Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
fascia lata
|
a layer of fascia surrounding the thigh. It gets thicker laterally and thinner medially.
|
|
|
Illiotibial band (IT)
|
a conjoined tendon that runs laterally on the thigh down to the tibia. It is the connection point for the glutteus maximus and the tensor fascia lata.
|
|
|
3 compartments of thigh, actions, and innervations
|
1. Anterior (extends into lateral)- femoral innervation, extensors
2. Medial- obturator innervation, adductors 3. Posterior- flexors, siatic innervation |
|
|
Rectus Femoral
|
O-Anterior Internal Illiac Spine
I-patella and tibial tuberocity (these two things connected by a patellar ligament, really a tendon but b/c it connects two bones it's called a ligament) Patella is a sesamoid bone b/c it sits in the quadracepts tendons. A-extend knee and flex hip N- |
|
|
Vastus Laterallis
|
o- lateral lip of the linea aspera (a ridge on the posterior femur)
I- Patella A- extend knee N- Femoral |
|
|
Vastus Mediallus
|
O- Medial lip of the linea aspera
I- Patella A- extend knee N- Femoral |
|
|
Vastus Intermedius
|
O- Shaft of the femur
I- Tendon of the vastus medialus and latalus and the rectus femorus A- extend knee N- Femoral |
|
|
Sartorius
|
Longest muscle of the body, crosses hip and knee
O- ASIS I- medial portion of the tibia A- flexes knee and hip N- Femoral |
|
|
Pectineus muscle
|
O- Pectineal Line of the pubis
I- Pectineal Line of the femus (indistinguishable ridge b/t the lesser trochanter and the linea aspera) A- Flexes, Adducts, and medially rotates hip N- FERMORAL (EXCEPTION!!!!) |
|
|
Adductor longus muscle
|
O- body of the pubis
I- Medial Lip of the linea aspera A- Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates hip N- Obturator |
|
|
Abbductor Brevus
|
deep to the abductor longus
O- body of pubis and internal ramus I- linea aspera and the pectineal line of the femur A- Flexes, Adducts, and laterally rotates hip N- Obturator |
|
|
Abductor magnus
|
big, upper and a lower part
O- Ischiopubic ramus and the ischio tuberocity I- Linea Aspera and the Adductor Tubercle of the Medial Epicondyl of the Femur A- Upper- Flexes and medially rotates hip and adducts it Lower- extends, laterally rotates hip and adducts it N- Upper- Obturator Lower- Tibial portion of the siatic nerve |
|
|
gracilias
|
extends on medial border of medial compartment
O- body of pubis I- medial part of the tibia A- flexes at knee and adducts hip N- Obturator |
|
|
Femoral Triangle
|
Bordered by the adductor longus, the sartorius, and the inguinal ligament...on top by fascia lata and the bottom by pectineus, adductor longus, and Illiosoas....the femoral artery, vein, and nerve come through it
|
|
|
Sartorial Canal
|
Deep to Sartorius Muscle,
Lateral border is the vastus medialus, medial border is the adductor longus and magnus and roof is the sartorius muscle..........the femoral artery and vein come through as well as the saphenous nerve (which is a cutaneus branch of the femoral nerve) |
|
|
explain branches of the femoral artery
|
three brancehs...the profundafemoral, the lateral femoral circumflex, and the medial femoral circumflex
profunda feeds the posterior compartment of the thigh, the lateral feeds the anterior, and the medial feeds the medial compartment of the thigh blood. |
|
|
General about Cutaneus region
|
Supralateral glut.....best place to gie a shot b/c no vessels.........cutaneus inneravation by T12 and S1-3
|
|
|
What goes through Greater and Lesser Sciatic notches
|
Greater- Piraformus muscle, pudendal nerve, and sciatic nerve
Lesser- Pudendal and Obturator internus |
|
|
Glutteus Maximus
|
O-Illium and sacrum
I- Gluteal Tuberocity and IT Band A- Extends and laterally rotates hip N- Inferior GLutteal nerve |
|
|
Glutteus Medius
|
O- Illium
