Anatomy Exam 1

Front 1

what is anatomy

Back 1

study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Front 2

what is physiology

Back 2

the study of the function of body parts.

Front 3

what is gross anatomy

Back 3

study of large body structure visible to the naked eye

Front 4

what is microscopic anatomy

Back 4

study of structures with the ad of a microscope (ex. cells)

Front 5

what are the subdivision of microscopic anatomy?

Back 5

cytology and histology

Front 6

what is cytology

Back 6

the study of the cells of body

Front 7

what is histology

Back 7

the study of the tissue of the body

Front 8

what is developmental anatomy

Back 8

the study of the strcutural changes which occur from conception to old age

Front 9

what is embryology

Back 9

the study of developmental changes the first eight weeks of development

Front 10

what are the different ways anatomy can be studied?

Back 10

systemically, regionally, observing the surface of the body and by using anatomic imaging.

Front 11

what is systemic anatomy

Back 11

the study of structures of the body system by system

Front 12

what is regional anatomy

Back 12

studying the structures region by region

Front 13

what is surface anatomy

Back 13

studying the external surface of the body and its relation to deeper structures

Front 14

what is anatomic imaging

Back 14

using x rays, ultrasound, MRIs and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

Front 15

what are the six levels of organization in the body

Back 15

chemical, cell, tissue organ, organ system, organism

Front 16

what is the chemical level

Back 16

it is the simplest level and is composed of atoms and molecules.

*molecules combine and form cells

Front 17

what is the cell level

Back 17

made up of cells and similar cells join together to form tissues

Front 18

what is the tissue level

Back 18

groups of similar cells that have a common function.

Front 19

what are the four types of tissue

Back 19

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Front 20

what is epithelial tissue?

Back 20

only tissue you see that coves the body surface, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts and forms glands.

Front 21

what are the different ways epithelial tissue is classified?

Back 21

by the number of cell layers
and
by the shape of superficial cells

Front 22

what is muscle tissue?

Back 22

muscle tissue is responsible for movement

Front 23

what are the different ways epithelial tissue is classified?

Back 23

by the number of cell layers
and
by the shape of superficial cells

Front 24

what is muscle tissue?

Back 24

muscle tissue is responsible for movement

Front 25

what are monosaccharides

Back 25

simple sugars that have carbons ranging from 3 to 9 carbons
(monomers of carbohydrates

Front 26

what are the main monosaccharides

Back 26

glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose,ribose

(simple sugar)

Front 27

what is a disaccharide

Back 27

pairs of monosaccharides linked together

(simple sugar)

Front 28

what are the most common disaccharides

Back 28

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Front 29

what is maltose

Back 29

two glucose molecules linked together

Front 30

what is sucrose

Back 30

glucose and fructose linked together

Front 31

what is lactose

Back 31

glucose and galactose linked together

Front 32

what is a polysaccharide?

Back 32

many monosaccharides linked together
(complex)

Front 33

what are the most common polysaccharides

Back 33

starch, glycogen, and fiber

Front 34

what is starch

Back 34

storage from glucose in PLANTS

Front 35

what is glycogen

Back 35

storage form of glucose in the BODY

Front 36

what is fiber

Back 36

Indigestible carbohydrates and can be in water soluble or water insoluble forms

Front 37

Lipids are primarily composed of what?

Back 37

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

Front 38

what are the main functions of lipids

Back 38

source of energy
vital constituent of cell membranes
regulation of many physiological processes
protection (surround organs) and insulation
and general homeostasis

Front 39

what is a triglyceride/triglycerol

Back 39

a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acid molecules

Front 40

what is a fatty acid

Back 40

a monomer of lipids

Front 41

what does saturated mean

Back 41

solely single bonds between carbons

Front 42

what does unsaturated mean

Back 42

one or more double bonds

Front 43

what does monounsaturated mean

Back 43

one double bond

Front 44

what does polyunsaturated mean

Back 44

more than one double bond

Front 45

what is a phospholipid composed of

Back 45

glycerol molecule + two fatty acids + phosphate molecule

Front 46

why are phospholipids important?

Back 46

they constituent of cell membranes and are a component of surfactant in lungs

Front 47

Why is cholestrol important

Back 47

its a constituent of the plasma membrane of cells, used to make steroids and one gram produced per day in the liver

Front 48

why are steroids important

Back 48

they are derived from cholesterol, composed of four separated carbon rings.

Front 49

What are ketones derived from

Back 49

fatty acids (acidic, decrease pH of blood)

Front 50

what is ketogenesis?

Back 50

the production of ketones

*excess production of ketones leads to ketosis

Front 51

what are the functions of ketones

Back 51

can be used as a source of energy, conserves glucose and protein, used by brain and skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles

Front 52

excessive and prolonged production of ketones leads to what?

Back 52

ketoacidosis

Front 53

what is a eicosanoids?

Back 53

chemicals derived from fatty acids

Front 54

Prostaglandins

Back 54

found & produced in nearly all tissues and have psychological effects in the body

Front 55

Thromboxanes (opposite of prostacyclins)

Back 55

Produced primarily by platelets facilitate the clumping of platelets and constrict blood vessels

Front 56

prostacyclins (opposite of thromboxanes)

Back 56

produced primarily by endothelial cells prevents the clumping of platelets and dilate blood vessels

Front 57

leukotrienes

Back 57

produced primarily by leukocytes and mast cells
constrict airways (can be involved with asthma) sustain inflammatory reactions (can be involved with allergies)

Front 58

proteins are primarily composed of what?

Back 58

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and most contain sulfur

Front 59

what is the function of proteins

Back 59

structure for cells and tissues
regulation (enzymes/hormones)
transport (hemoglobin, plasma proteins, membrane transporters)
immunity(antibodies and complement system)
general homeostasis

Front 60

peptide (how many amino acids)

Back 60

2-10 amino acid proteins

Front 61

polypeptide (how many amino acids)

Back 61

11-50 amino acid protein

Front 62

protein (how many amino acids)

Back 62

>50 amino acids

Front 63

what are the four levels of protein structure?

Back 63

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Front 64

what is primary structure?

Back 64

amino acid sequence (from 50 to over 50000)