Anatomy-Exam 2

Front 1

3 developmental kidneys

Back 1

1. pronephros

- transient & nonfunctional

2. mesonephros

- fxnal for much of embryo development

- mesonephric duct initiates metanephros dvpmt

3. metanephros

- gives rise to the adult kidney

Front 2

the kidney's extremities are called the _________ and the ________. the indentation along the medial border is the ____________.

Back 2

cranial pole

caudal pole

hilus

Front 3

what happens at the hilus of the kidney?

Back 3

- renal a/n/l enter kidney

- renal v/n and ureter exit kidney

Front 4

the kidneys are located _________ in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the _______ muscles of the ________________.

Back 4

dorsal

hypaxial

thoracolumbar spine

Front 5

kidneys - what is different about the pig?

the ruminant?

Back 5

pig: more caudal (mid lumbar) with both kidneys at the same level

- liver is not in contact with the right kidney

ruminant: left kidney is pendulous, covered with peritoneum and thus, not retroperitoneal

- displaced by the rumen to midline or to the right of midline

Front 6

3 shapes of kidneys and who has them

Back 6

1. bean shape

- carnivores, small ruminants, pig, R horse

2. heart shape

- L horse

3. lobate

- ox

Front 7

the parenchyma of the kidney is composed of an outer layer called the ______ and an inner layer called the _____________

Back 7

cortex

medulla

Front 8

the medulla of the kidney is arranged in triangular segments called ______________. the tip of the pyramid is the ___________.

Back 8

renal pyramids

renal papilla

Front 9

the functional unit of the kidney is called the _________ and is divided into 2 basic parts:

Back 9

nephron

1. corpuscle - located in cortex; where filtration occurs; granular appearance

2. tubules - located in medulla; where resorption occurs; striated appearance

Front 10

what is the proximal ureter and what is its function?

Back 10

- portion of ureter within kidney

- collects urine dripping from terminal ducts of parenchyma

Front 11

the __________ is the space within the kidney that contains the proximal ureter, renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and fat

Back 11

renal sinus

Front 12

describe 3 types of kidney lobe fusion

Back 12

1. minimal fusion = multilobar

- ox & dolphin

2. intermediate fusion = multipyramidal

- pig & human

3. complete fusion = unilobar

- dog, sheep, cat, goat, horse

Front 13

describe the ox kidney urine collection

Back 13

- lobated

- individual renal papilla empty urine into individual minor calyces

- no central dilation of proximal ureter - no renal pelvis

- minor calyces empty into cranial or caudal branch of ureter

Front 14

describe pig kidney urine collection

Back 14

- fused cortex: smooth exterior

- unfused pyramids

- individual renal papilla empty into minor calyces

- urine then drains into minor calyces and central cavity of renal pelvis

Front 15

describe dog/sheep/goat/cat kidney urine collection

Back 15

- fusion of both cortex & medulla

- renal papilla fused to form renal crest

- renal pelvis with pelvic recesses

Front 16

describe horse kidney urine collection

Back 16

- fusion of both cortex & medulla

- centrally located renal papilla fused to form renal crest

- terminal recesses extend from renal pelvis

- mucus glands are present in walls of pelvis

- large renal veins

Front 17

describe branching of the renal artery

Back 17

1. interlobar aa - travel between renal pyramids and define lobes of fused kidney

2. arcuate aa - traverse junction of cortex and medulla & join adjacent interlobar aa

Front 18

within the pelvic cavity, the ureters turn medially within the ____________ (female) or _____________ (male) coursing to the dorsal aspect of the bladder.

Back 18

broad ligament

genital fold

Front 19

the adjective associated with the urinary bladder is.....

Back 19

vesicular

Front 20

the cranial extent of the bladder is the......

Back 20

apex

Front 21

the spheroid portion of the bladder is the.........

Back 21

body

Front 22

the __________ of the bladder is the caudal funnel shaped portion connecting with the urethra

Back 22

neck

Front 23

the junction of the neck of the bladder and the urethra is the ..........

Back 23

internal urethral orifice

Front 24

what is the vesicular trigone?

Back 24

triangle formed in bladder by right and left ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice

Front 25

describe bladder ligaments

Back 25

1. lateral ligaments

- round ligament of the bladder = umbilical a

2. median ligament

- urachus

Front 26

describe blood supply of the bladder

Back 26

1. cranial vesicular a

- branch of umbilical a

2. caudal vesicular a

- branch of vaginal/prostatic a

Front 27

in the female, the urethra is ________ and __________ relative to the male

Back 27

short & wide

Front 28

trace the urethra - female

Back 28

1. bladder

2. internal urethral orifice

3. floor of reproductive tract at junction of vagina & vestibule

4. opens at external urethral orifice

Front 29

what is unique about the urethra in the cow and sow?

Back 29

suburethral diverticulum

- ventral to caudal end of urethra that opens also at external urethral orifice

- complicates urinary catheterization

Front 30

dorsally, a ridge of tissue called the ________ extends caudally from the internal urethral orifice

Back 30

urethra crest

Front 31

in the male, the urethra is divided anatomically into the proximal _____________ and the distal ___________

Back 31

pelvic urethra

- internal urethral orifice -> ischial arch

penile urethra

- surrounded circumferentially by urethralis m.

Front 32

the _______________ is a thickening of the urethral crest where the _________, _________ and ___________ open

Back 32

colliculus seminalis

ductus deferens, vesicular gland ducts, prostatic ducts

Front 33

in the bull, ram, buck and boar, a __________ is present caudal to the bulbourethral gland ducts

Back 33

urethral recess

- complicates urinary catheterization

Front 34

the stallion, bull, ram and buck have an extension of urethra beyond the end of the penis called the __________

Back 34

urethral process

- stallion: very short & surrounded by fossa glandis

> in fossa glandis is urethral sinus: diverticulumm that collects mucoid debris

- buck & ram: long and slender

Front 35

what causes urethral obstructions in steers and wethers?

Back 35

urinary calculi

- mineral content of high concentrate (grain) diets predisposes animal to corm calculi

Front 36

the ____________ forms the osseous boundaries of the pelvic cavity and is comprised of these bones....