I- Greater Trochanter A- Abductor, Upper Flex and medially rotate Lower Extend and Laterally Rotate Hip N- SUperior Glutteal Nerve |
|
|
Glutteus Minimus
|
O- Illium
I- Greater Trochanter A- Abduct, Low- Extend and Laterally ROtate hip Up- Flex and medially rotate N- Superior Glutteal Nerve |
|
|
Tensor Fascia Latta Muscle
|
O- Illiac Crest and ASIS
I- IT Band A- Flexes, Abducts, and Medially rotates hip N- Supperior GLutteal |
|
|
Lateral Rotaters of the hip
|
Superior to Inferior
piraformus Superior gemmelus Obturator internus Inferior Gemellus Quadratus Femorus Obturator externalis |
|
|
blood vessels of the gluteal region
|
infer and super glutteal arteries, come off of intrnal illiac
Glutteal veins |
|
|
nerves of the glutteal region
|
inferior and superior glutteal nerves (sup above piraformus, infer below)
Pudendal- just apssing through Posterior femoral cutaneus- skin innervation on posterior thigh Sciatic nerve- under piraformus, splits |
|
|
Biceps Femorus Muscle
|
O
Long Head- Iscial Tuberosity Short- linea aspera I- fibular head A- flexes knee.......long head will extend hip with other hamstring muscles N- Long- Tibial Sciatic, Short- Peroneal |
|
|
semitendonsus muscle
|
o- Ischial Tuberocity
I- Medial COndyle of the tibia A- Flexes knee, extends hip N- Tibial Sciatic |
|
|
semimembranous muscle
|
O- Ischial Tubercity
I- Medial Surface of the Tibia A- flexes knee, extends hip N- Tibial Sciatic |
|
|
Blood Vessels in Posterior Compartment
|
Perforating arteries from Profundafemoral artery, inferior gluteal
|
|
|
what is the precaution with bedrest?
|
Venous drainage could be a problem
|
|
|
Regions of the Lower extremity
|
Pelvic Girdle, Thigh, Leg, Ankle, Foot
|
|
|
Limb Development
|
Limbs originally developed from limb buds
UE have extensors on the posterior side, along with the ankle. They can rotate Laterally along a longitudinal axis at 90 degrees LE rotate medially for 90 degrees, and have a knee and extensors on the anterior side |
|
|
Innervation of the Lower Limb
|
Lubrsarcal plexus
Lumbro (L1-L4) Obterator, femoral Sacral (L4-S4) Siatic, Pudendal, superior and inferior gluteals |
|
|
Blood Supply to LE
|
Femoral artery begins after Ext. Illiac crosses the inguinal ligament, off of it come medial cirumflex and lateral circumflex, as well as perforating arteries coming off of the medial compartment and going posterior and descending genicular branch going towards knee
Also, Great saphenous vein and femoral vein |
|
|
Hip formed by:
|
Illium, Ischium, Pubis
Fuse at puberty, form aschetabulum |
|
|
Ascetabulum
|
Formed by three pelvis bones, contains a fossa, a lunate surface, and a notch. The Lunate surface is covered by the labrum (a cartilage surface) and the notch is filled by a transverse ligament
|
|
|
Illium
|
Has a fossa, a crest, an AIIS, ASIS, a PIIS, PSIS, and an arcuate surface where the sacrum articulates
|
|
|
Ischium
|
Ischial Tuberosities, Greater and a lesser sciatic notch, spine, ramus
|
|
|
Pubis
|
Pubis Synthesis (where the two meet), a body, superior and inferior ramus, and an obturator foramen (formed by ischium and pubis, covered by a membrane)
|
|
|
Femur
|
Articulates with the aschetabulum and the tibia
Proximal: Head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, intertrchanter line, on posterior intertrochanter crest Shaft -posterior linea aspera Distal- Medial and lateral epicondyles, adductor tubercle, platelar surface, intercondular notch. |
|
|
Tibia
|
Proximal- tuberocity, condyle, articular facet for fibula
Shaft Distal end- Notch for fibula, facet for talus of foot, and medial maleolus |
|
|
Fibula
|
Head
Shaft Lateral end-lateral maleolus |
|
|
what kind of bone is the patella?
|
sesamoid bone, b/c it is surrounded by tendon from muscle
|
|
|
Tarsals
|
Proximal: Talus and calcaneus
Middle- Navicular Distal- Cuneiforms (Med, Intermediate, Lat), Cuboid |
|
|
What's after tarsals on foot?
