Anatomy Exam 1

Front 1

What are the 4 Basic Tissue Types?

Back 1

Muscle, Connective, Nerve, Epithelium

Front 2

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR

Back 2

ABOVE AND BELOW

Front 3

CEPHALAD AND CAUDAD

Back 3

HEAD AND TAIL

Front 4

ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR

Back 4

FRONT AND BACK

Front 5

MEDIAL AND LATERAL

Back 5

MIDDLE AND OUTSIDE

Front 6

ISPILATERAL AND CONTRALATERAL

Back 6

SAME SIDE OR OPPOSITE SIDE

Front 7

PROXIMAL AND DISTAL

Back 7

NEAR ATTACHMENT OF TRUNK AND DISTANT FROM ATTACHMENT

Front 8

VENTRAL AND DORSAL

Back 8

BELLY SIDE AND BACK SIDE

Front 9

SAGITTAL PLANE

Back 9

LEFT AND RIGHT PLANES

Front 10

CORONAL PLANE

Back 10

FRONTAL PLANE (ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PLANES)

Front 11

TRANSVERSE PLANE

Back 11

SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PLANES

Front 12

TOMOGRAPHY

Back 12

cutting slices through the body

Front 13

CYTOLOGY

Back 13

the study of cells

Front 14

DIFFERENTIATION

Back 14

development of specialized structures and functions

Front 15

INCLUSIONS

Back 15

stores droplets of melanin, protien, glycogen and lipid

Front 16

NUCLEUS

Back 16

command and control center

Front 17

CHROMOSOMES

Back 17

condensed DNA

Front 18

RIBOSOMES

Back 18

protein synthesis

Front 19

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Back 19

protien processing

Front 20

GOLGI APPARATUS

Back 20

prosessing and trafficing protiens

Front 21

MICROTUBULES

Back 21

movement and support

Front 22

MICROFILAMENTS

Back 22

maintain muscle shape, aid in muslce contraction

Front 23

MITOCHONDRIA

Back 23

powershouse of cell... ATP production

Front 24

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Back 24

regulates material movement in and out of cell

Front 25

LYSOSOME

Back 25

digests materials ingested by cell

Front 26

MITOSIS

Back 26

somatic cell division

Front 27

PROPHASE

Back 27

1st phase of mitosis
p is for puffy ball of chromosomes that form in the center of the cell

Front 28

METAPHASE

Back 28

2nd phase of mitosis
m stands for middle because chromosomes align along the middle of the cell.

Front 29

ANAPHASE

Back 29

3rd phase of mitosis
a stands for apart because the sister chromatids are pulled apart.

Front 30

TELOPHASE

Back 30

4th phase of mitosis
t stands for two because two new cells begin to form as a cleavage furrow divides the cytoplasm

Front 31

Epithelia

Back 31

Covers and lines surfaces, organs, cavities, and ducts.... Everywhere!

Front 32

Connective Tissue

Back 32

Support and Storage--Immunity
Fat, Bone, and Blood

Front 33

Muscle

Back 33

Movement and Interaction with our Enviroment

Front 34

Nervous Tissue

Back 34

Coordination of body activity

Front 35

3 Layers of Germs

Back 35

Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm 8 days into gestation

Front 36

Where is Ectoderm located?

Back 36

Nervous System and Epithelia

Front 37

Where is Endoderm located?

Back 37

Epithelia

Front 38

Where is Mesoderm located?

Back 38

Epithelia, Connective Tissues, Muscles

Front 39

Def of Epithelia:

Back 39

Self- Renewing cell population

Front 40

Blood Vessels in epithelia?

Back 40

No there are no blood vessels in Epithelia... so you won't bleed on the first layer of skin!

Front 41

ECM in Epithelia?

Back 41

Little or no Extra Cellular Matrix between cells

Front 42

How is Epithelia organized?

Back 42

In continous sheets (layered or single)

Front 43

Epithelia... Polar?

Back 43

Yes, each epithelium has an apical surface and a basal surface

Front 44

Epithelia Cell Junctions?

Back 44

Secure attachments tht allow communication

Front 45

List the 4 different cell junctions in the epithelia.

Back 45

Tight- competely attaches each cell to the neighbor
Adherens- around the cell
Desmosomes/Hemidesomsomes- basement membrane
Gap Junctions- small passage way connections

Front 46

Epithelia ... Avascular?

Back 46

Avascular... nutrients delivered/ wastes removed via diffusion

Front 47

Does Epithilia have its own nerve supply?

Back 47

Yeah!

Front 48

Epithelia

Back 48

high mitotic rate

Front 49

Germ Layers for Epithelia...