Back 36

pelvic girdle

sacrum, ilium & pubis

Front 37

boundaries of the pelvic cavity

Back 37

roof = sacrum & first few caudal vertebrae

floor = pubis & ischium

lateral walls = body of ilium, ischial spine & ischial tuberosities

Front 38

soft tissue boundaries of the pelvic cavity

Back 38

1. sacrosciatic ligament

2. pelvic diaphragm muscles

- levator ani & coccygeous

Front 39

the pelvic inlet is also called....

its boundaries are....

Back 39

terminal line

dorsal = promonotory and wing of sacrum

lateral = body of ilium

ventral = brim of pubis

Front 40

boundaries of the pelvic outlet

Back 40

dorsal = first few caudal vertebra

ventral = ischial arch

lateral = ischial tuberosities & sacrosciatic ligaments

Front 41

the ___________, also called the ____________, is a broad sheet that extends from the lateral aspect of the sacrum to the dorsal border of the ilium and ischium

Back 41

sacrosciatic ligament

broad sacrotuberous ligament

Front 42

how is the greater sciatic foramen formed?

Back 42

by the sacrosciatic ligament bridging the greater sciatic notch of the ilium

Front 43

what exits through the greater sciatic foramen?

Back 43

all: lumbosacral trunk & cranial gluteal a

pig: internal iliac

Front 44

what exits through the lesser sciatic foramen?

Back 44

ruminants: caudal gluteal a

horse: none

pig: caudal gluteal a & internal pudendal a

ox: ischiatic ln on lateral aspect of ligament, dorsal to foramen

Front 45

what are the 2 pelvic diaphragm muscles?

Back 45

levator ani & coccygeous

Front 46

what is the ischiorectal fossa

who has one?

Back 46

btwn lateral aspect of pelvic diaphragm & medial aspect of ischiatic tuberosity - pyramidal depression

ox, goat, sheep, dog, cat

NOT horse or pig

Front 47

describe dystocia in cows

Back 47

- ischial spines & tuberosities extend dorsolaterally and create narrow and unyielding pelvic outlet

- can also damage obturator or sciatic nerves

- downer cow syndrome

Front 48

3 peritoneal pouches

Back 48

1. rectogenital

- rectum to uterus/broad lig or mesoductus

deferens/genital fold

- includes pararectal fossae

2. vesicogenital

- internal genitalia to urinary bladder

3. pubovesical

- urinary bladder to pubis

Front 49

if a rectovaginal perforation is located in the rectogenital pouch, what happens?

Back 49

peritoneal cavity becoems contaminated with feces

- fulminant peritonitis

- typically fatal

Front 50

if a rectovaginal perforation is located caudal to the rectogenital pouch, what happens

Back 50

- contamination is limited to soft tissues of peritoneum

- messy, but manageable

Front 51

organs in the pelvic cavity - female

Back 51

- rectum

- cervix

- vagina

- vestibule

- broad ligament

- neck of bladder

- pelvic urethra

Front 52

organs in the pelvic cavity - male

Back 52

- rectum

- proximal ductus deferens (in genital fold)

- accessory sex glands

> ampulla of ductus deferens, vesicular glands, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

- neck of bladder

- pelvic urethra

Front 53

where is urethral obstruction likely to occur?

Back 53

bovine: distal end of sigmoid flexure

small ruminants: within urethral process

Front 54

parts of the female genitalia

Back 54

ovary - uterine tube with infundibulum - uterine horn - uterine body - cervix - fornix vagina - vagina - external urethral orifice - vestibule - clitoris - labia of vulva

Front 55

female genitalia - rumiant

Back 55

- uterine horns curl caudally - ram's horns

- short uterine body

- intercornual ligaments

- cervix w/ circular folds

- major vestibular glands

- uterine a is branch of umbilical a

- ovaries are just cranial to pubis

Front 56

female genitalia - mare

Back 56

- uterine horns project cranially

- ovaries just cranial to tuber coxae at L5 vert.

- long uterine body; short horns

- well developed clitoris

- minor vestibular glands

- uterine a is branch of external iliac

- large ovary with ovulation fossa

Front 57

female genitalia - sow

Back 57

- ovaries just cranioventral to tuber coxae

- broad lig. is long and allows ovaries to shift

- uterine horns long and tortuous

- short uterine body; long cervix

- no fornix vagina

- long vagina & vestibule

- minor vestibular glands

- uterine a is branch of umbilical a

Front 58

parts of the broad ligament

Back 58

1. mesovarium

- ovary & ovarian vessels

2. mesosalpinx

- lateral fold of mesovarium - uterine tube

3. mesometrium

- round ligament of the uterus

4. mesovagina

Front 59

the _____________ is a pouch formed by the mesosalpinx and mesovarium that is continuous with the peritoneal cavity

Back 59

ovarian bursa

Front 60

describe ovaries in artiodactyls

Back 60

- shape and size varies with follicular of luteal phase & number of offspring

- polytocous vs. monotocous

Front 61

describe ovaries in the mare

Back 61

- large relative to other species

- located dorsally at level L5 of vertebra

- ovulation fossa: indentation of free border

> kidney bean shape

> site where ova are released

> follicles/CLs remain within parenchyma

Front 62

what connects the caudal pole of the ovary to the cranial uterine horn?

Back 62

proper ligament of the ovary

Front 63

describe blood supply to ovary

Back 63

ovarian aa

- paired branches of abdominal aorta

- caudal to renal aa

- in cow: branching occurs just proximal to external iliac a

Front 64

2 functions of uterine tube

Back 64

1. traps and provides passage for ova to uterine horn

2. provides passage for sperm from uterus towards ovary

Front 65

the proximal end of the uterine tube is called....

Back 65

infundibulum

- fimbria help catch releases ova

Front 66

at the junction of the infundibulum and uterine tube is the ___________

Back 66

abdominal opening of uterine tube

Front 67

describe cow uterus

Back 67

- horns long relative to uterine body

- horns joined together medially by intercornual ligaments

- dorsal intercornual ligament serves as finger hold during rectal palpation

Front 68

muscular tube connecting uterine body to vagina

Back 68

cervix

Front 69

opening from uterine body to cervix is the ______

opening from cervix to vagina is the _________

Back 69

internal ostium of the cervix

external ostium of the cervix

Front 70

the cow's cervix has _________ within the lumen

what is their purpose?

