Anatomy Exam 1

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anatomy

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scientific discipline investigation of body structure, and how the structure of the body part relates to its function.

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cytology

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study of cells

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histology

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study of tissues and its surroundings

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gross anatomy

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study of the structures that can be seen with the naked eye

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systemic anatomy

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study of anatomy looking at the different systems

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regional anatomy

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study of anatomy region by region

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surface anatomy

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study of the external form of the body, and how it relates to the deeper elements

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palpate

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to be felt, used by doctors

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anatomical imaging

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uses medical technology to study internal structures

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anatomical anomalies

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deviations from the normal pattern, might or might not be severe

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physiology

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the study of the functions of living things, as well as the processes they undergo. Its used to predict the body's response to stimuli and the maintenance of homeostasis

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cell physiology

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processes within the cells

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systemic physiology

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studies of the functions of the organ system

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neurophysiology

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study of the function of the nervous system

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cardiovascular physiology

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function of the cardiovascular system

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pathology

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study of disease, emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions and structure and function changes caused by disease

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exercise physiology

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changes in structure and function due to exercise

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organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

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six characteristics of life

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organization

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the interrelationship between parts of an organism, made up of cells working together

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metabolism

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chemical reactions taking place within an organism, synthesis and decomposition

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responsiveness

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sense changes in external and internal environment, to escape from danger, go to food, and maintain a stable internal environment

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growth

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increase in size or number of cells, enlarging the organism

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development

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changes an organism undergoes over time, starting with fertilization and ending in death

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differentiation

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change in cell structure and function from general to specific (part of development)

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morphogenesis

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change in shape of tissues, organs, and entire organism (part of development)

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reproduction

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formation of new cells or organisms

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variables -> set point -> normal range

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(blank) of the internal environment vary about a (blank) called the (blank)

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negative feedback control mechanism

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resists changes in the body

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receptor (blood vessel); pathway to transmit; control center (brain); pathway to transmit; effector (heart)

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components of NFCM

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nerve transfer action potentials, circulatory shock, childbirth, anaphylaxis

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examples of PFCM

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circulatory shock

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blood leaves, bp lowers, heart is deprived of blog, leads to even less bp, blood flow goes to the brain

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anaphylaxis

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b/c of allergy, severe bronchoconstriction, unable to breath

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pleural cavities

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Right and Left areas containing lungs, on either side of the mediastinum

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mediastinum

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the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus

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sacral and pelvic plane

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lower limit of the abdominal cavity

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diaphragm

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upper limit of the abdominal cavity

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serous membrane

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a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body

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parietal

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describing serous membranes that line the cavity wall

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visceral

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describing serous membranes that line the organs

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pericardium

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membrane surrounding heart

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pleura

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membrane surrounding the lungs

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peritoneum

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membrane surrounding abdominopelvic organs

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heart, thymus, aorta, esophagus, and trachea

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what's in the mediastinum

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atoms -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism

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structure of organism from most basic to most complex

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cell biology

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study of cells in the research setting

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oxygen

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most of in the body by weight

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H, C, N, O

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elements occur most frequently (over 96% by weight)

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electrolytes

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cations or anions dissolved in water (make water conducive to electricity)

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nonelectrolytes

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molecules that do not dissociate in water, do not conduct electricity

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synthesis reaction

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chemical reaction that takes molecule from simple to complex (anabolic)

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decomposition reaction

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chemical reaction that takes molecules from complex to simple (catabolic)

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dehydration reaction

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a synthesis reaction in which water is created

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hydrolysis

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splitting of water, usually occurs during a decomposition reaction

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carbonic acid

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H2CO3

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bicarbonate ion

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HCO3(-)

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glucose (PE) -> chem energy -> mechanical energy -> objects with PE -> rolls off

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muscle contraction energy phases

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chemical energy

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potential energy stored in the bonds of the substance

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increase temperature, increase concentration of reactants, catalysts

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3 ways to increase speed of chemical reactions

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enzymes

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protein catalysts

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ribozymes

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RNA catalysts

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lower activation energy

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catalysts speed up reactions by doing this

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stabilize body temperature, protection (tears=lubricant, protection from friction), chemical reactions, mixing medium

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functions of water

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adhesion, cohesion

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properties of water from hydrogen bonds

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colloid

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dispersed particles larger than molecules in solution