Back 49

All 3 Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

Front 50

Epithelial Shapes
(Based on Apical layer)

Back 50

Squamous
Cubodial
Columnar
Transitional (in bladder)

Front 51

Epithelial Layers

Back 51

Simple(single layers)
Stratified (layered)
Pseudo-Stratified Columnar (found in lung)

Front 52

APICAL LAYER

Back 52

Free on top of the surface

Front 53

BASAL LAYER

Back 53

Bottom surface

Front 54

Squamous simple

Back 54

(scales) floor tiles
lines blood vessels
lines body cavities

Front 55

Cuboidal simple

Back 55

like bricks
secretion and absorbtion

Front 56

Columnar simple

Back 56

Secretion and absorbtion

Front 57

Statified Epithelia

Back 57

Based on the most apical layer

Front 58

Stratified Squamous

Back 58

skin and mucous membranes
for waterproofing and protection

Front 59

Startified Cubodial

Back 59

sweat glands

Front 60

Stratified Columnar

Back 60

large excretory glands

Front 61

Stratified Tansitional

Back 61

Ureters, bladder- allows distenstion and recovery

Front 62

Pseudostratified

Back 62

single layer, but appears to be stratified but all cells in contract with basement membrane
- upper respritory tract
fnx- secretion and movement of mucus
coughed out or swallowed!

Front 63

mucous

Back 63

lines the body cavity open to the exterior enviroment ex: respritory tract, mouth, anus, eyes

Front 64

serous

Back 64

lines a body cavity not directly open to the exterior

Front 65

synovial

Back 65

lines cavities of freely moveable joints

Front 66

Connective Tissues

Back 66

underneath epithilum fat, bone, cartiagle, tendon, blood
cells -- ecm

Front 67

Connective Tissues have blood supply??

Back 67

They all have a rich blood supply except cartilage and tendons

Front 68

endothelia

Back 68

same as connective tissue with no blood supply

Front 69

Cells in Connective Tissues

Back 69

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Plasma Cells
Mast Cells
Adipocytes

Front 70

Fibroblasts

Back 70

default CT cell; makes and secrets collagen; responsible for maintain of ECM

Front 71

Macrophages

Back 71

aka histiocytes
1. fixed in ECM
2. motile= phagocytosis of bacteria, cellular debris, forign objects wander in CT

Front 72

Plamsa Cells

Back 72

(immune) derived from WBC's
lives in the connective tissue of GI tract- mammary glands

Front 73

Mast Cells

Back 73

Histamine Release
Vastolidation-production/release of heparin-inhibit in blood clotting

Front 74

Adipocytes

Back 74

fat storage

Front 75

ExtraCellular Matrix (ECM)

Back 75

amorphous-active in development, remodeling, repair, and metabolism

Front 76

Hyaluronan

Back 76

hydroscopic, lubricates joints, facilitates movements of cells

Front 77

Collagen

Back 77

Repair of the body
Most abundant protein in the body (25% wet weight)
Over 14 Types
Great Tensile Strengh (doesn't fold under pressure)

Front 78

Elastin

Back 78

Found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs
Can stretch to 150% and then recoil

Front 79

Reticular Fibers

Back 79

web/net delicate
collegan + various glycoprotiens

Front 80

Skin

Back 80

the casing forming the outside surface of a structure

Front 81

3 Layers of Skin

Back 81

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous

Front 82

Epidermis

Back 82

...Stratisfied Squamous Epithielium
4 cell types:
i keritinocytes 90% (make new cells)
ii melanocytes 8% (sheild DNA from UV)
iii langerhans cells
iv Merkel cells-immune and sensory

Front 83

Dermis

Back 83

composed of connective tissue

Front 84

Subcutaneous

Back 84

composed of superfacial fascia and hypodermis

Front 85

Epidermal Layers
startum basale

Back 85

cuboid to columnar
constantly dividing

Front 86

Epidermal Layers
s. spinosum

Back 86

Hornly/Prickly
(Next 8 to 10 rows)

Front 87

Epidermal Layers
s. granulosum

Back 87

(3-5 layers cells accumulate kertain in keratohyaline granules, lamellar granulars contain lipid- responsible for waterproofing

Front 88

Epidermal Layers
s. lucidum

Back 88

3-5 rows of flattened kertainocytes nearl full of keratohyaline granules- which is only in thick skin

Front 89

Epidermal Layers
s. corneum

Back 89

25-30 rows anucleated cells composed almost entirely of cytoskeletal filaments and kertainoaline matrix-- paste to hold death cells

Front 90

Contents of the Dermis:

Back 90

Adipocytes(fat cells), fibroblasts, microphages, blood vessels cells, hair, nerves, glands.