Back 70

circular folds

- interdigitate to seal cervix

- make AI more challenging

> tube must be passed into uterine body

Front 71

describe blood supply to the uterus

Back 71

uterine aa

- branch of external iliac in mare

- branch of umbilical a in ruminant & sow

Front 72

the vagina extends from the ______ to the ________

Back 72

cervix

urethral orifice

Front 73

what marks the junction of the vagina and the vestibule?

Back 73

annual fold or hymen

Front 74

the ____________ is the blind cranial extent of the vagina formed by a caudally protruding cervix

who has one?

Back 74

fornix vagina

- present in mare and ruminants

- NOT present in sow

Front 75

what are vestibular glands?

who has them?

Back 75

- mucus producing glands

- cow: major

- mare & sow: minor

- ewe: both

Front 76

the ________ is erectile tissue located in lateral walls of vestibule

Back 76

vestibular bulb

- larges and most significant in the mare

- homologous to bulb of penis

Front 77

the vulva is composed of two __________ joined ventrally at the ________ and dorsally at the _______. the space between the labia is the _______

Back 77

labia

ventral commissure

dorsal commissure

vulvar cleft

Front 78

fetal membranes

Back 78

1. amnion - surrounding fetus

- bounds amniotic cavity

2. allantois - continuous w/urachus

- bounds allantoic cavity (urine)

3. chorion

- uterine endometrium

Front 79

types of placentas

Back 79

1. diffuse (horse & pig)

- small clumps of chorionic villi

2. cotyledonary (ruminant)

- cotyledons join caruncles of endometrium

- chorionic villi arranged in distinct patterns

- bovines: conves; small ruminant: concave

- cotyledon/caruncle unit = placentome

3. zonary (dog/cat)

- chorionic villi in circumferential band

Front 80

what type of placenta does a horse have?

Back 80

diffuse

Front 81

what type of placenta does a pig have?

Back 81

diffuse

Front 82

what type of placenta does a ruminant have?

Back 82

cotyledonary

bovine: convex

small ruminant: concave

Front 83

what is the cotyledon/caruncle unit called?

Back 83

placentome

Front 84

what is it called when a bovine has twins and one is female and the other is male?

what is the result?

Back 84

free martinism

blood mixes & female will be sterile

Front 85

the remnant of the umbilical artery in the adult is the _____________ and is a direct branch of the _________ and is located ___________

Back 85

round liament of the bladder

internal iliac artery

on the free edge of the lateral ligament

Front 86

the umbilical artery functions to _____________ while the umbilical vein functions to ____________

Back 86

return deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

take oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

Front 87

what drains urine from the fetus to the allantois?

Back 87

urachus

Front 88

what is in the umbilical cord?

Back 88

1. urachus

2. umbilical arteries

3. umbilical veins

4. ensheathing connective tissue

Front 89

what is the mammary complex consisting of skin, glandular tissue, associated connective tissue that is associated with one teat

Back 89

mammae

Front 90

mammae in a cow

Back 90

4 inguinal mammae

Front 91

mammae in a ewe/doe/mare

Back 91

2 inguinal mammae

Front 92

mammae in a sow

Back 92

14 mammae (7 pairs)

- thoracic, abdominal & inguinal

Front 93

mammae in a bitch

Back 93

10 mammae (5 pairs)

- thoracic, abdominal, inguinal

Front 94

mammae in a queen

Back 94

8 mammae (4 pairs)

Front 95

the collective term for the mammae of mammals with inguinal mammae

Back 95

udder

*each female has only ONE udder

- cow: 4 quarters divided into R & L halves

- eye/doe/mare: 2 distinct halves

Front 96

the collective term for mammae of mammals with thoracic, abdominal and inguinal mammae

Back 96

mammary glands

- sow, bitch, queen

- 1 set of mammary glands arranged in R & L chains

Front 97

the single gland and associated duct system within a mammae

Back 97

gland complex

Front 98

how many gland complexes are there in:

ruminant, mare, sow, bitch, queen?

Back 98

ruminant: 1

mare: 2

sow: 2

bitch: 8-14

queen: 5-7

Front 99

external opening to the teat canal

Back 99

teat orifice

- surrounded by smooth mm sphincter

Front 100

duct in the tip of the teat

Back 100

teat canal (papillary duct)

- also called streak canal

Front 101

dilated portion of the duct system present in the teat

Back 101

teat sinus

- continuous with gland sinus

Front 102

additional teats that are typically nonfunctional

Back 102

supernumerary teats

- frequently surgically removed

Front 103

how many teats per mammae?

Back 103

one!

Front 104

dilated distal portion of the duct system composed of the gland sinus and teat sinus

Back 104

lactiferous sinus

Front 105

dilated portion of the duct system proximal to teat

Back 105

gland sinus

Front 106

dilated portion of duct system within the teat

Back 106

teat sinus

Front 107

what is the udder's support structure?

Back 107

suspensory appartus of the udder

Front 108

describe the suspensory apparatus of the udder

Back 108

- collaegnous & elastic tissue that originate from body wall and suspend mammae

Front 109

describe lateral lamina of the udder

Back 109

- fibrous connective tissue

- covers lateral aspects of udder

- cranial: abdominal tunic

- caudal: sumphysial tendon

Front 110

describe medial lamina of udder

Back 110

- elastic connective tissue

- covers medial aspects of each half of udder

- arises from abdominal tunic

- divide udder into halve: medial suspensory lig.

(outside = intermammary groove)

Front 111

describe blood supply to udder in cow vs. sow

Back 111

cow: external pudendal a divides into cranial & caudal branches to supply cranial & caudal mammae

sow: blood supply via laterla thoracic, internal thoract, cranial and caudal epigastric and external pudendal vessels

Front 112

venous drainage of the cow's udder is through __________ and the _______________

Back 112

subcutaneous abdominal vein

external pudendal vein

Front 113

what is the milk well?

Back 113

opening in rectus abdominus muscle

Front 114

innervation of the udder is primarily by the....

Back 114

genitofemoral nerve

Front 115

is the udder supplied by sympathetic, parasympathetic or both?

