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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microtubules
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Cilia and Flagella, aid in movement
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Microfilaments
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made of actin, Amoeboid movement
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Intermediate Filaments
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Resists Pulling (high tensile strength)
Permanent, Stable Ex: keratin |
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Tight Junctions
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Sheet Connecting 2 Cells
Control Diffusion, prevent molecules from passing btw cells of epithelial tissue. ex: digestive track cells |
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Desmosomes
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intermediate filaments connect
main type of junction ex: cardiac muscle tissue, epithelial tissue; common in tissues that experience great mechanical stress |
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Gap Junctions
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Communication btw neighboring cells
tube that connects ex: smooth and cardiac muscle- contraction in sync |
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Epithelium
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Covers or lines body cavities or forms glands
Avascular, Innervated, Apical/Basal, Basement Membrane, Regenerates quickly |
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Epithelium Functions
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Absorption/Secretion
Diffusion/Filtration Propulsion Sliding Protection Sensory Reception |
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Simple Squamous
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THIN
lines alveoli, filtration in kidney, heart and blood vessels, body cavities NO SURFACE PROJECTIONS |
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Simple Cuboidal
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Salivary Glands,
Kidney Tubules, Pancreas, Lining of Ovaries |
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Simple Columnar
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nonciliated
lines most of digestive track ciliated- lines small bronchi- rid of debris can have microvilli goblet Cells SECRETE MUCUS |
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Psuedostratified Columnar
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ciliated- lines trachea and upper respiratory tract
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Stratified Squamous
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Thickest
protection against mechanical forces keratinized in skin nonkeratinized in ends of digestive/reprod. tracts |
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Stratified Cuboidal
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Rare
lgst ducts of salivary, sweat and mammary glands |
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Stratified Columnar
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Very Rare
Some in urethra Lgst ducts of glands |
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Transitional
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Apical cells change shape when stretched
urinary bladder |
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Exocrine Glands
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Secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities:
Mucous Secretion:thick, viscous Serous Secretion: thin, watery |
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Endocrine Glands
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Secrete products into blood:
products=hormones, effects specific organs come from epithelia or other tissues |
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Connective Tissue
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Few Cells
Lots of XtraCell Matrix-ground substance, fibers Vascularized (minus cartilage) |
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Types of Fibers
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Collagen
Reticular Elastic |
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Collagen Fibers
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fibril=group of collagen molecules
fiber= group of fibrils RESISTS TENSION |
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Reticular Fibers
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Made of collagen fibrils
form delicate networks with lots of spaces allows smooth gliding/deformation used at boundaries of tissue |
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Elastic Fibers
properties |
protein- elastin
coils at rest molecules cross linked to form fiber elastic- recoils to original shape |
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Ground Substance of Connective Tissue Matrix
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Made of Glycosaminoglycans- a polysaccharide with nitrogen
proteoglycans- protein with ^ attached Interstitial Fluid +more |
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Connective Tissue Categories
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Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage Bone tissue Blood |
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Types of CT Proper
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Loose Connective Tissue- fewer fibers
Dense Connective Tissue-collagen fibers Main cells are fibroblasts |
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Loose Connective Tissue Types
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Areolar
Adipose Reticular |
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Areolar CT-
functions? Fiber types? |
Gel-like Matrix, lots of tissue fluid
Adjoins almost all epithelia All 3 fiber types defense cells fight infections fat cells store energy |
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Adipose CT
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Mainly Fat Cells
IN HYPODERMIS Visceral Fat around internal organs E storage, protection, insulation |
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Reticular CT
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only reticular fibers
exclusively in lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes) used by defense cells |
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Dense CT Types
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Dense Regular CT
Dense Irregular CT Elastic CT |
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Dense Regular CT
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all collagen fibers run in 1 direction-
resists tension in 1 direction In Tendons and Ligaments Fascia |
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Dense Irregular CT
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>collagen fibers than areolar
fibers orientated diff directions resists tension diff directions dermis, fibrous capsules of organs/joints |
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Elastic CT
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Most Elastic fibers, some collagen fibers
able to recoil in bronchial tubes, artery walls, intervertebral ligaments |
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Characteristics of Cartilage
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Ground Substance mostly H2O
Charged GAGs hold/attract H2O thin collagen fibrils FLEXIBLE RESILIENT AVASCULAR NOT INNERVATED |
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Cartilage Cells
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Chondroblasts become chondrocytes when surrounded by matrix
Surrounded by perichondrium, functions in growth and repair |
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Types of Cartilage
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Hyaline
Elastic Fibrocartilage |
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Hyaline Cartilage
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most common
network thin collagen fibrils flexible & resilient Found in Trachea, Costal Cartilages, ends of bones in joints(covering), developing and growing bones |
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Elastic Cartilage
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Elastic Fibers
Thin Collagen Fibrils More flexible and elastic than hyaline tolerates repeated bending External Ear, Epiglottis |
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Fibrocartilage
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thin collagen fibrils with alternating thick collagen fibrils
flexible, resilient, greater resistance to tension Intervertebral discs, meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis |
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Bone
Made of? characteristics? Cell types? |
Lots of collagen fibers
Ground substance=calcium salts NOT RESILIENT OR FLEXIBLE resists compression osteoblasts become osteocytes when surrounded by matrix |
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Blood-
Why a CT |
Lg amt of Xcell Matrix=plasma
develops from mesenchyme |
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Types of Body Cavities
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Open to the outside world= respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary
Closed Body Cavities- Dorsal and Ventral |
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Composition and Function of Membranes
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Epithelium and CT
Functions in :Protection, exchange, sensation, partitioning, lubrication |