|
Metatarsals (base, shaft, distal head) and Phlanges (Prox, Mid, Distal)........1st digit has no middle phlange
|
|
|
What kind of joint is the hip, what does it do?
|
Ball and socket joint...aka....enarthrodial
Circumduct, adduct, abduct, flex, extend, lat and med rotation |
|
|
what are the ligaments of the hip joint?
|
Ligamentum Teres--highway into femur bone
Pubofemoral Illiofemoral---very powerful Ishchiofemoral Capsular |
|
|
what innervates the hip joint?
|
femoral, obturator, sciatic
----can have referred pain b/c same things innervate knee |
|
|
What supplies the hip joint?
|
Circumflex femoral arteries, obturator- to femoral head via ligamentum teres
foveolar artery-comes off of obturator artery, supplies head femur via ligamentum teres. |
|
|
CNS
|
Central Nervous System- The brain and the spinal cord
|
|
|
PNS
|
Peripheral Nervous System- The cranial nerves and branches
|
|
|
Neurons
|
The functional unit- nerve cell body
|
|
|
Neurons
|
The functional unit- nerve cell body
|
|
|
axon vs. dendrites
|
single, long-takes impulse away from cell body
dend- mutliple extensions off of cell body.....take impulse into cell body |
|
|
peripheral processes vs. central processes
|
peripheral processes connected to receptors
central processes- take info from receptors into CNS |
|
|
Receptors
|
Convert physical stimulus into electric impulse
|
|
|
Effectors-
|
perform a function following a stimulus-typically on muscles or glands
|
|
|
two types of neurn bundles
|
Ganglion-outside CNS
Nucleus- inside CNS |
|
|
synapse
|
how one neuron communicates with another, can be chemical or more likely electrical
|
|
|
neuromuscular junction
|
a connection of a muscle fiber and a nerve fiber....specialized synapse
|
|
|
Motor Unit
|
a motor neuron and the muscle it innervates
(more muscle fibers...borader movement) less muscle fibers, finer movement) |
|
|
Afferent vs. Efferent
|
Afferent- into CNS from receptors, sensory fibers
Efferent-out of CNS to effector, motor fibers. |
|
|
interneurons
|
neurons between neurons, serve as on/off switches...can inhibit or stimulate
|
|
|
neuroglia
|
supportive fibers b/t neurons
|
|
|
Gray Matter components
|
Dorsal horn-sensory imput
Ventral horn -motor output Intramedialateral horn- part where there is visceral output via the autonomic nervous system commisure- connects two sides |
|
|
White Matter contents
|
Ascending and descending pathways
|
|
|
Spinal Nerves
|
8 Cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbrical, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
|
|
|
components of a spinal nerve
|
1. Dorsal Root and Dorsal Root Ganglia- contains sensory fibers and sensory nerves
2. VEntral Root- contains motor fibers (first two make up spinal fibers) 3. Dorsal ramus- goes back to the true back muscles and skin 4. Ventral ramus-goes to anterior cavity and extremities 5. White Ramus- contain preganglionic fiber connections to sympathetic chain ganglion 6. Gray Ramus- contains postganglionic fiber connections from symp. chain ganglions |
|
|
Autonomic Nervous system
|
automatic, takes care of functions without effort, has a preganglionic and a posganglionic portion....two neurons......controls visceral functions and maintains homeostasis (internal stability in the face of demands on the body)-hypothalamus controls it
|
|
|
Functions of the ANS
|
heart rate (cardiac muscle)
glands (glands) respiration pupilarry dialation digestions sexual function contriction of the blood vessels |
|
|
sympathetic vs. parasympathetic
|
sym- excitatory
para- relaxes often work in contrast to each other |
|
|
afferents vs. efferents in ANS
|
afferents- visceral receptors respond to changes in the body, and Visceral afferent fibers which connect to these receptors have origins in the visceral dorsal ganglionic root so the CNS can recieve information
Efferent- Visceral Efferent Fibers originate in the brain or the spinal cord, use a two neuron chain to affect glands, cardiac, and smooth muscles |
|
|
preganglionic cells vs. postganglionic cells in the 2 neuron chain
|
pre live in the CNS and send a fiber out to the postganglionic cell
post live in the organs actually innervated by the preganglionic cell and send fibers out to smooth muscles, cardiac muscel, and glands |
|
|
location of the preganglionic efferent fibers
|
sympathetic- located in the spinal cord, called thoracolumbars, from T1-L2 (intermediolateral gray nuculus)
parasympathetic- located in the brain and the sspinal cord. In the brain it's in the autonomic nucleus of cranial nerves 3-7-9-10 in the spinal cord it's in the sacral (S2-S4) called craniosacral |
|
|
Location of the postsympathetic efferents
|
sympathetic- paravertebral- attached to spinal nerves on both sides of the vertebrae. The gray ramus is only T1-L2, the white ramus is all of them.