Back 115

sympathetic only

Front 116

describe lymphatic drainage in the udder

Back 116

1. drain to superficial inguinal lnn (mammary lnn)

2. efferent ducts travel through inguinal canal to iliofemoral lnn

- aka deep femoral lnn of horse & goat

Front 117

what defines the vaginal ring?

Back 117

reflection of parietal peritoneum into the inguinal cavity

Front 118

boarders of the deep inguinal ring

Back 118

medial: prepubic tendon of rectus abdominus

cranial: internal abdominal oblique m

caudolateral: inguinal lig of external abdominal oblique m

Front 119

definition of superficial inguinal ring

Back 119

slit in the aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique m

Front 120

components of the spermatic cord

Back 120

- vaginal tunics

- ductus deferens

- artery of the ductus deferens and mesoductus

- testicular a/v/n/l

- mesorchium

Front 121

which species is predisposed to inguinal hernias?

why?

Back 121

pig

their internal abdominal oblique m is more cranial, making the deep inguinal ring large

Front 122

in the embryo, a mesenchymal structure called the ______ connects the testis (intra-abdominal) to the scrotum (extra-abdominal) via the ________

Back 122

gubernaculum testis

inguinal canal

Front 123

describe the vaginal process and what it becomes in testes descent

Back 123

- vaginal tunics

> visceral

> parietal

- vaginal cavity between the tunics

Front 124

the gubernacular bulb regresses into....

Back 124

1. proper ligament of the testes

- connects tail of epididymis to testicle

2. ligament of the tail of the epididymis

- connects tail of epididymis to vaginal tunics

3. scrotal ligament

- connects vaginal tunics to scrotum

Front 125

orientation of stallion testes

Back 125

- scrotum is ventral in inguinal region

- head of epididymis is cranial

- long axis of testicle is caudoventral

Front 126

orientation of bull/buck/ram testes

Back 126

- scrotum is inguinal and pendulous

- head of epididymis is dorsal

- long axis of testicle is dorsoventral

Front 127

orientation of boar testes

Back 127

- scrotum is in perineal region

- head of epididymis is ventral

- long axis of testicle is dorsoventral

Front 128

what is a "high flanker"

Back 128

cryptorchid horse where the testes are stuck in the inguinal canal

Front 129

describe open castration

Back 129

incise skin, external fascia, internal fascia, parietal vaginal tunic

ligate testicular vessels & ductus deferens

Front 130

describe closed castration

Back 130

incise skin and external fascia

ligate spermatic cord, internal spermatic fascia, and cremaster m as one structure

Front 131

3 ways of thermoregulating scrotum

Back 131

1. tunica dartos

2. cremaster m

3. pampiniform plexus

Front 132

what is the tunica albuginea?

Back 132

strong fibrous white capsule that surrounds the testicle

Front 133

things in the spermatic cord

Back 133

1. testicular nerves & lymphatics

2. vaginal tunic

3. fibrous parietal tunic

4. vaginal cavity

5. pampiniform plexus

6. testicular artery

7. ductus deferens

Front 134

the ductus deferens empties through the ____________ ducts opening on the _____________ on the _____________

Back 134

ejaculatory

colliculus seminalis

urethral crest

Front 135

combined ducts of the ductus deferens and the vesicular gland ducts

Back 135

ejaculatory ducts

Front 136

portion of the urethral crest where the ejaculatory ducts and prostatic ducts open

Back 136

colliculus seminalis

Front 137

enlarged intra-pelvic portion of the ductus deferens

Back 137

ampulla of the ductus deferens

- wall is thickened due to presence of glandular tissue

- accessory sex gland

- present in stallion & male ruminants

Front 138

describe vesicular glands and who has them

Back 138

- present on each side of neck of bladder

- stallion: large, smooth & bladder shaped

- bull/boar: lobulated

Front 139

describe the two parts of the prostate gland

Back 139

1. compact part of prostate

- distinct bilateral structure located at proximal aspect of pelvic urethra

2. disseminate prostate

- extends diffusely along pelvic urethra; many small ducts open along length of urethra

Front 140

describe who has what parts of the prostate gland

Back 140

compact: stallion, dog, cat

disseminate: small ruminants

both: bull, boar

Front 141

describe bulbourethral glands

Back 141

- ruminants/boar: ducts form fold of tissue within urethra - urethral recess

- stallion/boar: bulboglandularis m or bulbospongiosus m covers glands

- boar: large and cigar shape

Front 142

2 basic types of penis

Back 142

1. fibroelastic

2. musculocavernous

Front 143

describe fibroelastic penis

Back 143

- long, slender with sigmoid flexure

- relatively rigid in non-erect state

- achieves length by straightening flexure

- ruminant & boar

- corpus cavernosum is covered by thick tunica albuginea (limits diameter increase)

Front 144

describe musculocavernous penis

Back 144

- muscular connective tissue = flacid

- corpus cavernosum has large spaces for blood

- erection by engorgement of cavernous erectile tissue increasing length, diameter & stiffness

- tunica albuginea softer & distensible

- horse & dog

Front 145

3 parts of the penis

Back 145

1. root

2. body

3. glans

Front 146

parts of the root of the penis

Back 146

1. crura (corpora cavernosum)

- each covered by ischiocavernosus m

- deep artery of the penis

2. bulb of the penis (corpus spongiosum)

- surrounds penile urethra

- covered by bulbospongiosus mm

- artery of the bulb of the penis

3. penile urethra

Front 147

describe corpora cavernosum in body of penis in different species

Back 147

fibroelastic: remain distinctly separate due to sheath of tunica albuginea

musculocavernous: septum btwn 2 fades and the 2 erectile bodies blend to 1

Front 148

blood supply to the body of the penis

Back 148

artery of the bulb to corpus spongiosum

deep artery of the penis to corpus cavernosum

Front 149

blood supply in stallion penis

Back 149

body of penis supplied by:

- dorsal artery of the penis

> continuation of arty of the penis

- middle artery & deep artery of the penis

> branches of the obrurator a

glans supplied by:

- cranial a of the penis

> branch of external pudendal a

Front 150

the free part of the penis of the bull & boar has a ____________, or twisting to the __________ with erection

Back 150

spiral deviation

left

Front 151

what is present only in the ram penis?

