Anatomy Exam

Front 1

detects tension in tendons, position of joints

Back 1

proprioceptors

Front 2

malleus, incus, stapes

Back 2

auditory ossicles

Front 3

fluid in the membranous labyrinth

Back 3

endolymph

Front 4

detects pain stimuli

Back 4

nociceptor

Front 5

supports the spiral organ

Back 5

basilar membrane

Front 6

pigmented middle layer of eye

Back 6

choroid

Front 7

sensation of taste

Back 7

gustation

Front 8

attaches to lens

Back 8

suspensory ligaments

Front 9

sensitivity reduced due to constant stimulus

Back 9

adaptation

Front 10

sensation of smell

Back 10

olfaction

Front 11

unencapsulated, terminal branches of dendrites are called

a. lamellated corpuscles
b. free nerve endings
c. organs of Ruffini
d. Krause bulbs

Back 11

B. free nerve endings

Front 12

Barorecptors are a class of mechanoreceptor that respond to

a. light touch
b. pain stimuli
c. increase in muscle tension
d. changes in pressure

Back 12

D. changes in pressure

Front 13

which sensory structure has stereocilia of hair cells embedded in a gelatinous structure called a cupula?

a. semicircular duct
b. saccule
c. cochlear duct
d. utricle

Back 13

A. semicircular duct

Front 14

craniosacral division

Back 14

parasympathetic division

Front 15

absence of emotional speech

Back 15

aprosody

Front 16

The photoreceptors that perceive color and sharp vision are

a. amacrine cells
b. rods
c. horizontal cells
d. cones

Back 16

D. cones

Front 17

detects crude touch, pain, pressure, temperature

Back 17

spinothalamic tract

Front 18

fight-or-flight division

Back 18

sympathetic division

Front 19

originates in the thalamus

Back 19

tertiary neuron

Front 20

The tarsal glands secrete

a. a high-salt fluid to prevent endolymph from becoming perilymph
b. a low-protein product into the aqueous humor
c. a lipid-rich product that prevents the eyelids from sticking together
d. a mucus-rich product that maintains the moistness of the olfactory cilia

Back 20

C. a lipid-rich product that prevents the eyelids from sticking together

Front 21

axon crossover

Back 21

decussation

Front 22

network of pre- and postganglionic axons

Back 22

autonomic plexus

Front 23

pyramidal cell

Back 23

direct pathway

Front 24

the arrangement of tunics in the eye, from the center of the eye to the periphery, is

a. retina, vascular, fibrous
b. vascular, retina, fibrous
c. vascular, fibrous, retina
d. retina, fibrous, vascular

Back 24

A. retina, vascular, fibrous

Front 25

exits the CNS

Back 25

lower motor neuron

Front 26

network of nerves that suupply the upper limbs

Back 26

brachial plexuses

Front 27

hormone secreted by adrenal medulla

Back 27

norepinephrine

Front 28

information storage and retrieval

Back 28

memory

Front 29

receptors in the walls of blood vessels that respond to discrete changes in gas concentration in the blood are called

a. gustatory receptors
b. chemoreceptors
c. thermoreceptors
d. nociceptors

Back 29

B. chemoreceptors

Front 30

unconscious control of skeletal muscle

Back 30

indirect pathway

Front 31

controls entire ANS function

Back 31

hypothalamus

Front 32

contains no tertiary neurons

Back 32

spinocerebellar

Front 33

the only sensations to reach the cerebral cortex without first processing through the synapses in the thalamus are

a. pain
b. olfaction
c. proprioception
d. touch

Back 33

olfaction

Front 34

the largest and longest nerve in the body

Back 34

sciatic nerve

Front 35

secondary neuron in an ascending pathway

Back 35

interneuron

Front 36

stretch reflex

Back 36

monosynaptic reflex arc

when a stimulus results in the stretching of a muscle, the muscle relexively contracts

Front 37

lateral to spinal cord

Back 37

sympathetic trunk ganglia

Front 38

stretch in a muscle is monitored by a stretch receptor called the ____

Back 38

muscle spindle

Front 39

the fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis compose the _____

a. spinocerebellar tracts
b. posterior funiculi
c. spinothalamic tracts
d. anterior white commissure

Back 39

B. posterior funiculi

Front 40

innervates gluteal region and most of lower limb

Back 40

sacral plexus

Front 41

the lacrimal glands produce lacrimal fluid for each of the following functions except

a. cleansing the eye surface
b. preventing bacterial infection
c. humidifying the eye orbit
d. moistening the eye surface