Prevertebral- located anterior to the vertebral cllumn, unpaired adrenal medula- modified postganglionic cells that secrete epinephrine into bloodstream parasympathetic- cranial ganglia: Cilliary- controls pupil diatatiion,cilliary msucle (3) ptrygopalatine- controls the lacrimal gland and small glands in the oral and nasal cavity submadibular gland- controls submandibular and sublinguinal salivary glands octic- controls parotid salivary gland terminal ganglionic- lives in the organ actually inervated by the preganglionic fiber....send short postganglionic fibers to the cells of the organ.......associated with organs innervated by 10 and pelvic nerve |
|
|
sympathetic pathways
|
to peripheral vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and arrector pili muscles
to viscera via viseral ramus to viscera via splanic nerves to adrenal medulla via spanic nerves |
|
|
parasympathetic pathways
|
westphal-ediger nucleus to cilliary muscles in the midbrain vis the ciliary ganglion
in the pons: lacrimal nucleus to the lacrimal gland and the nasal and oral cavities vis the ptrygopalatine ganglion superior salivary nucleus to the subsalivary and sublinguinal glands via the submadibular ganglion via the medulla- inferior salvitory nucleus to the parotid gland via the otic ganglion dorsal motor nuclus to the organs via the vagus nerve. |
|
|
terminal ganglia pathways
|
s2,3,4 via the pelvic splanchnic nerve to the bttom of the LI, the bladder, and the erecction tissue of the genital
|
|
|
popliteal fossa
|
Boundaries: supralateral-biceps femoris
supramedial-semimembranosis overlaid by semitendonosus inframedial and lateral- gastrocnemius roof- fascia floor- posterior capsular ligament of knee joint, distal femur, popliteus muscle what goest hrough it? popliteal artery and vein, common peroneal nerve, tibial nerve, small sapheneus and sural nerve are cutaneus great and small sapheneus and sural are superficially cutaneus. |
|
|
Tibialus Anterior
|
O-Lateral condyle and surface f the Tibia
I- Medial cuneiformis and the metatarsal of the 1st digit A- Everts and dorsiflexes foot N- Deep peroneal branch of the common peroneal |
|
|
Extensor Digitorum Longus
|
O- Lateral condyle of the tibia and medial surface of the fibula
I- Middle and Distal digits of Digits 2-5 A- extends digits 2-5, inverts, dorsiflexes ankle N- deep peroneal branch of the common peroneal |
|
|
Extensor Hallicus Longus
|
O- Anterior surface of the fibula
I- distal phalanx of big toe A- extends, iverts, dorsiflexes. N- Deep peroneal branch of the common peroneal |
|
|
perneus tertius
|
-extends at the bottom of extensor digitorum longus
O- anterior surface of tibia I- base of 5th metatarsal A- inverts, dorsiflexes. |
|
|
peroneus longus
|
O- lateral surface and head of the fibula
I- medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal (goes under sole diaganally) A- everts and plantar flexes N- deep peroneal branch of the common peroneal branch |
|
|
peroneus brevus
|
O- lateral surface of the fibula
I-tuberosity on the metatarsal fo the 5th digit A-eversion and plantar flexion |
|
|
blood suplly to anterior portion of the leg
|
anterior tibial artery-branch of the popliteal artery before crossing ankle and turning into dorsalis petis
|
|
|
blood supply for the lateral compartment of the leg?