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suspension

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mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless blended together

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osmolality

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moles of particles per 1 kg of solution, accounts for dissociation

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weak

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an acid or base that only partially dissociates

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strong

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completely dissociates

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acid

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donate H+

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base

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accept H+

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salt

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dissociates, but does not change pH

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buffer

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resists change in pH

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conjugate acid-base pair

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H2CO3 and HCO3 are this

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structure, energy

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functions of carbs

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protection (pads organs), insulation, regulation (steroids), vitamins, structure (plasma membrane), energy

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functions of lipids

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eicosanoids

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derived from fatty acids

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CH2

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lipids contain of lot of these

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22

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number of Amino Acids?

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regulation (hormone), transport (cell membrane), protection (antibodies), contraction (actin and myosin), structure (keratin and collagen), energy (decomposed, like carbs)

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function of proteins

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domain

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tertiary shape determines the shape of this

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cytosine, thymine, uracil

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the pyrimidines

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guanine, adenine

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the purines

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cell metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules, communication, reproduction and inheritance

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functions of the cell

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glycocalyx

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sugar fused with proteins or lipids, providing protection for the cell

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amphipatic

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containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, all membrane lipids are these as well as integral proteins

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cholesterol, phospholipid

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the two membrane lipids

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cellular markers, attachment protein, transport protein, receptor proteins, enzymes

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functions of membrane proteins

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glycoprotein, glycolipid

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responsible for cellular marking

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sperm cell recognizing oocyte, immune system ability to distinguish between own cells and others, intercellular communication

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examples cellular markers in action

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cadherin

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allow cell-to-cell attachments

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integrin

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attaches cell to extracellular membrane

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channel protein

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aqueous cylindrical proteins, hydrophilic on the inside hydrophobic on the outside, allow ions and molecules of the right size, charge, and shape to pass through

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porin

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nonspecific channel

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aquaporin

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ion channel for water

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nongated ion channel, leak ion channel

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channels that are always open

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gated ion channel

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channel which open and close dependent on response

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ligand-gated ion channel

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dependent on chemical substance, opens and closes

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voltage-gated ion channel

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dependent on voltage, opens and closes

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carrier proteins, transporters

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specific, changes shape to move molecules or ions across

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uniporter

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carrier protein that moves only one substance in (one direction?)

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antiporter

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carrier protein that moves two different substances in opposite directions

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symporter

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movement of two different substances in the same direction

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alpha

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the protein attached to GDP (when inactive, aka when not attached to receptor protein with a chemical attached to it) and GTP (when active, which it gets after attaching to protein). This is then leaves the G Protein Complex, leaving poor gamma and beta by themselves, who knows what happens to them. But this guy triggers other responses in the cell membrane

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gamma

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subunit of G protein which attaches to receptor protein

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G-protein linked receptor

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the receptor system

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epithelial cells of small intestine

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example of membrane enzymes

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thermal energy

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source of energy from diffusion

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concentration gradient, viscosity, temperature, size of the molecules

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rate of diffusion determined by

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osmotic pressure

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pressure required to prevent osmosis from occurring

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crenation

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when the cell shrivels, occurs in hypertonic/hyperosmotic solutions

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lysis

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when the cell bursts, occurs in hypotonic/hyposmotic

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facilitated diffusion

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a type of mediated diffusion in which no ATP is used, carrier protein or channel protein is used

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saturation, specificity, competition

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three characteristics of mediated transport

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ATP-Powered Pump

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Na(+)-K(+) is a type of this

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secondary active transport

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use Na(+) gradient to carry another substance into (symport = same direction as Na) or out of (antiport = different direction) of cell

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endocytosis

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substance goes into cell through vesicle

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phagocytosis

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material going to cell in solid

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pinocytosis

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material going into cell in dissolved

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receptor-mediated endocytosis

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material going into cell has attached to specific receptors

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familial hypercholesterolemia

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increased LDL cholesterol in the blood, leading to atherosclerosis, genetic

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exocytosis

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material leaving the cell through vesicles

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130-200 mg / 100 mL blood serum

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normal blood serum cholesterol level

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250-500 mg / 100 mL blood serum

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elevated blood serum cholesterol level

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650-1000 mg / 100 mL blood serum

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grossly elevated blood serum cholesterol level