Back 41

C. humidifying the eye orbit

Front 42

contains axons of sensory neurons

Back 42

posterior root

Front 43

the motor tracts that conduct impulses to regulate the skilled movements of the upper and lower limbs are the

a. reticulospinal tracts
b. corticospinal tracts
c. rubrospinal tracts
d. tectospinal tracts

Back 43

B. corticospinal tracts

Front 44

strand of pia mater that anchors spinal cord to coccyx

Back 44

filum terminale

Front 45

contains sympathetic postganglionic axons only

Back 45

gray ramus

Front 46

composed of tracts and funiculi

Back 46

white matter

Front 47

higher-order mental functions encompass each of the following except

a. memory
b. learning
c. reasoning
d. coughing

Back 47

D. coughing

Front 48

innervates infrahyoid muscles

Back 48

cervical plexus

Front 49

which statement is true about the cochlear duct?

a. it is part of the bony labyrinth
b. it is filled with perilymph
c. it contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses
d. it contains a spiral organ that rests on a vestibular membrane

Back 49

C. it contains hair cells that convert sound waves into nerve impulses

Front 50

forms anterior and lateral horns

Back 50

basal plate

Front 51

which of these are not part of an indirect motor pathway?

a. rubrospinal tacts
b. tectospinal tracts
c. corticobulbar tracts
d. reticulospinal tracts

Back 51

C. corticobulbar tracts

Front 52

neurons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classified as?

Back 52

multipolar neurons

Front 53

rapid, involuntary motor reaction of a muscle

Back 53

reflex

Front 54

efferent neurons transmit nerve impulses

Back 54

from the CNS to muscles or glands

Front 55

neurotransmitter for all preganglionic axons

Back 55

acetylcholine

Front 56

collectively, glial cells do all of the following except

Back 56

synthesize neurotransmitters and conduct nerve impulses

Front 57

contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

Back 57

lateral horn

Front 58

the largest and most abundant of the CNS glial cells, _____ help form the blood-brain barrier

Back 58

astrocytes

Front 59

pyramidal cell axons project through corticospinal tracts and synapse at

a. motor nuclei of cranial nerves
b. motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord
c. motor neurons in the posterior horns of the spinal cord
d. motor neurons in the lateral horns of the spinal cord

Back 59

B. motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord

Front 60

which types of glial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system?

Back 60

neurolemmocytes
(Schwann cells)

Front 61

a segment of skin supplied by a spinal nerve

Back 61

dermatome

Front 62

myilination affects nerve impulse conduction in which of the following ways?

Back 62

allows saltatory conduction from one neurofibril node to the next ("jumps between nodes of Ranvier)

Front 63

second ANS neuron

Back 63

ganglionic neuron

Front 64

the synaptic knob of a neuron may contact another neuron anywhere except on its

Back 64

myelin sheath

Front 65

innervates anterior thigh muscles

Back 65

femoral nerve

Front 66

at a chemical synapse, the presynaptic membrane releases a signaling molecule called a

Back 66

neurotransmitter

Front 67

the right hemisphere tends to be dominant for which functions?

a. mathematical calculations
b. motor commands involved with speech
c. musical and artistic skill
d. analytic reasoning

Back 67

C. musical and artistic skill

Front 68

gray matter

Back 68

is located centrally in the spinal cord

Front 69

the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is called the

a. conus medullaris
b. filum terminale
c. cauda equina
d. posterior root

Back 69

A. conus medullaris

Front 70

white matter

Back 70

is composed of nerve cell processes

Front 71

preganglionic axons to prevertebral ganglia

Back 71

splanchnic nerve

Front 72

how many neurons does it take to get an impulse from the spinal cord to a skeletal muscle?

Back 72

one

Front 73

the anterior root of a spinal nerve contains

a. axons of both motor and sensory neurons
b. axons of sensory neurons only
c. interneurons
d. axons of motor neurons only

Back 73

D. axons of motor neurons only

Front 74

a ventral ramus is compsed of

Back 74

both sensory and motor neurons

Front 75

somatotopy is the

a. relationship between sensory receptors and motor units
b. positioning of motor neurons in the cerebellar cortex
c. precise correspondence between specific body and CNS areas
d. relationship between upper and lower motor neurons