|
no real artery, comes off of posterior tibial, called peroneal branch
|
|
|
Gastrocnemius
|
two heads, from the lateral and medial condyles and posterior surface of the femur
I- inserts into calcaneustendon....aka....achillies heal...which goes to posterior calcaneus bone fo foot A- flexes knee, plantar flexes, inverts N- tibial sciatic nerve |
|
|
Solleus
|
head and posterior surface of fibula.....soleal line of the tibual
I- inserts into posterior calcaneus A- plantar flexes, inverts ankle |
|
|
Plantaris
|
O-Posterior surface of the femur
I-joins achillies tenon A- flexes knee, plantarflexes, inverts N- Tibial nerve |
|
|
Popliteus Muscle
|
Lateral Condyle of femur
I-Tibia A- medially rotates tibia laterally rotates femur N- tibial |
|
|
flexor digitorum longus
|
O- Posterior surface of the tibia
I- distal phlanges of 2-5 A- flexes digits, plantar flexes, inverts |
|
|
flexor hallicus longus
|
posterior surface of the fibular
I- distal phlange of great toe A- flexes big toe joints, plantar flexes, inverts N- tibial |
|
|
posterior tibialus muscle
|
O- Fibula, posterior surface of tibia, interocceus membrane
I- tubercle of the navicular, all other tarsals but talus A-plantar flexes, iverts N- Tibial. |
|
|
inferior tibiofibular joint
|
syndesmoidal
bones and ligaments: anterior and psoterior tibiofibular, tibia and fibula, interccesus ligament, transverse ligament |
|
|
talcrural
|
hinge- plantar flexes and dorsiflexes
bones: talus, tibia, and fibular ligaments: capsular ligament lateral thickening: anterior talofibular, posterior talkofibular, cacaneofibular. interphalangeal- hinge metatarsalphalangeal- condyloid medial thickening- deltoid ligament...runs form tibia to navicular and calcaneus |
|
|
platar ligaments
|
long and short....go from the calcaneus to the cuboid
|
|
|
longitudinal arches of the foot
|
lateral- first 3 metatarsals, cuneiforms, navicular, calcaneus, talus
medial- metatarsals 4-5, cuboid, calcaneus |
|
|
transverse arch of the foot
|
series of arches
heads of metatarsals 1-5, cueniforms, cuboid, navicular. |
|
|
subtalus joint
|
connects calcaneus and tarsal, planar joint....inversiona nd eversion
|
|
|
talocalcaneonavicular
|
head of talus fits into a space made by the calcaneus
planar but resembles a ball and socket plantar calcaneonavicular ligament connects the sustenaculum talki t the calcaneus and the navicular. |
|
|
calcaneocuboid
|
calcaneus and cuboid
plane, but resembels a saddle joint. bifarcated ligament- connects calcaneus with cuboid and navicular. |
|
|
calcaneocuboid
|
calcaneus and cuboid
plane, but resembels a saddle joint. bifarcated ligament- connects calcaneus with cuboid and navicular. |
|
|
other two minor intertarsal joints
|
intertarsal
tarsalmetatarsal |
|
|
suppination vs pronation of the ankle and LEg
|
inversion, plantar flexion, adduction-suppination
eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion-pronation |
|
|
Curvatures of the Spine
|
Primary- sacral and thoracic spine.......kyphosis-concavity forward
Secondary- cervical and lubrical curves......lordosis, convexity forward scoliosis- a lateral deviation of the vertical vertebral axis into an S shape |
|
|
structure of a typical vertebrae
|
1. body
2. vertebral arch-luminae(b/t transverse and spinal process) and pedicles (b/t body and transverse process) 3. transverse process 4spinal process 5. Superior and inferior vertebral notches 6. Superior and inferior articulatory facets 7. vertebral canal |
|
|
charateristics of cervical
|
c3-c6
bifid spine foreman transversalus- spinal artery comes through it anterior and posterior tuberosities of transverse process articulating facets of adjacent vertebraes face each other horizontally.....allow for rotation |
|
|
special case cervical vertebrae
|
atlas (c1) no body, no spinal process......anterior and posterior arch with lateral mass b/t them
Axis(c2)- dens or odontiod process, pivot joint with atlas allows rotation C7- vertebral prominens....you can palpate it longest spinal process, non bifid spine |
|
|
thoracic vertebrae (typical)
|
T2-T9
spineus processes are long and slant down demifacets on bodies for heads of ribs facets of transverse processes for tubercles of ribs articulating facets face adjacent rib's facets on the coronal plane and allow for lateral bending |
|
|
specialized thoracic vertebrae
|
T1 T10-12-transitional
|
|
|
Lumbar vertebrae (normal)
|
(L1-L4)- large bodies, short thick luminae and pedicles. spinal process is thick
- articulating facets on same level sagitally as adjacent vertebraes....allows for extension and flexion |
|
|
Lumbar exception
|
L5
anterir body is deeper than posterior one spondylolisthesis- forward displacement of a vertebrae over another (usually L4 over L5 or L5 over sacrum) |
|
|
sacrum
|
S1-S5
fused, are wedged inbetween hips, anterior and posterior foramina are where spinal nerves leave |
|
|
cocygeal
|
like a mini sacrum, fused, painful fractures.