Back 151

spongy tubercle or tuberculum spongiosum

- rounded process along left ventral side of free part of penis

Front 152

the ridge along the ventral or ventrolateral aspect of the free part of the penis

Back 152

raphe of the penis

Front 153

the fold of tissue that connected the raphe of the penis to the prepuce

Back 153

frenulum of the prepuce

- recedes with sexual maturity

- can be surgically removed if it persists

Front 154

the glans penis is comprised of...

Back 154

- corpus spongiosum glandis - extends distal & dorsal to corpus cavernosum penis

- does NOT have tunica albuginea

- large in horse; small in boar

Front 155

penile urethra ending per species

Back 155

boar: external urethra orifice opens at distal aspect of glans

ruminants: continued by urethral process

- long in ram & buck

horse: continued by urethral process in fossa glandis (diverticulum = urethral sinus)

Front 156

what is clinically relevant about the horse's urethral sinus?

Back 156

dried secretions (smegma) can accumulate in it and form concentration known as "bean"

Front 157

parts of the prepuce

Back 157

1. external lamina (haired skin)

2. internal lamina (deep aspect of external lamina & attaches to free part of penis)

- preputial fornix

3. preputial orifice

Front 158

describe telescopic prepuse

Back 158

*horse

- expanded internal lamina = preputial fold

- 2 reflections = outer preputial fornix & inner preputial fornix

- fold in internal lamina - preputial ring

Front 159

what is the preputial diverticulum? who has one? what is it for?

Back 159

- cavity in dorsolateral wall of prepuce

- boar

- accumulates secretions, urine & debris; aid in lubrication; smelly!

Front 160

path of sperm

Back 160

testicular parenchyma - efferent ductules - ductus epididymis (head, body, tail) - ductus deferens (ampulla) - ejaculatory ducts - pelvic urethra - penile urethra - urethral process (not boar) - external urethral orifice

Front 161

the external iliac artery gives rise to the....

Back 161

- uterine artery in the mare

- deep femoral artery

> pudendoepigastric (PE) trunk

> external pudendal a (through inguinal canal)

> primary blood supply to mammary gland of species with udders (cow, mare, deo, ewe)

> cranial a of the penis in stallion

Front 162

the internal iliac artery gives rise to the...

Back 162

1. umbilical artery

2. cranial gluteal artery

3. caudal gluteal artery

Front 163

describe umbilical artery

Back 163

- arises from internal iliac artery

- becomes round ligament of urinary bladder

- gives rise to uterine artery in artyodactyls

- gives rise to cranial vesiuclar aad

Front 164

describe cranial gluteal artery

Back 164

- direct branch of internal iliac a in artyodactyls

> exits pelvic cavity through greater sciatic for.

- direct branch of internal pudendal a in horse

> leaves just caudal to caudal gluteal a & exits through greater sciatic foramen

- gives rise to obtruator a in horse & pig

> gives rise to middle and deep aa of the penis in stallion

Front 165

describe caudal gluteal artery

Back 165

- marks division of internal iliac & internal pudendal aa

- occurs proximal in horse & distal in artiodactyls

Front 166

the internal pudendal artery gives rise to...

Back 166

1. caudal rectal a

2. ventral perineal a

3. artery of the penis

> artery of the bulb (corpus spongiosum)

> deep artery of the penis (artiodactyls - corpus cavernosum)

Front 167

the __________ of the stallion is an extensive network of veins that drains the blood from the penis to the external pudendal vein following coitus

Back 167

external pudendal venous plexus

Front 168

what is significant about the external pudendal vein in the horse?

Back 168

- passes through gracilis and abductor mm to return to pelvic cavity, not inguinal canal

- contraction of mm during mating constricts veins, preventing venous drainage & facilitating engorement of penus

- after dismount, unobstructed veins drain blood

Front 169

what forms the "milk vein" in the lactating cow?

what is it called?

Back 169

caudal superficial epigastric vein anastamoses with cranial superficial epigastric vein

subcutaneous abdominal vein

Front 170

comprised of ventral branches of caudal lumbar and sacral spinal nerves and gives rise to the nerves of the pelvis and pelvic limb

Back 170

lumbosacral plexus

Front 171

describe genitofemoral nerve

Back 171

- derives from ventral branches of L3 & L4 spinal nerves

- sensory to udder, external genitalia & inguinal region

Front 172

describe lumbosacral trunk

Back 172

- portion of lumbosacral plexus that exits pelvis over greater sciatic notch (through foramen)

- gives rise to cranial gluteal n, caudal gluteal n., caudal cutaneous femoral n and sciatic n

Front 173

describe sacral plexus

Back 173

- gives rise to nerves that innervate pelvic viscera

> pudendal n: internal & external genitalia, rectum & perineal area

> gives rise to perineal nn & dorsal n of the penis/clitoris

Front 174

list of lymph nodes in pelvis (7)

Back 174

1. lumbar aortic

2. medial iliac

3. lateral iliac

4. sacral

5. iliofemoral

6. deep inguinal

7. ischiatic

Front 175

where are the lumbar aortic lymph nodes located?

Back 175

along the caudal abdominal aorta

Front 176

where are the medial iliac lymph nodes located?

Back 176

at the bifurcation of aorta and external and internal iliac aa

Front 177

where are the lateral iliac lymph nodes located?

Back 177

at the bifurcation of deep circumflex iliac aa

Front 178

where are the sacral lymph nodes located?

Back 178

at the bifurcation of internal iliac and median sacral aa

Front 179

where are the iliofemoral lymph nodes located?

Back 179

at the branching of deep circumflex iliac from external iliac a

- present in ox & pig

- same fxn as deep inguinal in horse & goat

Front 180

where are the deep inguinal lymph nodes located?

Back 180

in the femoral triangle

- present in horse & goat

- same fxn as iliofemoral in ox & pig

Front 181

where are the ischiatic lymph nodes located?

Back 181

*present in ox

lateral aspect of sacrosciatic ligament on the dorsal border of the lesser sciatic foramen

Front 182

"hoofed animal"

Back 182

ungulate

Front 183

"even-toed hoofed animal"

Back 183

artiodactyls

- ruminants, swine, hippos

Front 184

"odd-toed hoofed animal"

Back 184

perissodactyl

- horse, tapir, rhino

Front 185

who has a rump and who has a croup and what is it?