Front 91

Layers of the Dermis
Papillary Dermis

Back 91

Papillary Dermis-- nearest to the epidermis
represents 20% of dermal thickness
characterized by dermal papillae, indentations into the epidermis contain capillary loops special sensory structures.
-Home to the blood vessels

Front 92

Reticular Dermis

Back 92

the deeper 80% of the dermis
composed of dense irregular connective tissue
collagen and elastin fibrils= strength and resiliency

Front 93

Variations of the skin

Back 93

The variations in the thickness of the reticular dermis that account for the difference in the thickness between the thickness of the skin-- heel vs. eye lids

Front 94

Functions of the Skin

largest immune and sensory organ

Back 94

1. Mechanical Protection
2.Regulation of Body Temp
3. Sensation
4. Excretion and Absorbtion
5.Immunity
6. Blood Reservior (holds 10%)
7.Vitamin D synthesis

Front 95

How does the color of the skin form?

Back 95

Due to melanocytes in epidermis

Front 96

What does the amount of melanin synthesized do?

Back 96

is the basis of basic skin pigmentation

but everyone has the same amount of melanin

Front 97

vitiligo

Back 97

genetic absense of melanocytes from areas of the skin

Front 98

Composition of Bone

Back 98

Mineral Salt- 50%
Protien- 25%
Water 25%

Front 99

Ceruminous Glands

Back 99

earwax protection

Front 100

Functions of the Bones:
Support

Back 100

site for attachments (muscles and organs)

Front 101

Functions of the Bones:
Protection

Back 101

ribs, vertebrae (internal organs) skull (brain) invovles axial skeleton

Front 102

Functions of the Bones:
Movement

Back 102

muscle contraction changes the andles between bones at joints, producing skeletal/body movement

Front 103

Functions of the Bones:
Mineral Storage/Release

Back 103

Ca2, P, Mg2

Front 104

Functions of the Bones:
Blood Cell Production

Back 104

Hematopoiesis
takes place in bone marrow

Front 105

Functions of the Bones:
Energy Storage

Back 105

in fat cells of bone marrow

Front 106

Osteoprogenitor

Back 106

Bone cell
capable of division
found in cells of periosteum and endosteum

Front 107

Osteoblast

Back 107

Bone cell
differentiatd cells that produce new bone matrix (start to lay down bone-- do not divide)
Continuously add matrix

Front 108

Osteocytes

Back 108

Bone cell
an osteoblast "trapped" in its own matrix
maintenance and mineralization of bone

Front 109

Osteoclasts

Back 109

Bone cell
bone reabsorbtion and remodeling
responds to hormones that regulate blood Ca2 levels
Continuously remove matrix

Front 110

Periosteum

Back 110

(Bone) fibrous outer layer+ osteogenic inner layer (like shrink wrap)
-site of ostroprogenitor cells which are deep in the skin!

Front 111

Epiphysis

Back 111

site of bone to bone connections (enlarged to strenghthen joint)

Front 112

Diaphysis

Back 112

(shaft) the length of the bone

Front 113

Metaphysis

Back 113

(Epiphyseal plate) site of new bone growth

Front 114

Medullary (marrow) cavity

Back 114

site of hematopoiesis and fat storage
(hollow site in the shaft of the

Front 115

Endosteum

Back 115

innermost lining of bone- contains ostroblasts and osteoclasts

Front 116

Compact Bones

Back 116

external layers of all bones.. esp shaft of long bones
solid and dense

Front 117

Compact Bones
Organization??

Back 117

Stuctural Unit: Osteon(Haversian System)

Front 118

Haversian Canal

Back 118

Lies within the osteon and runs parallel to it; traveling within the canal are the blood vessels, nerves, lynph vessels, which are supplied to the bone

Front 119

Concentric Lamella

Back 119

Mineralized matrix in concentic rings look like small plates that surround the osteon

Front 120

Interstitial Lamella

Back 120

Areas between osteons represent older, partially "remodeled" osteons, They have been partially reabosbed and do not have a cental canal

Front 121

Lacunae

Back 121

Spaces that house an osteocyte and are connected by canalicuil

Front 122

What are Canaliculi?

Back 122

connect the lacunae and permit passage of O2 and CO2, wastes and nutrients

Front 123

Volkmann's Canal
aka perforating canals

Back 123

(perp to bones long axis) allow entry of blood vessels/nerves into interior of bone

Front 124

Spongy Bone: Cancellous

Back 124

Pericentral region of most long bones and short flat and irregular shaped bones ei- sternum, clavicle, carpals