|
|
|
name some surface landmarks of the vertebral column
|
C7- can be palpated
T7- at the inferior angle of the scapula L4- a line connecting the highest points of the illiac crest.....point where spinal anesthema is given b/c less likely to hit a nerve |
|
|
joints b/t adjacent vertebrae
|
syphesis
anterior longitudinal ligament- tightly connected, goes from anterior tubercle of C1 to sacrum posterior longitudinal ligament- loosely connected, goes from occipital bone to the sacrum, in vertebral column |
|
|
Vertebral Disks
|
account for about 1/4 of vertebral length, shock absorbers, consist of a fibrocartilage outside and a semigelatenous inside....semigelatenous part has herniations, atrophy's with age (part of why old people shrink)
|
|
|
joints b/t vertebral arches
|
facet joints- b/t articulating processes of adjacent vertebrae- gliding with capsules and synovial membrane
ligamentum flava- between laminae, contain elastic tissue supraspinosus ligament- connect spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum ligamentum nuchae- thick,membranous tissue from occipital bone to C7 interspinaus and intertransverse |
|
|
atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial ligaments
|
occipital-gliding
axial-pivot flex, extend, rotate dens held in place by ligaments |
|
|
costovertebral joints
|
costotransverse ligament- holds rib's tubercles to transverse processes
radiate lifament- holds head of rib to body of vertebrae |
|
|
sacrilliac joint
|
sacrotubercle and sacrospinaeus ligaments holds sacrum to ischium
anterior and posterior sacroilliac ligaments |
|
|
general about true back muscles
|
innervated by posterior primary ramus of spinal nerves
superficial run vertically, extend and laterally flex deep run obliquely, rotate |
|
|
splenus capitas
|
O- spines of C7 and T-4
I- occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone. A- rotate head same way by contracting one side, extending neck and head by contracting both |
|
|
splenius cervicis
|
Spines of T3-T6
transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae. rtates head to same side by contracting one side, contracting both extends head and neck |
|
|
sacrospinalis
|
consits of three muscles, and three submuscles each......in general, connect to the illiac crest, sacrum, , spineus processes of lubrical vertebrae
Spinalus- most medial- connects spine to spine capitis, cervicis, thoracis Longisimus- connects transverse processes, capitis, cervicis, thoracis Intercostalis- connects ribs cervicis, capitis, lumboris genrally....extenda nd laterally flex vertebral collumn |
|
|
semispinalis muscle
|
in deep group-attaches transverse processes to spinal processes
O-transverse proc. of T and C vertebrae I- capitas- ocipital bone cervicis- C2-C5 thoracis- C6-T4 action- extend vertebral column and the head. NOT FOUND BELOW THORACIC LEVEL |
|
|
multifidus muscle
|
attaches spinaus processes to transverse processes
I- sacrum and transverse proc. of vertebra o- spinal processes of 2nd, 3rd, 4th vertebrae above A- rotate vertebral columns to opposite side. |
|
|
rotatores muscle
|
O- transverse processes of vertebrae.