Back 185

rump: artiodactyls

croup: horse

- gluteal region of the pelvis

Front 186

what is the highest point of the rump/croup formed by?

Back 186

tubera sacrale of the ilia

Front 187

where is the thigh?

Back 187

region between coxal (hip) joint and stifle

Front 188

where is the crus?

what is another name of it?

Back 188

region between stifle and tarsus

gaskin

Front 189

what is the region between tarsus and metararsophalngeal joint?

Back 189

metatarsus/cannon/shank

Front 190

what is the region between metatarsophalangeal and distal interphalngeal joint?

Back 190

pastern

Front 191

what forms the the pes?

what forms the digit?

Back 191

metatarsus, pastern & "foot"

pastern & "foot"

Front 192

"tarsus"

Back 192

hock

Front 193

3rd metatarsal bone

Back 193

cannon or shank bone

Front 194

2nd & 4th metatarsals

Back 194

splint bones

Front 195

metatarsophalengeal joint

Back 195

fetlock or ankle

Front 196

proximal interphalangeal joint

Back 196

pastern joint

Front 197

distal interphalangeal joint

Back 197

coffin joint

Front 198

proximal phalanx

Back 198

P1 - long pastern bone

Front 199

middle phalanx

Back 199

P2 - short pastern bone

Front 200

distal phalanx

Back 200

P3 - coffin bone

Front 201

where are proximal seasamoids located?

Back 201

at the level of the fetlock

Front 202

distal seasamoid

Back 202

navicular bone

- at level of coffin joint

Front 203

ruminant hamstring origination

horse/pig hamstring origination

Back 203

entirely from ischium (isciatic tuberosity)

additional vertebral (sacral and caudal vertebral) origins

Front 204

hook bones

pin bones

Back 204

hook = prominent tubera coxae of ilial wings

pin: ischiatic tuberosities

Front 205

what are chestnuts?

Back 205

- thickened cornified epidermis

- remnants of tarsal/carpal pads

- unique like fingerprints

Front 206

what are ergot?

Back 206

- remnant of metatarsal/metacarpal pad found on plantar/palmar aspect of fetlock

Front 207

describe ruminant feet bones

Back 207

dewclaws: vestigal digits II & V

- non-weight bearing

- no internal bony parts except phalanges, which can be seen as osseous opacities on radiographs

Front 208

describe pig feet bones

Back 208

paradigits: minaturized digits II & V

- non-weight bearing

- complete bony elements internally

Front 209

what is unique about sheep feet?

Back 209

interdigital sinus

- scent marking

- sebaceous and apocrine glands

- all 4 feet

Front 210

who has an accessory ligament of head of femur?

where is it?

what does it do?

Back 210

- horse only

- prepubic tendon through pectineus to caudal part of fovea capitus femoris

- limits pronation & luxation of hip joint

Front 211

what is different about the greater trochanter in a horse?

Back 211

- has cranial and caudal parts

- very large prominence

Front 212

where does the middle gluteal m attach in the horse?

Back 212

greater trochanter

- major part attaches to caudal part

- powerful extensor of hip

Front 213

who has a prominent third trochanter? why?

Back 213

horse

- attachment of superficial gluteal m

Front 214

what is whorlbone lameness?

Back 214

inflammation of trochanteric bursa

- deep to the attachment of accessory gluteal on greater trochanter

Front 215

advantages/disadvantages of IM injections in gluteal m in horse

Back 215

adv: large muscle; can cope with large volumes per site

dis: soreness; abscessation; possible kick risk

Front 216

what makes up the hamstrings?

Back 216

semitendinosus, semimembranosus & biceps femoris

Front 217

describe hamstrings in a horse

Back 217

- biceps femoris divded into cranial, middle & caudal divisions distally

- arises from sacrum, sacrosciatic lig & ischiatic tuberosity

- broadly inserts over lateral thigh, stifle & crus

- small tarsal tendon to calcaneous

Front 218

describe hamstrings in ruminants & pigs

Back 218

- gluteobiceps = combined superficial gluteal and biceps femoris

- divided into cranial & caudal divisions

- no need for 3rd trochanter

Front 219

describe fibrotic myopathy

Back 219

- scar tissue, typically on semitendinosus

- foot abruptly slaps ground at end of cranial swing phase - obvious at walk

- treat medically (antiinflammatories/steroids) or surgically (transcet scar or insertion of muscle)

Front 220

who has how many patella ligemants?

Back 220

3: horse & ox

- medial, intermediate, lateral

1: carnivores, small ruminants & pigs

Front 221

what ligament helps maintain patella in its trochlear grove?

Back 221

femoropatella ligament

Front 222

list the ligaments of the stifle

Back 222

1. patella ligaments

2. collateral ligaments (med & lat)

3. femoropatella ligaments (med & lat)

4. cruciate ligaments (cr & cd)

5. meniscofemoral ligament

Front 223

which ligament binds the caudal aspect of the lateral meniscus to the caudal femur?

Back 223

meniscofemoral ligament

Front 224

anatomical loop of patella locking mechanism

Back 224

1. intermediate patella ligament

2. patella

3. parapatella fibrocartilate

4. medial patella ligament

Front 225

"inflammation of the stifle joint"

Back 225

gonitis

Front 226

synovial sacs in the stifle

Back 226

1. femoropatella (FP)

2. medial femorotibial (MFT)

3. lateral femorotibial (LFT)

Front 227

do synovial sacs communicate with one another?

Back 227

cat/dog - yes

ruminant/pig - typically

horse - highly variable; assume not

Front 228

where would you enter the femoropatella joint?

Back 228

between intermediate patella ligament & medial or lateral patella ligamentw

Front 229

where would you enter the lateral femorotibial joint?

Back 229

between lateral PL & lateral CL

Front 230

where would you enter the medial femorotibial joint?

Back 230

between medial PL and medial CL

Front 231

describe tibia & fibula in everyone

Back 231

pig/dog: completely separate

ruminant: fused proximally & distally lateral malleolus forms a separate bone

horse: fused distally forming lateral malleolus

- ossification defect can appear as fracture

Front 232

what is the innervation for the craniolateral muscles of the crus?