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Types of Membranes
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Mucous
Serous Cutaneous |
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Mucous Membrane
description layers |
Lines inside of body cavities that connect to outside world
produces mucus/enzymes by secretion Layers S to D Epithelium Lamina Propria (CT) |
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Serous Membrane
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Simple Squamous
Produces watery fluid mainly by filtration Lines outer surface visceral organs Not continuous with outside world Layers S to D: CT, Mesothelium(epithelium), Cavity, mesothelium, CT Visceral Serosa deep to parietal serosa |
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Cutaneous Membrane
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The SKIN
directly exposed to the outside world produces some watery fluids by secretion Layers S to D Dermis(CT), Epidermis (epithelium) |
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Epidermis- cell types and layers
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keratinized simple squamous
layers S to D: stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum germanitivum(basale) |
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Stratum Basale
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actively dividing layer
basement membrane lies along its surface |
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Stratum Spinosum
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have intermediate filaments called pre-keratin
named for spiny appearance after death held together by desmosomes |
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Stratum Granulosum-
Makes? |
Makes keratin for protection
Glycolipid for waterproofing |
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Stratum Lucidum
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Only in thick skin
dead cells |
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Stratum Corneum
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Outermost layer
dead cells highly keratinized |
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Other Cell Types Epidermis
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Melanocytes- produce pigment in basale layer
Tactile epithelial cells in basale layer Dendritic Cells in spinosum=immune cells |
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Dermis Layers
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Papillary
Reticular Mainly CT Blood Vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, glands and hair follicles in dermis |
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Papillary Layer
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Areolar CT
blister- separation of dermis and epidermis by fluid that comes from the dermis |
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Reticular Layer
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Dense irregular CT
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Hypodermis
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Deep to dermis
not part of the skin adipose and areolar CT for insulation, cushion, E storage |
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Parts of Hair
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Hair Follicle- whole part in epidermis and dermis
bulb- deepest part root=beneath skin shaft=beyond skin Color=from melanocytes at base of follicle curliness= cross sectional shape |
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Types of Glands
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Sebaceous
Sudoriferous |
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Sebaceous Glands
Produce? Asso. w? |
Secrete oil, antibiotic, associated w hair follicles
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Sudoriferous Glands
Produce? Types? |
SWEAT
Eccrine- over most of skin- not ass. with hair follicles Apocrine- armpit region, associated w hair follicles |
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Burns- Consequences and Treatment
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Loss of H2O and ions and infection
autographs- from patients boyd artificial skin |
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Functions of Bones
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Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Blood Cell Formation, E Storage
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Structure of Long Bone
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Diaphysis=shaft
Epiphyses=ends Epiphyseal Line= remnant of bone elongation Periosteum= dense irregular CT Medullary Cavity- red/yellow bone marrow Endosteum-remodeling interior blood vessels- HIGHLY VASCULARIZED |
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Functions of Periosteum
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Resists Tension
Growth Attachments Articular Cartilage on epiphyses- HYALINE |
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Spongy vs Compact Bone
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Spongy in inner regions, compact in outer
spongy bone has trabeculae |
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Cell Types in Bone
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Osteoblasts- bone building cells- secrete osteoid.
Osteoclasts- bone dissolving cells- LRG Osteocytes- mature osteoblasts Trabecula- columns of bone tissue |
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Compact Bone Structure
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Lamella- layers of bone tissue:
Concentric Lamella- form an osteon Interstitial Lamella- Remnants of old osteon Circumferential- surround multiple osteons Central(H) Canal at center Perforating(V) Canal- connect Lacunae Osteocytes Canaliculi |
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Spongy Bone Structure
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Made of trabeculae- has lamella but no osteons
osteocytes canaliculi |
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Woven Bone Structure
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immature bone recently formed
produced rapidly eventually remodeled has trabeculae but no lamellae has osteocytes |
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Bone Formation and Growth: Types
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Intramembranous
Endochondral |
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Intramembranous Bone Formation
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bones form from fibrous CT
most of skull bones, clavicle 1)mesenchymal cells cluster in fibrous CT membrane 2)osteoblasts secrete osteoid which mineralizes 3)random bone network formed called woven bone 4) Remodeling produces spongy/compact bone |
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Endochondral Bone Formation
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formation of bone from hyaline cartilage
most bones in the body 1)cartilage model grows periosteum which produces bone collar 2)in the center of diaphysis the matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die, bud invades, bone matrix deposited 3) in epiphyses: all same steps as in diaphysis spongy bone and compact bone formed |
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Bone Growth Types
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Longitudinal
Appositional |
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Longitudinal Bone Growth
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growing longer
occurs at epiphyseal plate Steps occur simultaneously: cartilage grows on epiphyseal side, matrix calcifies, condroblasts die, osteoblasts deposit bone on diaphyseal side, osteoclasts enlarge medullary cavity. |
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Bone Disorders
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Achondroplasia
Distraction Osteogenesis Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Paget's Disease |
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Achondroplasia
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chondrocytes divide poorly
closure of epiphyseal plate prematurely main cause of dwarfism |
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Distraction Osteogenesis
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Method of lengthening bones
bone surgically cut in 2 piece gradually pulled apart new tissue grows to fill the gap |
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Osteoporosis
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osteoclast activity>osteoblast activity
leads to decrease in bone density, breaks easily prominent in postmenopausal women |
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Osteomalacia
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bones not completely mineralized, bends easily
insufficient calcium rickets=osteomalacia in kids |
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Paget's Disease
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Excessive rates of bone deposition and resorption
high proportions of woven bone=weak occurs after middle age |
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Types of Joints
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Diarthrotic joints= freely movable
amphiathrotic joints= slightly movable synarthrotic joints= immovable |
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Synostosis
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2 bones fused by bone tissed
formed at various ages when bones fuse at joint= no mobility not considered a joint |