I- 1st and second spines of vertebrae above. rotates in opposite direction |
|
|
interspinales muscle
|
connect spines of adjacent vertebraes, don't travel all the way up vertebrae
extend vertebral column |
|
|
intertransversarii muscle
|
connect trans. processes of adjacent vertebrae......extend spinal column...don't run all the way up the vertebrae.
|
|
|
suboccipital triangle
|
Medial border- rectus capitis posterior major
LAt. border- obliqus capitus superior inferior- obliqus capitis inferior roof- semispinalis capitis muscle floor-atlanto-occipital membrane contents- suboccipital nerve-innervates muscles making it up vertebral artery- takes a 90 degree turn into triangle, turns again. |
|
|
talk about the spinal cord
|
length is from foramane magnum to L4 in kids, L2 in adults (vertebral column lengthens)
cauda equina- horsetail of nerves.....root of nerves below L1 spinal nerves leave vertebral column through foramina |
|
|
layers of protection of spinal cord.
|
dura matter- outer protection, toughest, thickest
arachnoid- shiny, delicate surface.....arachnoid space...under arachnoid where cerebrospinal fluid is, which protects cord Pia matter- connected to cord, indistinguishable from cord. Detante ligaments-alternate with spinal nerves......attach pia to the dura matter....provice structure all along spinal cord and vertebral column. |
|
|
classification, movements, and bones of the knee joint
|
hinge, flexion, extension (at terminal extension, femur medially rotates), rotation
femur, tibia, patella, NOT Fibula, menisci (medi and lat. ) |
|
|
ligaments of the knee joint
|
1.capsular
2. Oblique popliteal- comes off of semimembranosus 3. Medial colateral-like a bandaid, most injured, prevents abduction, connected to medial meniscus, covered by pes anserinus (tendon from sartorius, gracilius, semitendonosus). Lateralcolateral- goes under biceps femoris, prevents adduction, like a cord -anterior cruciate- prevents the forward displacement of the tibia on the femur -posterior cruciate- prevents the posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur -ligament of wrisberg- connects lateral meniscus to medial condyle of the femur - coronary ligament- connects meniscus to tibia transverse ligament- connects meniscus in the anterior |
|
|
Menscus
|
medial -c shaped
lateral-almsot complete circle |
|
|
bursae
|
there are 12 bursae associated with the knee joint, that are under the ligaments crossing the joint
prepatelar ligament-injured often, in front of patella. |
|
|
arteries of knee and nerves f knee
|
arteries- supplied by a rich anastomosis from the genicular branches of the femoral and popiteal arteries
nerves include femoral, obturator, sciatic |
|
|
posterior fibiotibular joint
|
outside knee joint, planar.
|
|
|
axis of movement for the foot
|
2nd toe
|
|
|
plantar aponeurosis
|
posterior tie from teh calcaneus to the MTP joints
|
|
|
extensor digitorum brevus
|
O- anterior surface of the upper calcaneus
I- tendons of the extensor digitorum longus (a tendon also goes into prox. phalanx of the big toe called extensor hallicus longus) A- extends MTP joints 1-4 N- deep peroneal |
|
|
adductor hallicus
|
O-calcaneus
I-proximal phalanx of big toe A- adducts MTP joint N- Med. Planar |
|
|
flexor digitorum brevus
|
O- Calcaneus
I- tendons of flexor digitorum longus A- flexes MTP and IP joints of 2-5 N- medial plantar |
|
|
flexor digiti minimi
|
O- calcaneus
I- prox. phalnx of 5th digit A- Flexes at MTP joint N- lat. plantar |
|
|
quadratus plantae
|
O- Calcaneus
I- tendon of flexor digitorum longus A- assists FDL N- lat. plantar |
|
|
lumbricals
|
4 of them
O- tendon of flexor digitorum longus I tendons of extensor digitorum brevus A- flex at MTP joints and extend at IT joint N- 1st one-med plantar others- lat plantar |
|
|
two tendons of 2nd foot layer
|
flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus
|
|
|
three msucles of third foot layer
|
adductor hallicus- adducts MTP joint of big toe, lat. plantar
flexor hallicus brevus- flexes MPT joint of big toe, med. plantar adductor digiti minimi- adducts 5th toe, lat. plantar |
|
|
dorsal interoscii muscle
|
abducts digits 2-5, lat. plantar
|
|
|
plantar interoscii
|
adducts digits 2-5, lat. plantar
|
|
|
2 tendons of 4th foot layer
|
peroneus longus, posterior tibialus.
|
|
|
dorsal and plantar nerve innervations and arteries
|
dorsal artery- dorsalis pedi (from anterior tibial)
nerve- deep peroneal plantar artery- med. and lat. plantar artery (from posterior tibial nerves lat. and medial plantar (split of tibial nerve). |