Back 232

common fibular (peroneal) nerve

Front 233

describe fibularis tertius m in horse

Back 233

- fibrous band of tissue forming mechanical connector btwn extensor fossa of femur & dorsal metatarsus

- lies deep to fleshy long dig. extensor m

- has bifid termination as dorsal tendon on dorsal poximal MT3 & lateral tendon on T4

- crosses stifle & tarsus so joints move in unison

Front 234

describe cranial tibial m in horse

Back 234

- lies on deep surface of fibularis tertius

- arises from proximal tibia

- bifid termination emerges btwn tendons of FT with dorsal insertion on proximal MT3 & medial tendon inserting on fused T1 & T2 (cuneiform)

- medial insertion = cunean tendon

> overlies cunean bursa

Front 235

what is stringhalt?

Back 235

- exaggerated upward flexion of pelvic limb

- attributed to dysfunction of lateral digital extensor m.

Front 236

what is Austrailian stringhalt

Back 236

- bilateral occurence

- horses ingest toxins from pasture weed called dandelion

- causes neuropathy in long peripheral nerves

- removing horse from pasture is curative

Front 237

how can you fix stringhalt?

Back 237

medical: phenytoin - membrane stabilizer

surgical: lat digital extensor myotenectomy

Front 238

what innervates the caudal muscles of the crus?

Back 238

tibial n

Front 239

where does the gastrocnemius m insert?

Back 239

tuber calcanei

Front 240

attachments of superficial digital flexor m

Back 240

supracondylar fossa of femur to plantar, proximal & middle phalanges

(attachments at tuber calcanei)

Front 241

what is different about the superficial digital flexor m in the horse?

Back 241

- lost most of its muscular tissue

- acts as mechanical connector btwn stifle & tarsus

- part of reciprocoal apparatus

Front 242

attachments of deep digital flexor m

Back 242

3 heads of origin from proximal tibia, single tendon of insertion on solar surface of distal phalanx

Front 243

action of popliteus m.

Back 243

flexor of stifle joint

Front 244

4 components of common calcaneal tendon

Back 244

1. gastrocnemius combined tendon

2. superficial digital flexor tendon

3. tarsal tendon of insertion of biceps femoris

4. tarsal tendon of insertion of semitendinosus

Front 245

what is the reciprocal apparatus of the horse?

Back 245

- fibularis tertius & SDF mm

- fibrous mechanical connectors btwn stifle & tarsus

- act in unison

- part of passive stay so when patella is locked, tarsus is also locked

- helps bear weight with minimal energy

Front 246

pathognomonic clinical signs of broken reciprocal apparatus

Back 246

hick can be extended while stifle is flexed

- dimple on caudodistal crus

Front 247

innervation to quadriceps femoris & sartorius mm

Back 247

femoral n

Front 248

action of quadriceps femoris

Back 248

extend stifle

Front 249

what is femoral neuropathy?

Back 249

- animal's inability to effectively keep stifle extended

- cannot bear weight on affected limb

Front 250

what is the sensory branch of the femoral nerve and what does it do?

Back 250

saphenous n

provides sensory innervation to medial thigh, crus & metatarsus to level of fetlock

Front 251

what innervates the adductors of the hip?

Back 251

obturator n

Front 252

5 main joints of the tarsus

Back 252

1. tarsocrural

2. proximal intertarsal

3. distal intertarsal

4. tarsometatarsal

Front 253

all flexion and extension of the hock occurs at this joint...

Back 253

tarsocrural

Front 254

collective terms for 3 joints in the tarsus

Back 254

high load, low motion

Front 255

additional joint in the tarsus where degenerative joint disease can be seen

Back 255

talocalcaneal joint

Front 256

which tarsus joints communicate?

Back 256

- tarsocural & PITJ: all the time

- DITJ & TMTJ: variable but considered separate

> studies have shown the communication

Front 257

how many joint injections do you need to cover the entire tarsus?

Back 257

3

Front 258

pouches of tarsocrural joint

do they communicate?

Back 258

1. dorsolateral

2. dorsomedial

3. plantarolateral

4. plantaromedial

yes!

Front 259

what is bog spavin?

what is another name for it?

Back 259

synovial effusion of tarsocrural joint

tarsal hydrarthosis

Front 260

"non-descriptive term for disorders of the equine tarsus"

Back 260

spavin

Front 261

describe calcaneal bursa

Back 261

1. subcutaneous (inconstant)

- btwn skin & SDFT

2. subtendinosus

- btwn SDFT & tuber calcanei

3. gastrocnemius

- btwn gastrocnemius tendon & tuber calcanei

Front 262

what is capped hock?

what is another name for it?

Back 262

effusion of subcutaneous calcaneal bursa

- usually trauma induced

calcaneal bursitis

Front 263

what is the cunean tendon in horse?

Back 263

medial tendon of insertion of cranial tibial m onto fused T1/T2

Front 264

what is the cunean bursa?

Back 264

bursa between medial tendon of insertion of cranial tibial m as it crosses over medial collateral ligament of the tarsus

facilitates mvmt of tendon

Front 265

tendon sheaths of tarsus

Back 265

1. long & lateral digital extensor tendons

2. lateral & caudal tibial head of DDF pass over sustenaculum tali through flexor canal wrapped in tarsal sheath

3. branches of saphenous vessels & tibial n. travel through flexor canal but not in sheath

4. medial head of DDF travels medial in its own sheath

Front 266

what is throughpin?

Back 266

excessive synovial fluid distension of tarsal sheath surrounding DDF tendons

- can drain and inject steroids

- can explore surgically

- used to compress tarsus for treatment

Front 267

what binds extensor tendons of the tarsus dorsally?

Back 267

extensor retinacula

- proximal, middle & distal

Front 268

what binds structures of flexor canal plantaromedially?

Back 268

flexor retinaculum

- binds tendons of lateral head and caudal tibial m of DDF in flexor canal

Front 269

what provides medial and lateral support of the tarsus?

Back 269

medial & lateral collateral ligaments of tarsus

- tibial malleoli to tarsal & metatarsal bones

Front 270

what offsets traction forces of common calcaneal tendon?

