Anatomy Exam #1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the structure of the body. [ana (apart) -tomy (to cut)]

Front 2

systemic

Back 2

the approach we use to study anatomy- system by system

Front 3

regional

Back 3

another approach to study anatomy- one specific area (region) at a time

Front 4

standard anatomical position (4 criteria)

Back 4

1. standing erect
2. facing the observer
3. arms at sides
4. palms facing forward

Front 5

anterior/ventral

Back 5

front

Front 6

posterior/dorsal

Back 6

back

Front 7

medial

Back 7

toward midline

Front 8

lateral

Back 8

away from midline

Front 9

superior

Back 9

above

Front 10

inferior

Back 10

below

Front 11

proximal

Back 11

toward trunk

Front 12

distal

Back 12

distant from trunk

Front 13

internal

Back 13

inside

Front 14

external

Back 14

outside

Front 15

parietal

Back 15

toward "wall" of cavity

Front 16

visceral

Back 16

toward inside of cavity

Front 17

superficial

Back 17

toward surface

Front 18

deep

Back 18

far interior

Front 19

immediately

Back 19

very next (i.e. "immediately deep")

Front 20

plane

Back 20

broad, flat surface

Front 21

sagittal plane

Back 21

runs vertically, from anterior to posterior; splits body in left and right halves

Front 22

frontal (coronal) plane

Back 22

runs vertically, from side to side; splits body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)

Front 23

transverse (cross) plane

Back 23

runs horizontally; "slices" body

Front 24

mid-sagittal (median) plane

Back 24

runs vertically along midline; there can be only one

Front 25

bilateral symmetry

Back 25

the body can be divided into identical right and left sides

Front 26

body walls (paries)

Back 26

surround cavities

Front 27

cranial cavity

Back 27

holds brain

Front 28

spinal cavity

Back 28

holds spine

Front 29

thoracic cavity

Back 29

chest (thorax); protected by ribs

Front 30

pleural cavities

Back 30

lateral divisions of thoracic cavity; hold lungs

Front 31

mediastinal cavity

Back 31

"middle space"; medial division of thoracic cavity

Front 32

pericardial cavity

Back 32

within mediastinum; holds heart

Front 33

abdominal-pelvic cavity

Back 33

inferior to diaphragm

Front 34

diaphragm

Back 34

most important muscle for breathing; divides thoracic and abdominal-pelvic cavities

Front 35

cervix

Back 35

neck (or "constriction")

Front 36

face

Back 36

anterior portion of the head

Front 37

cranium

Back 37

brain case

Front 38

skull

Back 38

cranium + face bones

Front 39

head

Back 39

skull + flesh

Front 40

trunk

Back 40

torso; 3 parts

Front 41

thorax

Back 41

above diaphragm

Front 42

abdomen

Back 42

between diaphragm and top of hip bones

Front 43

pelvis

Back 43

below top of hips

Front 44

pectoral girdle

Back 44

incomplete ring made up of scapula and clavicle

Front 45

brachium

Back 45

arm (proximal portion of upper extremity)

Front 46

antebrachium

Back 46

forearm

Front 47

carpus

Back 47

wrist

Front 48

metacarpus

Back 48

hand minus digits (palm-area)

Front 49

pollex

Back 49

thumb

Front 50

pelvic girdle

Back 50

incomplete circle formed by hip bones

Front 51

femoral region

Back 51

thigh

Front 52

crus

Back 52

leg (distal portion of lower extremity)

Front 53

tarsus

Back 53

ankle

Front 54

metatarsus

Back 54

foot minus digits

Front 55

hallux

Back 55

big toe

Front 56

digits

Back 56

fingers and toes

Front 57

cell

Back 57

a cubed mass of living matter

Front 58

tissue

Back 58

groups of similar cells working together to perform a function

Front 59

epithelial tissue

Back 59

lining (3 types)

Front 60

squamous

Back 60

flat, scale-like

Front 61

cuboidal

Back 61

cube-shaped

Front 62

columnar

Back 62

long, hair-like

Front 63

simple (epithelial cells)

Back 63

single layer (of epithelial cells)

Front 64

stratified

Back 64

layered

Front 65

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

Back 65

falsely-layered, hair-covered, long lining cells [hyphen and spaces added for reference only]

Front 66

connective tissue

Back 66

connects; i.e. collagen, elastin (proteins)

