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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 3 parts of the esophagus.
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cervical, thoracic, abdominal
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At what vertebral level does the esophagus leave through the diaphragm?
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T10
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Gastroesophageal Junction
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where the esophagus joins the stomach at its lesser curvature, food stops here momentarily before continuing on into stomach
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What is the phrenicoesophageal ligament?
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an extension of inferior diaphragmatic fascia, attaches esophagus in diaphragm, permit independent movement of diaphragm
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What is a paraesophageal hiatal hernia?
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a pouch of peritoneum often containing part of fundus extending through esophageal hiatus, cardia remains in normal position, no regurgitation
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What is a sliding hiatal hernia?
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esophagus, cardia, and part of the fundus of the stomach slide through esophageal hiatus, can cause regurgitation
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Which type of hiatal hernia includes regurgitation of gastric contents?
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sliding hiatal hernia
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Where is the stomach located?
(regions?) |
left hypochondriac, epigastric, and umbilical regions
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Name the 4 parts of the stomach.
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cardia
fundus body pylorus |
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Does the prepyloric vein of Mayo ascend anterior or posterior to the pylorus?
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anterior
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Name the 2 orifices of the stomach.
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-cardial orifice
-pyloric orifice: surrounded by pyloric sphincter |
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Name the 2 borders of the stomach.
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-lesser curvature: includes angular notch (juncture of body & pylorus)
-greater curvature: T12 to true pelvis |
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What is the peritoneal relationship of the stomach?
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intraperitoneal
exception: small area posteriorly on cardia where blood vessels run along curvature |
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Identify the antero-superior relations of the stomach.
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left lobe of liver, anterior abdominal wall, left costal margin, diaphragm, spleen
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Identify the postero-inferior relations of the stomach.
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lesser sac (separates stomach and pancreas), transverse mesocolon, left kidney, splenic artery, diaphragm
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Describe the functions of the stomach.
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mechanical breakdown of food, secretion of mucus, HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, gastrin
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From what major structure does the blood supply of the stomach arise?
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celiac trunk
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Describe the blood supply to the stomach.
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right/left gastric artery
right/left gastro-omental artery short gastric arteries |
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What does the venous supply of the stomach drain to?
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portal vein
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Describe the lymphatic drainage of the stomach.
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gastric lymphatic vessels to nodes- celiac lymph nodes- cisterna chyli- thoracic duct- left subclavian vein
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What provides the sympathetic innervation to the stomach?
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greater splanchnic nerves (only from T6-9)--> celiac plexus where it synapses with postganglionics along celiac trunk
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What provides the parasympathetic innervation to the stomach?
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vagus nerve (C10)
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Describe the 4 ways to examine the stomach.
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oral (for secretions)
oral (by gastroscopy) radiography with barium sulfate open surgery |
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What is a pyloric spasm?
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spasmodic contraction of the pylorus from unrelaxed smooth muscle, vomitting, infants 2-12 weeks
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What is a pyloric stenosis?
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thickening of smooth muscle in pylorus, inhibits gastric emptying, projectile vomitting
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Where does a gastric carcinoma usually appear? What might it be caused by?
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usually in pylorus
smoked food |
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What is a gastric ulcer?
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open lesion of stomach mucosa, infection of h. pyloris, can cause bleeding and fluid accumulation
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What is the clinical importance of the pyloric nodes?
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important due to proximity to common sites of gastric and duodenal ulcers and site of gastric carcinoma (in pylorus)
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What are some possible consequences of a hepatic portal vein blockage?
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portal hypertension- pressure in capillary beds- hemorrage, varicose veins in abdomen, vomitting blood
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What veins form the hepatic portal vein?
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superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein
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What type of muscle does the ANS usually innervate?
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smooth muscle
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What is another name for the 2 neuron pathway nervous system?
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autonomic nervous system (pre and postganglionic)
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What are the 2 divisions of the ANS?
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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What is the structure of the somatic nervous system?
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1 neuron pathway- one neuron from CNS to effector
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What does the somatic nervous system usually innervate?
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skeletal muscle and skin
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What are the 2 types of neurons of the sympathetic nervous system?
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preganglionic and postganglionic
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Describe a preganglionic neuron.
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short fiber, cell body lies in CNS (spinal cord, T1-L2), secrete acetylcholine (binds to nicotinic receptor)
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Describe a postganglionic neuron.
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long fiber, follow blood vessels, cell body lies in autonomic ganglion close to CNS, secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine, fight or flight
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What are paravertebral ganglia?
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right and left sympathetic trunks (chains) on each side of vertebral column
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What are prevertebral ganglia?
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celiac, aorticorenal, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric ganglia
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Name the major nervous vessels of the sympathic nervous system.
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cardiopulmonary splachnic nerves
greater, lesser, least splachnics lumbar splanchnic nerves |
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What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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fight or flight, catabolic, energy-expanding, inhibits peristalsis
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What are the 2 cell types of parasympathic neurons?
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preganglionic neuron
postganglionic neuron |
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What is the function of the PNS?
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conserving, resorting, anabolic (energy-conserving), crease blood flow to GI tract, peristalsis, hormone activity
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What is the primary source of parasympathetic stimulation?
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vagus nerve (C10): innervated most thoracic viscera (heart, lung, etc.), and most of the GI tract
secondary: pelvic splanchnics (S2-4) |