Back 270

long plantar ligament

- plantarolateral calcaneus to distal T4 & MT4

- helps to anchor calcaneus to tarsus

Front 271

what is curb?

what causes it?

Back 271

soft tissue swelling of plantar tarsus

- often due to tearing/inflammation of long plantar ligament

*common in race horses

Front 272

what is bone spavin

Back 272

osteoarthritis of distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joings

*common in performance horses

Front 273

how would you get into the tarsocrural joint?

Back 273

1. dorsomedial pouch

2. plantarolateral pouchh

Front 274

how would you get into the distal intertarsal joint?

Back 274

gap btwn confluence of Tc, T3 and fused T1/2, along dorsal border of cunean tendonho

Front 275

how would you get into tarsometatarsal joint?

Back 275

over head of MT4 (lateral splint bone)

Front 276

what is the most distal part of MT2 & MT4 called in horse?

Back 276

button of splint bone

Front 277

where is the suspensory ligament located in a horse?

what is another name for it?

Back 277

plantar surface of MT3, arises from proximal plantar MT3, passes distally, separates into medial & lateral branches at distal third of MT

third interosseous muscle

Front 278

what is the function of the suspensory ligament in horse?

Back 278

forms part of very supportive fibro-osseous sling at plantar fetlock

contributes to passive stay apparatus

supports fetlock in hyperextension

Front 279

describe suspensory ligament in ruminant

Back 279

more muscle tissue present than fibrous band in horse

fused 3rd & 4th interossei muscles

Front 280

describe the check ligament

Back 280

- accessory ligament of DDF

- arises from plantar distal tarsus/prox MT

- small, vestigal or absent in PL

- fibrous connection

- acts as check on DDFT as it is pulled distally by pressure of extending fetlock

- contributes to stay apparatus by enhancing plantar support of DDFT

Front 281

4 parts of passive stay apparatus

Back 281

1. patella locking mechanism

2. reciprocal apparatus

3. DDFT & its check ligament

4. suspensory apparatus

Front 282

main channel blood crus - end

Back 282

cranial tibial a -> dorsal pedal a -> dorsal metatarsal a (groove btwn MT3 & MT3) -> medial and lateral digital aa

Front 283

what artery is accessible for arterial blood sampling and blood pressure monitoring in equine?

Back 283

dorsal metatarsal artery

Front 284

which arteries are palpated for digital pulses?

Back 284

medial and lateral digital arteries

Front 285

what happens to saphenous artery as it continues?

Back 285

on plantar aspect...divides into medial and lateral plantar aa that contribute to digital aa at fetlock

Front 286

where are regional limb perfusions performed?

Back 286

any accessible subcutaneous veins

- medial and lateral digital veins

- dorsal common digital vein 2

- medial saphenous vein

Front 287

where would you do IV limb anesthesia on an ox?

Back 287

dorsal common digital vein 3

- located dorsally in groove btwn fused MT3 & MT4

Front 288

common fibular separates into.....

Back 288

1. superficial fibular - continues down dorsal MT & terminates at distal metatarsus

2. deep fibular - branches into medial & lateral dorsal metatarsal nn

- extend into digit

Front 289

tibial nerve separates into...

Back 289

- medial & lateral plantar nn just above flexor canal of tarsus

- then become medial & lateral plantar digital nn at fetlock and extend into digit

Front 290

a communicating branch connects the _____________ and ________ nerves at mid to distal plantar metatarsus

Back 290

medial and lateral plantar nn

Front 291

the lateral plantar n gives off.....

Back 291

a deep branch in proximal plantar metatarsus and this branch divides into medial and lateral plantar metatarsal nn

- innervate suspensory ligament

- continue down deep plantar metatarsus into pastern

Front 292

2 common distal limb nerve blocks

Back 292

1. high suspensory block

2. low metatarsal or low 6 block

Front 293

describe low metatarsal nerve block

Back 293

- blocks 6 major nerves of distal limb

- performed at distal metatarsus

- med/lat plantar nn blocked in groove btwn flexor tendons & suspensory ligament

- med/lat plantar metatarsal nn blocked at distal end of splint bones

- med/lat dorsal metatarsal nn blocked on either side of long digital extensor tendon

Front 294

6 major nerves of distal limb

Back 294

1. medial plantar

2. lateral plantar

3. medial plantar metatarsal

4. lateral plantar metatarsal

5. medial dorsal metatarsal

6. lateral dorsal metatarsal

Front 295

describe high suspensory block

Back 295

- blocks med/lat plantar metatarsal nn as they enter origin of suspensory lig at proximal plantar metatarsus

- aim to desensitize origin & body of suspensory ligament & surrounding tissues

Front 296

3 standard views of radiographing stifle1

Back 296

1. lateral

2. CdLat-CrMed oblique

3. Cd-Cr

Front 297

how can you distinguish lateral from medial in a caudocranial view of the stifle?

Back 297

fibula always sits on the lateral aspect of the tibia

Front 298

what things are emphasized in a CdLat-CrMed oblique radiograph of the stifle?

Back 298

- medial condyle of the femur

- lateral ridge of femoral trochlea

Front 299

where does OCD commonly affect the stifle?

what radiograph view will showcase this?

Back 299

- lateral ridge of femoral trochlea

- CdLat-CrMed oblique

Front 300

what part of the stifle is typically affected by subchondral bone cysts?

Back 300

medial condyle of the femur

Front 301

4 radiographic views of the stifle

Back 301

1. lateral

2. dorsoplantar

3. dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique (DL-PLMO)

4. dorsomedial-plantarolateral oblique (MD-PLLO)

Front 302

what are DIRT lesions?

Back 302

OCD lesions of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia

Front 303

what oblique tarsus view has a "4"

what oblique tarsus view has a "1"

Back 303

4: DL-PlM oblique

1: DM-PlL oblique

Front 304

5 differences of bovine tarsus compared to equine tarsus

Back 304

1. lateral malleolus is separate bone

2. articulation of calcaneus w/lateral malleolus

3. distal/proximal trochlea of talus

4. Tc & T4 fused; T2&T3 fused

5. MT seasamoid bone associated w/interosseous m 3