Front 67

muscular tissue

Back 67

long, can contract

Front 68

nervous tissue

Back 68

coordinates activities; neurones

Front 69

organ

Back 69

groups of similar tissues working together to perform a function

Front 70

system

Back 70

groups of similar organs working together to perform a function

Front 71

organism

Back 71

group of similar organ systems working together to perform a function

Front 72

linear guide

Back 72

an imaginary line drawn on the surface to denote deeper-lying structures

Front 73

anatomical guide

Back 73

the location of a structure in relation to other structures

Front 74

anatomical limits

Back 74

the origin and termination points of a structure in relation to other structures

Front 75

anterior cervical triangle: boundaries

Back 75

superior: inferior border of mandible
lateral: sternocleidomastoid muscle
medial: midline of neck

Front 76

anterior cervical triangle: contents

Back 76

lateral to medial, superficial to deep:
external jugular vein
internal jugular Vein
vegus Nerve
common carotid Artery

Front 77

axilla

Back 77

hollow of the armpit; shaped like a pyramid

Front 78

axilla: major contents

Back 78

brachial plexus (network of nerves)
axillary vein
axillary artery (deep and medial to vein)

Front 79

femoral (Scarpa's) triangle: boundaries

Back 79

superior: inguinal (Poupart's) ligament
lateral: sartorius (Tailor's) muscle
medial: abductor longus muscle

Front 80

femoral (Scarpa's) triangle: contents

Back 80

femoral Nerve
femoral Artery
femoral Vein
Empty space
Ligament

Front 81

integumentary system

Back 81

skin and derivatives

Front 82

skin slip

Back 82

a sign of decomposition; gases push liquids toward surface, separating the 2 layers of skin

Front 83

epidermis

Back 83

paper-thin superficial layer of skin

Front 84

dermis

Back 84

thick layer of skin; deep to epidermis

Front 85

derivatives

Back 85

outgrowths of epidermis; hair, nails

Front 86

keratin

Back 86

tough, callus-type material; makes us waterproof; nails are pure keratin

Front 87

sebum

Back 87

oil, secreted from sebaceous glands; lubricates hair

Front 88

sudor

Back 88

sweat, secreted from sudoriferous glands; keeps us cool

Front 89

osteology

Back 89

the study of bones

Front 90

osteocytes

Back 90

bone cells

Front 91

bones: contents (2 parts)

Back 91

tough calcium salts (as a matrix),
osteocytes (flexible, rubbery);
young bones are mostly cells, elderly are mostly matrix

Front 92

bones: function

Back 92

structure and support

Front 93

bones: number

Back 93

206 classified (named)

Front 94

sesamoid bones

Back 94

unclassified, strengthen tendons

Front 95

sutural (wormian) bones

Back 95

unclassified; strengthen the "sutures" connecting skull parts

Front 96

axial skeleton

Back 96

bones on the midline (80); skull (22 + 6 ear ossicles), hyoid, vertebrae (26), sternum, costae (ribs) (24)

Front 97

appendicular skeleton

Back 97

"appendages" (extremities) and attachments; begin at pelvic and pectoral girdles

Front 98

ossicles

Back 98

"little bones"; 3 per ear: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (saddle)

Front 99

hyoid

Back 99

"U-form"; suspended in neck at base of tongue; only bone that does not articulate (attach) to any other bone

Front 100

sternum

Back 100

breastbone

Front 101

costae

Back 101

ribs; connected by costal cartilage; "intercostal" means "inside ribcage"

Front 102

skeleton

Back 102

the boney framework of the body

Front 103

skull

Back 103

boney framework of the head

Front 104

frontal bone

Back 104

gives support to the forehead

Front 105

supraorbital margin

Back 105

superior edge of the orbit (eye socket)

Front 106

superciliary arches

Back 106

elevations where eyebrows grow

Front 107

glabella

Back 107

elevation on midline; medial to superciliary arches; pronounced on feminine faces

Front 108

frontal eminences

Back 108

large, rounded elevations above superciliary arches; pronounced on masculine faces

Front 109

sinus

Back 109

"space"; honeycomb air cells lined with mucus membrane

Front 110

frontal sinus

Back 110

hollow spaces inside the frontal bone

Front 111

parietal bones

Back 111

top and part of sides of cranium; "paries" means "wall"

