Anatomy Exam 1 Chap 17

Front 1

4 classes of chemical messengers

Back 1

1. Autocrine

2. Paracrine

3. Endocrine

4. Neurotransmitter

Front 2

Describe the four classes of chemical messengers

Back 2

1. the thing that produces it, act on itself.

2. nearby cells in that organ or tissue

3. travels through the blood stream to other parts of the body.

4. Neuromuscular junction.

Front 3

Example of each chemical messenger.

Back 3

1. Thromboxane

2. Histamine

3. Most on table.

4. Epinephrine

Front 4

Hormone -

Back 4

A chemical messenger secreted by endocrine, it travels through the blood stream and goes to a different organ or tissue.

Front 5

Target tissue -

Back 5

Where the hormone has its effect. A receptor must be on the target tissue for it to work.

Front 6

Endocrine vs. exocrine glands.

Back 6

Endo - secrete hormones directly into the blood

Exo - secret sebum, eccrine, apocrine, and mammary glands through ducts into other organs.

Front 7

5 similarities for Nervous system and endocrine system

Back 7

1. Both systems associated with hypothalamus and epithalamus.

2. May use same chemical messengers as neurotransmitter and hormone.

3. Two system are cooperative.

4. Nervous system secretes neuroendocrine peptides, or neurohormones into circulartory system.

5. Some endocrine system parts innervated directly by nervous system.

Front 8

4 differences between the nervous system and endocrine system.

Back 8

1. Mode of transportation

2. Speed of response

3. Duration of response

4. Amplitude or Frequency.

Front 9

Mode or transportation; Nervous - ; endocrine -

Speed of response; nervous - ; endocrine -

Back 9

Nervous - axon ; endocrine - blood.

Nervous - instant/milliseconds; endocrine - delated/seconds.

Front 10

Duration of response; nervous - ; endocrine -

Amplitude vs. Frequency

Back 10

Nervous - milliseconds/seconds; endocrine - minutes/days

Amplitude - endocrine; frequency - nervous.

Front 11

3 characteristic of hormones

Back 11

1. Stability

2. Communication

3. Distribution

Front 12

water soluble bind _______ the cell

Lipid soluble bind ________ the cell.

Back 12

outside

within

Front 13

Narrow vs broad distribution

Back 13

If a hormone can only go to one specific part of the body, it has narrow distribution. Broad, can go to many,.

Front 14

Bound hormone vs. free hormone

lipid or water soluble?

Binds to what to get into the cell?

Long or short half life?

Which is more stable?

Back 14

Bound - lipid soluble

Binds to a globulin protein

Long half life.

More stable

Free - water

Binds to a membrane receptor

Shorter half life.

Front 15

2 chemical categories of hormones

Back 15

Water soluble

Lipid soluble

Front 16

Water vs lipid soluble.

Can it dissolve in blood?

Are they attached to proteins?

Examples

Back 16

Water - Can dissolve; lipid - can't

water - not attached; lipid - often attached

water - leptin; ex. steroids

Front 17

3 main patters of hormone secretion

Back 17

Accute

Chronic

Episodic

Front 18

Accute on a graph looks like -

Chronic looks like -

episodic looks like -

Back 18

- fluctuate rapidly and non episodic

- small little constant hills

- large constant hills.

Front 19

3 stimulatory influences on hormone secretion and examples

Back 19

1. Humoral stimuli; ex. insulin, calcium, sodium, potassium.

2. Hormonal stimuli; ex. ACTH/ TSH

3. Neural stimuli ; stimulatory neurotransmitter

Front 20

3 inhibitory influences on hormones secretion and examples.

Back 20

1. Humoral - Glucagon

2. Hormonal -

3. Neural - inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Front 21

2 mechanisms by which hormone levels in the blood are regulated.

Back 21

1. Positive feedback

2. Negative feedback

Front 22

How a change of receptors in the target cell influences the response of the cell to that hormone

Back 22

Down- regulation

Up-Regulation

Front 23

Down regulation -

Up - regulation -

Back 23

Decreasing the number of receptors for a hormone, which decreases the ability to respond.

Increasing the number of receptors for a hormone, which increases the ability to respond.

Front 24

2 types of hormone receptors;

lipid or water soluble?

Back 24

Nuclear receptors ; lipid- soluble

Membrane-bound receptors; water - soluble

Front 25

Nuclear receptors - bind to ____ to stimulate ______, makes _____, and passes into the ______, binds to a _________ to perform ______ ______.

Back 25

receptor, transcription, mRNA cytoplasm, ribosome, protein syntheis.

Front 26

Membrane-bound receptors bind to ___ _____ _____, which stumulates an _____, activates a ______ _______, which acts on an _______ in the cell, depending on the effect.

Back 26

G protein complex, enzyme, second messenger, enzyme

Front 27

Two ways membrane-bound receptors activate cellular responses.

Back 27

1. Alter activity of G-protiens.

2. Directly alter activity of intracellular enzymes or phosphorylates introcellular proteins.

Front 28

3 ways by which G protein activation produces an intracellular response. and examples

Back 28

1. Through the synthesis of cyclic AMP; Ex. LH and FSH

2. opening ion channels Ex. Epinephrine

3. Synthesis of DAG Ex. Epinephrine

Front 29

The activation of protein kinase

Back 29

Hormone binds to membrane receptor, activates formation of secon dmessenger, to activate protein kinase.

Front 30

Amplification does 4 things:

Back 30

1. Produces rapid responses

2. influence already existing enzymes

3. Cause a cascade effect.

4. Causes a few molecules to affect the activities of many enzymes.