Back 75

C. precise correspondence between specific body and CNS areas

Front 76

a ventral root is composed of

Back 76

motor (efferent) only

Front 77

identify the meningeal layer immediately deep to the subdural space

a. pia mater
b. arachnoid
c. epidural space
d. dura mater

Back 77

B. arachnoid

Front 78

a dorsal horn is composed of

Back 78

sensory (afferent) only

Front 79

a splanchnic nerve in the sympathetic division of the ANS

a. connects neighboring sympathetic trunk ganlia
b. controls parasympathetic functions in the thoracic cavity
c. is formed by preganglionic axons that travel to prevertebral ganglia
d. travels through parasympathetic pathways in the head

Back 79

C. is formed by preganglionic axons that travel to prevertebral ganglia

Front 80

glial cells are associated with

Back 80

both sensory and motor neurons

Front 81

axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through a region called the

a. lateral horn
b. posterior horn
c. gray commissure
d. anterior horn

Back 81

C. gray commissure

Front 82

a loss of consciousness due to fainting is called

a. lethargy
b. syncope
c. coma
d. sleep

Back 82

B. syncope

Front 83

the radial nerve originates from the ____ plexus

a. cervical
b. lumbar
c. sacral
d. brachial

Back 83

D. brachial

Front 84

some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within the

a. hypothalamus
b. sacral region of the spinal cord
c. cerebral cortex
d. thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

Back 84

B. sacral region of teh spinal cord

Front 85

which structure provides motor innervation to the deep back muscles and receives sensory information from the skin of the back?

a. anterior ramus
b. anterior root
c. posterior ramus
d. posterior root

Back 85

C. posterior ramus

Front 86

which of these is the least likely to affect information transfer from STM (short term memeory) to LTM ( long term memory)?

a. emotional state
b. repetition or rehearsal
c. auditory association cortex
d. cerebral nuclei

Back 86

C. auditory association cortex

Front 87

Lower limbs are supplied by neurons from the _____ of the spinal cord

a. lumbosacral enlargement
b. thoracic region
c. cervical enlargement
d. all of these are correct

Back 87

A. lumbosacral enlargement

Front 88

which of the following is not a function of the sympathetic division fo the ANS?

a. increases heart rate and breathing rate
b. prepares for emergency
c. increases digestive system motility and activity
d. dilates pupils

Back 88

C. increases digestive system motility and activity

Front 89

the subarachnoid space contains _____, and teh epidural space contains _____.

a. CSF; fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels
b. fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels; blood
c. CSF; pia mater
d. fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels; CSF

Back 89

A. CSF; fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels

Front 90

where are tertiary neurons found?

a. extending between the posterior horn and the anterior horn
b. extending between the posterior horn and the brainstem
c. extending between the thalamus horn and the primary somatosensory cortex
d. extending between the primary motor cortex and the brainstem

Back 90

C. extending between the thalamus horn and the primary somatosensory cortex

Front 91

the white matter of the spinal cord is composed primarily of

a. unmyelinated axons
b. neurolemmocytes and satellite cells
c. myelinated axons
d. cell bodies of neurons

Back 91

C. myelinated axons

Front 92

Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate which of the following?

a. stomach
b. urinary bladder
c. lung
d. adrenal medulla

Back 92

A. stomach

Front 93

which statement is true about intercostal nerves?

a. they are formed from the posterior rami of spinal nerves
b. they form a thoracic plexus of nerves
c. they originate from the thoracic part of the spinal cord
d. they innervate the deep back muscles of the thoracic region

Back 93

C. they originate from the throacic part of the spinal cord

Front 94

Sympathetic division splanchnic nerves end in the _____ ganglia, which are anterior to the vertebral column and aorta.

a. intramural
b. sympathetic trunk
c. prevertebral
d. terminal

Back 94

C. prevertebral

Front 95

All parasympathetic division synapses use _____ as a neurotransmitter.

a. dopamine
b. norepinephrine
c. acetylcholine
d. epinephrine

Back 95

C. acetylcholine

Front 96

which autonomic nerve plexus innervates the pelvic organs?

a. cardiac plexus
b. esophageal plexus
c. hypogastric plexus
d. inferior mesenteric plexus

Back 96

C. hypogastric plexus

Front 97

which of the following describes a sympathetic postganglionic axon?

a. long, unmyelinated axon
b. short, myelinated axon
c. short, unmyelinated axon
d. long, myelinated axon

Back 97

A. long, unmyelinated axon

Front 98

nerual crest cells form

a. the hypothalamus
b. white rami communicantes
c. autonomic ganglia
d. autonomic reflex centers

Back 98

C. autonomic ganglia

Front 99

All of the following cranial nerves carry parasympathetic preganglionic nerve axons except

a. CN III (oculomotor)
b. CN V (trigeminal)
c. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
d. CN X ( vagus)

Back 99

B. CN V ( trigeminal)