 108

Damage to radial nerve

Back 108

damage to extensors

Depends where nerve is damaged
improper use of crutches
frogging
drunkard paralysis
church pew paralysis

Front 109

damage to median nerve

Back 109

signs-carpal tunnel, pronator teres syndromes,

honeymooners palsy
fracture of humerous or distal radius

Front 110

carpal tunnel vs pronator teres

Back 110

you lose feeling in thenar eminence in pronator teres syndrome. Pt. resists pronation

carpal tunnel-pins and needles