Front 112

occipital bone

Back 112

back and part of base of cranium; attaches to C1 (Atlas)

Front 113

occipital cordyles

Back 113

large, round processes that attach to C1

Front 114

foramen magnum

Back 114

large hole for spinal column; "foramen" means "hole"

Front 115

external occipital protuberence

Back 115

"bump" on occipital bone

Front 116

temporal bones

Back 116

sides of skull; thin; "temporal" means "time"

Front 117

squamous portion (of temporal)

Back 117

upper flared portion of temporal bone; very thin; prone to temporal fracture (bleeds into ears)

Front 118

petrous temporal

Back 118

contains middle ear and ossicles; very hard; "petrous" means "stone"

Front 119

carotid canal

Back 119

houses internal carotid artery

Front 120

mastoid process

Back 120

inferior attachment to temporal bone; hollow; "breast-form"

Front 121

mandibular fossa

Back 121

socket for TMJ; "fossa" means "depression"

Front 122

TMJ

Back 122

temporal mandibular joint

Front 123

external auditory meatus

Back 123

ear canal; "meatus" means "enlongated opening"

Front 124

zygomatic arch

Back 124

cheekbone; forms uniquely from three centers of ossification; 3 parts, anterior to posterior:
zygomatic bone,
temporal process of zygomatic,
zygomatic process of temporal

Front 125

sphenoid bone

Back 125

"wedge-form"; bat-shaped; 'wedged" into floor of cranial vault

Front 126

sella turcica

Back 126

"turkish saddle"; depression in sphenoid (body of the "bat"); houses pituitary gland

Front 127

sphenoidal sinuses

Back 127

honeycomb air cells in sphenoid

Front 128

ethmoid

Back 128

"sieve-form"

Front 129

cribriform plate

Back 129

crib-shaped; very weak

Front 130

crista galli

Back 130

"rooster's comb"; midline projection; divides brain in half

Front 131

perpendicular plate

Back 131

divides nasal cavity along midline; forms septum

Front 132

ethmoidal sinus

Back 132

honeycomb air cells in ethmoid

Front 133

calvaria

Back 133

skull cap; top portion of skull, removed in autopsy

Front 134

orbit

Back 134

eye socket; 4 sides, 3 bones

Front 135

facial bones: number

Back 135

14

Front 136

nasal bones

Back 136

support bridge of nose (2)

Front 137

lacrimal (tear) bones

Back 137

contain an opening into the nose to drain tears (2)

Front 138

zygomatic bones

Back 138

front portion of cheekbones (zygomatic arches) (2)

Front 139

maxilla

Back 139

upper jaw

Front 140

pallatine processes

Back 140

anterior parts of hard palate (2)

Front 141

pallatine bones

Back 141

posterior portion of hard palate (2)

Front 142

aveolar processes

Back 142

tooth sockets; found in both jaws

Front 143

maxillary sinus

Back 143

largest perinasal sinus

Front 144

vomer

Back 144

"plow-shape"; midline of nasal cavity; locks perpendicular plate in place

Front 145

inferior nasal concha

Back 145

warm air to prevent disease; "conchae" means "shells"

Front 146

mandible

Back 146

lower jaw

Front 147

body (of mandible)

Back 147

thick, U-shaped portion; contains aveolar processes

Front 148

mental protuberance

Back 148

most anterior point of chin

Front 149

ramus (of mandible)

Back 149

superior parts of mandible; "ram" into TMJ

Front 150

angle (of mandible)

Back 150

corner of jaw; between body and ramus

Front 151

cervical vertebrae: location

Back 151

neck

Front 152

cervical vertebrae: number

Back 152

7

Front 153

atlas

Back 153

C1 (first cervical vertebra)

Front 154

axis

Back 154

C2 (second cervical vertebra)

Front 155

thoracic vertebrae: location

Back 155

chest

Front 156

thoracic vertebrae: number

Back 156

12

Front 157

lumbar vertebrae: location

Back 157

"loin" area

Front 158

lumbar vertebrae: number

Back 158

5

Front 159

the largest moveable vertebrae are found in the __________ region.

Back 159

lumbar

Front 160

sacrum

Back 160

second most inferior vertebra; 5 pieces fused

Front 161

coccyx

Back 161

tailbone; most inferior vertebra; 4 pieces fused